Rest Time Research Articles

Anterior knee pain in young athletes: Osgood Schlatter or Sinding-Larsen-Johansson disease?

Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD) and Sinding-Larsen-Johansson disease (SLJD) are commonly diagnosed conditions in young, athletic patients who present with anterior knee pain. Despite the familiarity many clinicians have with OSD because of its frequent diagnosis, it does not differ much from SLJD in clinical presentation. Although these diseases generally are self-limiting, diagnostic imaging studies can help clinicians make the correct diagnosis, helping patients avoid progressing to advanced disease states that would require extended rest time, prolonged pain, and potential surgical intervention.

Drone Stations-Aided Beyond-Battery-Lifetime Flight Planning for Parcel Delivery

This paper considers using drones to conduct the last-mile parcel delivery. To enable the beyond-battery-lifetime flight, drone stations are considered to replace or recharge the battery for drones. We focus on the flight planning problem with the goal of minimizing the total travel time from the depot to a customer, a key indicator of the quality of service. We investigate four typical ways for the drone to get extra energy at drone stations: 1) replacing the battery with a fresh one, 2) recharging the battery to the full capacity, 3) recharging the battery to the optimal level, and 4) recharging the battery to the optimal level accounting for the availability of drone stations (i.e., whether a drone station is occupied by other drones). While the first two scenarios can be formulated following the framework of integer linear programming, the last two scenarios turn into mixed-integer nonlinear programming problems. To address the later problems, we present a framework in which discretized state graphs are constructed first and then the optimal paths are found by graph searching algorithms. We propose a dynamic version of Dijkstra’s algorithm to deal with the unavailability issue of drone stations. The algorithm can quickly find the optimal flight path for a drone, and extensive computer-based experimental results have been presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Note to Practitioners</i> —Multi-rotary unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones, have been regarded as a promising means to reshape future logistics. To save human labour and reduce cost, many giant logistics companies have been dedicated to developing various drones to deliver light and small parcels during the past decade. However, due to the limitation of payload, the battery capacity is constrained, which prevents drones from long-distance flights. Practitioners have tried the drone-vehicle collaboration method, but this still requires human labour to participate. In this paper, we present a framework where drones autonomously conduct long-distance delivery with the assistance of drone stations. It is worth pointing out that such a framework is not to replace the ground delivery method but to serve as an alternative to the ground counterpart for small and light parcels. A particular focus is on the flight planning from the depot to a destination, which includes not only a sequence of drone stations to stop at but also the corresponding rest time to recharge the battery. Several typical scenarios about battery recharging are discussed, and a dynamic version of Dijkstra’s algorithm is presented to deal with the challenging case where drone station resources are limited. The presented approach is able to find out the optimal flight plan quickly.

The Right to be Offline: Notes on the Background of the Existing and Proposed Regulations. Part I: Solutions in Selected European Countries

Statutory acts introducing working time standards and the control of their observance were among the first pieces of labour legislation enacted in European countries. In recent years, changes in the organisation of work caused by new technologies have been increasingly pointed out in international, European and national contexts, resulting in a blurring of the boundaries between working time and rest time. The need for regulation in this area has been recognised in various European legislations. It is therefore worth considering whether, and if so, any of them may serve as a model for a future regulation of this issue under the Polish law. The first part of the article presents a few selected solutions adopted in European countries such as France, Spain, Belgium, Portugal and Italy.

직무환경이 노인요양시설 요양보호사의 이직 의도에 미치는 영향

The purpose of the study is to suggest a plan to prevent turnover of nursing care workers by revealing the impact of work environment on turnover intention among various variables that affect turnover intention. The subjects of the study are care workers working in elderly care facilities. To collect data, questionnaires were obtained from 280 care workers working in elderly care facilities in North and South Chungcheong Provinces, and descriptive statistics, mean difference, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis were conducted. As a result of the study, the variables that influenced the turnover intention of nursing care workers were work-related variables such as wages, break time, number of residents in charge, and work-related diseases, and interpersonal and organizational factors also influenced turnover intention. Based on the research results, it was suggested to establish wage guidelines for nursing care workers, prepare regulations for night rest time and the number of residents in charge, and prepare measures to prevent musculoskeletal diseases.

Problems of legal guarantees of workers’ rights in the field of working time, rest time and wages in the conditions of martial law

The problems of legal guarantees of the rights of workers in the field of working time, rest time and wages in the conditions of martial law have been studied. The definition of the terms “legal guarantees of employee rights” and “employee” has been improved. Legal guarantees of employee rights are legal norms that ensure the realization and protection of the rights of an individual working on the basis of an employment contract, as well as the activities of authorized bodies and organizations for the implementation of these norms. An employee is a natural person who works on the basis of an employment contract.&#x0D; It has been proved that the main features of legal guarantees in labor law should be considered the types of legal responsibility, methods and subjects of protection of workers’ rights specific only to labor law. This is, firstly, the application of disciplinary and material responsibility to persons who have violated the rights of employees, secondly, the announcement and conduct of a strike by employees to protect their rights in the resolution of a collective labor dispute, thirdly, the protection of the rights of employees by specific defenders – trade unions. It has been noted that the Law of Ukraine “On the Organization of Labor Relations in the Conditions of Martial Law” significantly reduced the legal guarantees of the rights of employees in the field of working time, rest time, and wages provided for by the Code of Labor Laws of Ukraine and other acts of national legislation. This state of affairs has been underway for more than a year and continues with no prospects of cancellation in the near future, while most enterprises, institutions and organisations in Ukraine operate as usual, and we consider it necessary to leave the relevant restrictions on the legal guarantees established by the Law of Ukraine “On Peculiarities of Regulation of Labour Relations under Martial Law” only for those who work in critical infrastructure facilities (in the defence sector, public utilities, etc.).

Durability of Water Electrolysis Cells Against the Long-Term Voltage Fluctuation Simulating Wind Power

Long-term durability equivalent to 320 days was evaluated using the potential fluctuation protocol with upper potential of 2.3 V. The current density drastically decreased during the accelerated potential fluctuations, but mostly recovered by providing the sufficient rest time, suggesting that the stagnation of the generated gas causes the reversible current loss. Besides the reversible current loss, a small portion of irreversible current losses were found. From detailed evaluation of the anode structure, a partial delamination of the anode and increased pore diameter within the anode after accelerated potential fluctuation test were observed, which was not observed in our shorter potential fluctuation test. A possible reason for this difference was found to be related to the initial anode structure. The dense anode structure most likely makes produced oxygen gases hard to escape from pores, leading to increase in the pressure within the pores and finally the destruction of the anode.

Auction market placement and a rest stop during transportation affect the respiratory bacterial microbiota of beef cattle.

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a significant health problem in beef cattle production, resulting in considerable economic losses due to mortalities, cost of treatment, and reduced feed efficiency. The onset of BRD is multifactorial, with numerous stressors being implicated, including transportation from farms to feedlots. In relation to animal welfare, regulations or practices may require mandatory rest times during transportation. Despite this, there is limited information on how transportation and rest stops affect the respiratory microbiota. This study evaluated the effect of cattle source (ranch-direct or auction market-derived) and rest stop duration (0 or 8 h of rest) on the upper respiratory tract microbiota and its relationship to stress response indicators (blood cortisol and haptoglobin) of recently weaned cattle transported for 36 h. The community structure of bacteria was altered by feedlot placement. When cattle were off-loaded for a rest, several key bacterial genera associated with BRD (Mannheimia, Histophilus, Pasteurella) were increased for most sampling times after feedlot placement for the ranch-direct cattle group, compared to animals given no rest stop. Similarly, more sampling time points had elevated levels of BRD-associated genera when auction market cattle were compared to ranch-direct. When evaluated across time and treatments several genera including Mannheimia, Moraxella, Streptococcus and Corynebacterium were positively correlated with blood cortisol concentrations. This is the first study to assess the effect of rest during transportation and cattle source on the respiratory microbiota in weaned beef calves. The results suggest that rest stops and auction market placement may be risk factors for BRD, based solely on increased abundance of BRD-associated genera in the upper respiratory tract. However, it was not possible to link these microbiota to disease outcome, due to low incidence of BRD in the study populations. Larger scale studies are needed to further define how transportation variables impact cattle health.

Reduction of patients' bed rest time after percutaneous renal biopsy evaluated by the Nursing Outcomes Classification: Randomized clinical trial.

To evaluate the reduction of patients' bed rest time after percutaneous renal biopsy (PRB) from 24 to 8h using the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC). This was a randomized clinical trial registered with Clinical Trials number NCT04629235. The sample comprised 16 patients in the intervention group and 18 in the control group. In the intervention group, the rest time was modified to 8h, and afterward, the patients were released to ambulate, whereas the control patients remained at absolute rest for 24h after PRB according to institutional protocol. All patients were observed for 24h and evaluated at five time points with the outcomes and indicators of the NOC: before the biopsy, immediately after, at the 8th hour, at the 12th hour, and at the 24th hour after the procedure. In the 170 evaluations performed, statistically significant differences were identified in the outcome Comfort status: physical and the indicators "physical well-being and comfortable position." None of the complications were related to reduced bed rest time. Reducing patients' bed rest time from 24 to 8h did not increase complications from PRB, and using the NOC provided a standardized and reliable assessment. Important evidence was identified for patient care after PRB, demonstrating the positive impact on patient comfort and the possibility of reducing costs to the institution and the workload of the multidisciplinary team. In addition, these findings may contribute to strengthening the use of NOC in clinical practice, teaching, and research.

Measuring Salivary Cortisol to Assess the Effect of Natural Environments on Stress Level in Acute Patients With Severe Brain Injuries: An Exploratory Study.

Salivary cortisol is a safe and non-invasive measure of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function and is used as a biomarker of the human stress response. Natural environments are recognized to contribute to help reduce the effect of stress. To determine the feasibility of a salivary cortisol collection protocol for acute severely brain-injured patients, and to explore the influence of exposure to natural settings on salivary cortisol concentration as an index of stress level. An exploratory study on 17 acute patients with severe brain injury was performed. We collected salivary samples in a closed hospital ward and a therapeutic gardenat the start of the session and after 30 minutes of rest time. Physiological parameters, level of communication, and subjective well-being were also assessed. The primary objectives regarding the feasibility of the protocol were met overall. We found no significant differences in cortisol values when including the whole population. However, cortisol values were significantly higher in the indoor environment in patients with communication attempts. A salivary collection protocol with brain-injured patients in the acute phase is feasible and safe, and this type of measurement could pave the way for future research supporting the benefits of nature as an additional resource in their neurorehabilitation.

Traffic Safety Risk Assessment for Selected Roads in Al-Qadisiyah Province

Road risk assessments use the same methodology as regular risk assessments and describe all of the dangers that are connected to drivers who use their vehicles for daily-related objectives. These risks include the distance traveled, the duration of the trip, the planned breaks, the driver’s posture, the sorts of routes, and the available driving options. The manuscript explored traffic crashes, the geographical distribution of crashes, and the road characteristics to identify the riskiest roads in Al-Qadisiyah Province. Data was collected from Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital, and the data was divided into internal regions with 5996 crashes and external regions with about 6867 crashes. After compiling, indexing, and dividing the data, it was found that the critical crash times are at the beginning and end of the official working hours and at the time of rest after working hours. Likewise, the highest number of injuries are related to motorcyclists with 2447 crashes. It was also found that people (22-35) years old have the largest number of crashes followed by people 18 years old. After calculating the total number of accidents and the rate of accidents for all the roads selected for the study, the results indicated that the Diwaniyah-Daghara road had the highest number of accidents than the rest of the selected roads, as the number of accidents was 921 accidents, followed by the second place in terms of the number of accidents, the Diwaniyah-Sunya road, and after calculating the amount of danger for all roads ( There are 7 external roads and 3 internal roads). It is followed in second place by the Diwaniyah-Shafi’iyyah road with a crash severity of 15.05, and in third place by the Diwaniya-Daghara road with a severity of 13.65, whereas, Al-Askari road was ranked third with the number of crashes of 671, and now it ranks fifth with a severity of 8.31.

A Decentralized Dynamic Self-Triggered Control Approach to Consensus of Multiagent Systems

This article studies the self-triggered consensus control problem for linear multiagent systems (MASs) with the aim of improving resources utilization efficiency, e.g., saving communication bandwidth and reducing node energy consumption. First, a distributed control protocol is designed and a novel decentralized dynamic self-triggering mechanism (DDSTM) is proposed, with which, each agent can not only compute its own next triggering instant but also is able to compute the neighbors’ next triggering instant. Then, a hybrid system model is constructed to completely describe the close-loop system with jump dynamics. Based on the hybrid model, Lyapunov conditions are derived for MAS consensus analysis. The proposed DDSTM can overcome some limitations of the existing distributed STMs in the sense of synchronously acquiring consensus error or uniquely determining triggering instants, moreover, it allows transceivers to be turned on only at triggering instants and enter into sleep mode at the rest time, such that node energy is efficiently saved. Preadjustable minimum triggering interval is imposed between any consecutive triggering events; thus, a minimum sleep period for transceivers is always guaranteed. Finally, a numerical example is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Network equilibrium of battery electric vehicles considering drivers’ resting behavior

Driving fatigue cost is a major component of vehicle drivers’ travel costs in an intercity or regional network. The charging behavior of electric vehicle (EV) drivers, which is generally synchronized with drivers’ resting behavior, can contribute to the mitigation of drivers’ fatigue, especially after a prolonged driving period. Overlooking the impact of driving fatigue on the travel cost may overestimate the side-effects of the charging behavior for EV drivers, and result in biased flow and charging demand distribution. In this study, by considering the fatigue as part of the travel cost, we make the first attempt to investigate the impact of EV drivers’ charging and resting behaviors on their fatigue cost, and thus their travel plans and resultant flow distribution across the network. To this end, a novel network equilibrium modeling framework is first developed to capture the interaction among EV drivers’ travel plans, which specify the routing, recharging, and resting plans on a general intercity or regional network where charging stations and rest stops are deployed. When traveling between their origins and destinations, EV drivers are assumed to determine their travel plans to minimize their individual travel cost composed of driving time, rest time, charging cost, and fatigue cost, while preventing their batteries from being exhausted. The equilibrium model is then formulated as a variational inequality and transformed into a nonlinear optimization problem. An efficient solution algorithm integrating column generation and Benders decomposition approach is proposed to solve the established optimization problem. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed models and solution algorithm. Numerical results validate that considering the impact of driving fatigue on the travel cost emphasizes the need for en-route charging for EV drivers with long-distance trips, and has an appreciable impact on the network flow and charging demand distribution. In addition, large-sized batteries and fast chargers may not necessarily reduce drivers’ travel costs for long-distance travel since charging behavior can be synchronized with drivers’ resting behavior and thus contribute to the mitigation of drivers’ fatigue.

Fast rehab after midshaft clavicula fractures in elite cyclists and motocross riders.

Clavicle fractures are one of the most common injuries in cyclists and motocross riders. Although a fast return to sport is imperative for athletes, there is only limited literature on short-term functional outcomes after open reduction internal fixation of a clavicle fracture in a homogenous group of athletes. The aim of this study is to evaluate early (first 6 weeks) functional outcomes, return to sports and complications of elite or high-level recreational (± 8000 km per year) cyclists and motocross riders after surgical treatment of a midshaft clavicle fracture. The main study parameters were Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDash); QuickDash sports module, pain in rest and movement (Numeric Pain Rating Score) and time to return to sports (training indoor/outdoor and competition). All parameters were taken pre-operatively and at 2/4/6/12/24 weeks post-operative. A total of 34 cyclists (6 LTFU) and 9 motocross riders (2 LTFU) were included at baseline. A significant decrease in Quick dash scores between preoperative (33 ± 1.2) and 2 weeks PO (21.5 ± 1.2) and between 2 and 4 weeks PO (16.1 ± 1.3) was found for cyclists. The QuickDash scores of the motocross riders statistically improvement from preoperative (31.6 ± 3.3) to 6 weeks PO (14.1 ± 3.3). NRS score in rest for cyclists decreased significantly from 3.6 ± 0.2 to 1.0 ± 0.2 after two weeks. After 4 weeks, 93% of cyclists and 57% of motocross riders were training outside. After 6 weeks, 56% of cyclists and 57% of motocross riders had returned to competition. Our results show that early surgical treatment of midshaft clavicle fractures in elite cyclists and motocross riders is a safe method with few complications and good functional outcomes.

Study on after-effect of electroacupuncture with different time intervals on corticospinal excitability in primary motor cortex.

To compare the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) with different time intervals on corticospinal excitability of the primary motor cortex (M1) and the upper limb motor function in healthy subjects and observe the after-effect rule of acupuncture. Self-comparison before and after intervention design was adopted. Fifteen healthy subjects were included and all of them received three stages of trial observation, namely EA0 group (received one session of EA), EA6h group (received two sessions of EA within 1 day, with an interval of 6 h) and EA48h group (received two sessions of EA within 3 days, with an interval of 48 h). The washout period among stages was 1 week. In each group, the needles were inserted perpendicularly at Hegu (LI 4) on the left side, 23 mm in depth and at a non-acupoint, 0.5 cm nearby to the left side of Hegu (LI 4), separately. Han's acupoint nerve stimulator (HANS-200A) was attached to these two needles, with continuous wave and the frequency of 2 Hz. The stimulation intensity was exerted higher than the exercise threshold (local muscle twitching was visible, and pain was tolerable by healthy subjects, 1-2 mA ). The needles were retained for 30 min. Using the single pulse mode of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) technique, before the first session of EA (T0) and at the moment (T1), in 2 h (T2) and 24 h (T3) after the end of the last session of EA, on the left first dorsal interosseous muscle, the amplitude, latency (LAT), resting motor threshold (rMT) of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and the completion time of grooved pegboard test (GPT) were detected. Besides, in the EA6h group, TMS was adopted to detect the excitability of M1 (amplitude, LAT and rMT of MEPs) before the last session of EA (T0*). The amplitude of MEPs at T1 and T2 in the EA0 group, at T0* in the EA6h group and at T1, T2 and T3 in the EA48h group was higher when compared with the value at T0 in each group separately (P<0.001). At T1, the amplitude of MEPs in the EA0 group and the EA48h group was higher than that in the EA6h group (P<0.001, P<0.01); at T2, it was higher in the EA0 group when compared with that in the EA6h group (P<0.01); at T3, the amplitude in the EA0 group and the EA6h group was lower than that of the EA48h group (P<0.001). The LAT at T1 was shorter than that at T0 in the three groups (P<0.05), and the changes were not obvious at the rest time points compared with that at T0 (P > 0.05). The GPT completion time of healthy subjects in the EA0 group and the EA48h group at T1, T2 and T3 was reduced in comparison with that at T0 (P<0.001). The completion time at T3 was shorter than that at T0 in the EA6h group (P<0.05); at T2, it was reduced in the EA48h group when compared with that of the EA6h group (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in rMT among the three groups and within each group (P>0.05). Under physiological conditions, EA has obvious after-effect on corticospinal excitability and upper limb motor function. The short-term interval protocol (6 h) blocks the after-effect of EA to a certain extent, while the long-term interval protocol (48 h) prolongs the after-effect of EA.

Quasi-Rechargeability in Li-CFx Batteries

Lithium–fluorinated graphite (Li-CFx) has long been prized as a primary battery chemistry for its outstanding specific capacity (860 mAh/kg for CF1.0) and low self-discharge rate (<0.5%/year). Enabling rechargeability of this chemistry would make it an appealing candidate for short-haul electric aviation. However, progress toward this goal has been impeded by the high driving force required to revert the final discharge products: LiF and graphite. In this work, we instead aim to recharge from the temporary intermediate LiyCFx phase and dub this quasi-recharging. Chemical lithiation followed by potentiometry and XRD is used to assess the presence of the intermediate as a function of time. Shallow galvanostatic cycling (<10% depth of discharge) is proposed as a way to enable some capacity to be recharged by minimizing the time available for the intermediate to decompose, compared to full depth of discharge cycling. A 4-electrode setup using separate counter electrodes for discharge and charge has been constructed to indirectly observe the delithiation of CFx during charge, thereby separating the desired Faradaic capacity from capacitive and parasitic capacities. Results obtained from these methods with varying discharge rate, temperature, and rest time between discharge and charge will be discussed.

Assessing the Impact of Thick Electrode Structure on the Fast Charge Performance of Lithium-Ion Batteries

The lithium-ion battery (LIB) is a key technology for inexpensive, renewable, and safe energy storage system, but there are a few challenges that need to be addressed to make LIB more efficient. One critical challenge is increasing both energy density and fast charging capability. Increasing electrode thickness can increase the energy density of lithium-ion batteries. However, increasing electrode thickness increases transport limitations and the risk of lithium plating, which limit safe fast charging capability. This work analyzes prospective improvements to the conventional lithium-ion cell electrode structure that may facilitate high energy density and fast charging capabilities. A 2D lithium-ion battery model is applied to five different cell designs to understand the impact of thick electrode structure on performance at different charge and discharge rates for a single cell. These five different cell designs consist of one conventional cell and four cells with electrodes modified by varied electrolyte channel arrangements. The simulated electrodes were taken as Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)O2 (NMC) for the cathode and graphite for the anode. The simulated electrolyte was 1 M lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) in 1:1 ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethylene carbonate (DEC). All five cells were simulated under discharge at C/10, C/2 and 1C followed by charge at 1C, 3C, and 5C with no rest time prior to charge. Adding electrolyte channels on the anode side was found to facilitate lithium ion transport and reduce the risk of lithium plating. Modification of both electrodes did not present any benefit compared to the conventional cell. Analysis of cell behavior based on mass transport Fourier number and a dimensionless mass flux parameter was performed to compare different electrodes at different charge and discharge conditions. These dimensionless parameters provide a means for the general assessment of prospective electrode structure modifications.

NOTIPIK MEHNAT SHAKLLARIDAN FOYDALANISHNI TARTIBGA SOLISHDA MDH DAVLATLARI TAJRIBASI

Today, as a result of the complication of social relations, changes in the organization of production, the process of globalization, and the liberalization of society, the labor market is undergoing structural changes associated with the emergence and active spread of new, atypical forms of employment that are non-traditional for the existing legal order. This article discusses the regulation of remote work, which is considered a type of atypical work. The level of legal support for remote work has been studied based on the experiences of Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Moldova, Azerbaijan, and Armenia. Remote work in the legislation of these countries, the concept of a remote worker, the types of remote work, and the procedure for concluding an employment contract with remote workers are studied. The features of accounting for the working time and rest time of remote workers, protecting their work and sending them on vacation, and preventing discrimination in monthly wages are studied. In addition, the article analyzes the necessary means, equipment, information tools, and payments for electricity and the Internet that must be provided by the employer to a remote worker, as well as the issue of compensation when the employee uses or spends his own equipment in the performance of work duties.

‘A healthy lifestyle is a journey’: exploring health perceptions and self-defined facilitators to health through photo-elicitation

Objective The aim of this study was to explore health perceptions and self-defined facilitators to health in general population. An additional aim of the study was to assess if these perceptions were connected with the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. Design We applied photo-elicitation method by gathering original photographs and narratives (captions) via social media and e-mails. Participants (N = 50) were asked to answer the question: ‘What does it mean to be healthy?’. Data were collected online in Poland. We generated and interpreted the main themes associated with common perceptions of health and self-defined facilitators to health using polytextual thematic analysis. Results The health perception themes were, health as: a ‘long journey’; keeping balance; and self-acceptance. The main facilitators to health were: enjoyment of activities that are part of a healthy lifestyle; planning time for rest; contact with nature, and supportive relationships. Participants’ perceptions of how Covid-19 impacted on their health differed. Conclusions The findings provide evidence for individual health perceptions and self-defined facilitators to health and can support the development of future health interventions.

Study on the prevention and nursing intervention of infection after flap transfer for hand trauma.

To analyze the factors associated with infection after flap transfer for hand trauma and use them to develop nursing strategies and observe the effects of their application. Eighty-two patients admitted to our hospital for flap transfer for hand trauma from January 2020 to May 2020 were selected for the retrospective analysis. Logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the factors associated with postoperative infections to develop care strategies. Another 88 patients admitted for flap transfer for hand trauma from September 2020 to June 2021 were retrospectively analyzed and divided into the observation (n = 44) and control groups (n = 44) according nursing strategies that they received. The operative time, intraoperative bleeding, incision healing time, first postoperative time to get out of bed on their own and hospital stay were compared between the 2 groups. The patients postoperative adverse effects and flap survival rates were also counted. visual analogue score, total active motion, manual muscle test, Barthel index, self-rating anxiety scale, self-rating depression scale scores were used to assess patients pain, hand function recovery and psychology before and after treatment. Logistic regression analysis manifested that postoperative bed rest time, affected limb immobilization, and pain were independent factors affecting postoperative infection after flap transfer (P < .05). After using targeted care strategies, the observation group had dramatically shorter operative time, intraoperative bleeding, incision healing time, time to first postoperative bed release on their own, and hospital stay, less postoperative pain and adverse effects, and higher flap survival rate than the control group (P < .05). Total active motion, manual muscle test, and Barthel index were higher in the observation group than in the control group after treatment, while self-rating anxiety scale and self-rating depression scale scores were lower than in the control group (P < .05). Finally, total satisfaction was higher in the observation group than in the control group (P < .05). Postoperative bedtime, fixation of the affected limb, and pain are independent factors affecting postoperative infection after flap transfer for hand trauma. Implementing infection prevention care strategies based on these factors can effectively improve the safety of flap transfer, reduce the possibility of infection, and shorten the recovery period of patients, which has high clinical application value.

Regulation of mouse exploratory behaviour by irradiance and cone-opponent signals

BackgroundAnimal survival depends on the ability to adjust behaviour according to environmental conditions. The circadian system plays a key role in this capability, with diel changes in the quantity (irradiance) and spectral content (‘colour’) of ambient illumination providing signals of time-of-day that regulate the timing of rest and activity. Light also exerts much more immediate effects on behaviour, however, that are equally important in shaping daily activity patterns. Hence, nocturnal mammals will actively avoid light and dramatically reduce their activity when light cannot be avoided. The sensory mechanisms underlying these acute effects of light are incompletely understood, particularly the importance of colour.ResultsTo define sensory mechanisms controlling mouse behaviour, we used photoreceptor-isolating stimuli and mice with altered cone spectral sensitivity (Opn1mwR), lacking melanopsin (Opn1mwR; Opn4−/−) or cone phototransduction (Cnga3−/−) in assays of light-avoidance and activity suppression. In addition to roles for melanopsin-dependent irradiance signals, we find a major influence of spectral content in both cases. Hence, remarkably, selective increases in S-cone irradiance (producing a blue-shift in spectrum replicating twilight) drive light-seeking behaviour and promote activity. These effects are opposed by signals from longer-wavelength sensitive cones, indicating a true spectrally-opponent mechanism. Using c-Fos-mapping and multielectrode electrophysiology, we further show these effects are associated with a selective cone-opponent modulation of neural activity in the key brain site implicated in acute effects of light on behaviour, the subparaventricular zone.ConclusionsCollectively, these data reveal a mechanism whereby blue-shifts in the spectrum of environmental illumination, such as during twilight, promote mouse exploratory behaviour.