TiO3 Ceramics Research Articles

Porosity-Enhanced Catalytic Activity of 0.5Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3-0.5(Ba0.7Sr0.3)TiO3 Ceramics

Porosity-Enhanced Catalytic Activity of 0.5Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3-0.5(Ba0.7Sr0.3)TiO3 Ceramics

Energy storage performance of lead-free Ba0.7Sr0.3TiO3 ceramics with doping Bi(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O3

Despite extensive research into lead-free ceramics to achieve excellent dielectric properties and good energy storage performance, the primary challenge of low energy density remains unresolved. Here, a relaxor ferroelectric (1-x)Ba0.7Sr0.3TiO3-xBi(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O3 [(1-x)BST-xBMT] was designed and prepared using a solid-state method, where x = 0.05, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25. It revealed that the introduction of BMT reduces the average grain size, resulting in a decrease and broadening of the dielectric constant peaks. This modification enhanced the breakdown field strength (Eb) of BST ceramics. An effective energy storage density of 2.44 J/cm³ and an energy storage efficiency of 76.25 % ware achieved in 0.80BST-0.20BMT ceramic at an electric field of 300 kV/cm. Furthermore, the recoverable energy density and energy efficiency of the 0.80BST-0.20BMT ceramic exhibited excellent frequency stability over a frequency from 5 Hz to 500 Hz. A power density (PD∼16.06 MW/cm³) and a short discharge time (t0.9∼0.95 μs) were demonstrated in 0.80BST-0.20BMT ceramic at 200 kV/cm.

Experimental and theoretical investigations on the lattice defects and sintering atmosphere tuning the colossal permittivity of SrTiO3 ceramics

The Sr0.995La0.005TiO3 ceramics were fabricated with traditional solid-state methods under diverse sintering atmospheres. The dielectric properties have a significant correlation with the sintering atmosphere, while showing favorable temperature and frequency stability. As sintered in a mixed hydrogen-nitrogen atmosphere, Sr0.995La0.005TiO3 ceramics exhibited a colossal permittivity (ԑr ∼ 31307), low dielectric loss (tanδ ∼ 0.038) and good frequency stability synergistic temperature stability (−70 °C-180 °C, ΔC/C25°C ≤ ±15 %). The association mechanism of oxygen vacancies, lattice defects, and dielectric characteristics is evaluated in the context of experiments and first-principles. The phase structure and microstructure analysis revealed that the ceramics contained a two-phase structure with a SrTiO3 phase and a TiO2 second phase. The analysis of elemental valence and dielectric characterization demonstrated that defective dipoles, oxygen vacancies, and defect clusters resulting from non-homogeneous ion substitution are the major reasons for contributing to the colossal permittivity and low dielectric loss of the ceramics. This revealed that the electron-pinned defect dipole (EPDD) effect dominates in Sr0.995La0.005TiO3 ceramics. In addition, it can be established that the SrTiO3 phase and TiO2 phase contribute to the EPDD effect simultaneously, with SrTiO3 main phase taking the main role. According to the ELF plot analysis, when the content of oxygen vacancies is high, electrons accumulate at oxygen vacancies and defect clusters, leading to a high localization of electrons, which contributes to colossal permittivity and low dielectric loss of ceramics. The results are promising in colossal permittivity (CP) materials.

Achieving ultrahigh energy storage density under low electric field in (Na0.5Bi0.5)TiO3-based relaxor ferroelectric ceramics via a synergistic optimization strategy

Lead-free dielectric ceramic capacitors are attracting much interest in pulse power systems owing to their fast charge/discharge rate and high power density. However, their development towards integration and miniaturization in electronic devices has been severely impeded by low energy storage performance (ESP) under low electric field (E). Herein, a synergistic optimization strategy of composition design and domain engineering was proposed in the Bi(Mg0.5Hf0.5)O3-modified Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-Sr0.7Bi0.2Ca0.1TiO3 ceramics [(1-x)(NBT-SBCT)-xBMH], aiming to improve ESP at low E. As a result, an ultrahigh recoverable energy density (Wrec) of ∼5.9 J/cm3 and a high efficiency (η) of ∼85 % can be obtained in x = 0.20 ceramics under a low E of 260 kV/cm, which is superior to previously reported lead-free materials under the equivalent E. The outstanding Wrec is mainly ascribed to the ultrahigh polarization discrepancy (ΔP) of ∼50.8 μC/cm2 since the rich hybridization of Bi 6 s and O 2p orbitals maintains a maximum polarization and the addition of Mg2+ and Hf4+ transforms the long-range ferroelectric order into polar nanoregions (PNRs) with good relaxation characteristics. Moreover, a fast discharge time (∼62 ns), good temperature (20–120 °C) and frequency (1–103 Hz) stabilities, and excellent fatigue resistance (×105 cycles) can be concurrently realized in x = 0.20 ceramics. These results demonstrate the promising strategy of developing low E lead-free ceramics for dielectric energy storage.

Dielectric, energy storage, and charge–discharge properties of Yb‐modified Sr0.7Bi0.2TiO3 relaxor ferroelectric ceramic

AbstractDielectric capacitors have been widely studied in advanced electronics systems due to their rapid discharge rate and high‐power density. Among them, relaxor ferroelectrics characterized by nanodomains possess broad application prospects as dielectric materials with high energy density and high efficiency. In this paper, the dielectric characteristics, energy storage performance, and charge–discharge behavior of rare‐earth Yb‐doped Sr0.7Bi0.2TiO3 ceramics are systematically investigated. The Yb‐doped SBT ceramics reduced the grain size, improved the insulation and thermal conductivity, and significantly improved the dielectric breakdown strength. Finally, a high recoverable energy density of 2.32 J/cm3 and an excellent energy storage efficiency of 92.2% were obtained at 300 kV/cm. In addition, pulsed charge–discharge tests show that Sr0.7Bi0.15Yb0.05TiO3 possesses a rapid discharge rate and high‐power density with superior thermal stability. Based on these outstanding characteristics, Sr0.7Bi0.15Yb0.05TiO3 exhibits promising applications in pulsed power systems.

Ultrahigh piezoelectricity of PNN–PZT ceramics via constructing defect dipoles

The ultrahigh piezoelectric coefficient (d33 ≥ 1000 pC/N) exhibited by piezoelectric Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) ceramics not only captivates researchers but also holds considerable practical value across various applications. While significant progress has been made in enhancing piezoelectricity of PZT-based ceramics, novel mechanisms need to be proposed to explain the piezoelectric behavior of new systems with ultrahigh d33. In this study, we initially employ LiNbO3 as an additive to enhance the piezoelectric properties of the Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbZrO3–PbTiO3 ceramics. and the optimal performance is achieved by incorporating 1.5 mol% of LiNbO3 into the system, resulting in an ultrahigh d33∼1178 pC/N (d33* ∼1560 p.m./V (@ E = 5 kV/cm)). The corresponding mechanism for this superior piezoelectric response involves the AB-site co-doping effect, especially the (LiPb′−NbZr/Ti∙) defect dipoles formed by the introduction of LiNbO3. In particular, the addition of LiNbO3 leads to a more uniform distribution of domain sizes, thereby further enhancing the ultrahigh piezoelectricity. These findings pave the way for a deeper under-standing of the origin of ultrahigh piezoelectric properties and make substantial contributions to the advancement of piezoelectric materials for practical applications in electromechanical devices.

Anti-occupation defect dipole and gradient interface induced excellent giant permittivity in Sr0.95Bi0.05TiO3 ceramics

In this research, non-stoichiometric Bi doped SrTiO3 (ST) ceramics with nominal chemical formula of BixSr1-xTiO3 (x = 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07) were produced through a conventional solid-state reaction route. A giant permittivity (ε) ∼30000 and low dielectric loss (tanδ) ∼0.03 were obtained in Bi0.05Sr0.95TiO3 ceramic. The temperature-ε and frequency-ε plots were conducted to investigate dielectric properties of the ceramics. The results of dielectric property plots revealed that the Bi0.05Sr0.95TiO3 ceramic has excellent dielectric stability within the range of 103–106 Hz and 30–250 °C. The fine scan XRD analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) and first principles calculation results showed that giant permittivity property of the Bi0.05Sr0.95TiO3 ceramic maybe attributed to the Bi‘Ti−VO∙∙−Bi‘Ti defect dipoles caused by Bi anti-occupation doping. And the gradient interface formed by Bi excessive doping also contributed to the giant permittivity. This study offers a new approach for achieving a giant permittivity with low dielectric loss in ST ceramic capacitors.

Development of TiO2/ZrO2 Multi-Material Obtained from Ceramic Pastes for Material Extrusion.

The application of additive manufacturing method such as material extrusion (MEX) allows the successful fabrication of ceramic products, including multi-ceramic products. Promising materials in this research area are TiO2 and ZrO2 ceramics, which can be used in electrical and electronic engineering. The aim of this work is to investigate the possibility of fabricating TiO2/ZrO2 multi-materials from ceramic pastes that can be used in the MEX. In this work, defects, chemical and phase composition, and microhardness were analyzed in multi-ceramic samples after sintering. Multi-ceramic TiO2/ZrO2 samples after the sintering process without interlayer could not be fabricated due to a too large difference in shrinkage between TiO2 and ZrO2. The samples with one and three interlayers also have defects, but they are less significant and can be fabricated. The average hardness for the TiO2 zone was 636.7 HV and for the ZrO2 zone was 1101 HV. In the TiO2 zone, only TiO2 phase in rutile is observed, while in the interlayer zones, in addition to rutile, ZrO2 and ZrTiO4 are also present, as is a small amount of Y2O3. In the zone ZrO2, only the ZrO2 phase is observed. The chemical analysis revealed that the interlayers comprise sintered ZrO2 granules enveloped by TiO2, ZrO2, and ZrTiO4.

Structure, dielectric and ferroelectric Properties of (1-x)K0.5Na0.5NbO3 – xBi0.5Na0.5TiO3(0 ≤ x≤ 0.1) Solid Solution

In this study, we prepared lead-free (1-x)K0.5Na0.5NbO3 – xBi0.5Na0.5TiO3 ceramics (KNNBTx) with x = 0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1 using the conventional solid-state reaction method. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed dense ceramics with a notable decrease of the average grain size from 3 μm for x = 0–0.3 μm for x ≥ 0.050. X-ray diffraction pattern refinement unveiled that the pure KNN possessed an orthorhombic Amm2 symmetry. In contrast, the KNNBT0.100 composition displayed a tetragonal P4mm symmetry, while the KNNBT0.025 composition exhibited a monoclinic Pm symmetry, suggesting the stabilization of an intermediate phase between the orthorhombic and tetragonal symmetries for x = 0.025. Dielectric measurements indicated that the introduction of small cations in A and B sites of the KNN matrix induced a diffusive phase transition. According to the modified Curie–Weiss law (named also Uchino and Nomura function), the degree of diffuseness (γ) increased from γ = 1.45 to γ 1.74 with increasing x. Raman spectroscopy revealed a frequency upshift of the vibration modes along with broadening of the modes as the NBT composition increased, indicating increased structural disorder in the perovskite structure. Temperature-dependent Raman spectra exhibited the persistence of certain modes at higher temperatures due to the off-centering of cations at A and B sites, a result of the induced substitution-induced disorder in the KNN matrix. Temperature dependent of Raman modes’ frequency have shown substantial modifications at temperatures close to the critical temperatures identified by dielectric measurements. Ferroelectric measurements demonstrated that the incorporation of NBT into the KNN matrix led to significant alterations in the polarization and ferroelectric characteristics of the parent ceramic (pure KNN). As the NBT content increased, the remanent polarization decreased from 13.1 to 3.6 μC/cm2, and the P-E curves became pinched/distorted, indicating a disruption in the long-range order of KNN due to structural and grain size modifications.

Ba2+/Sr2+ regulation in A‐site vacancy‐engineered B0.015+1.5xS0.245‐1.5x□0.03BNT relaxor ceramics for energy storage

AbstractA‐site vacancy‐engineered Ba0.015+1.5xSr0.245‐1.5x□0.03Bi0.385Na0.325TiO3 (B0.015+1.5xS0.245‐1.5x□0.03BNT, x = 0, 0.012, 0.024, 0.036, 0.048, 0.06) ceramics were fabricated by a solid‐state reaction method. The effect of Ba/Sr regulation on the structure, polarization, and dielectric energy storage properties of the B0.015+1.5xS0.245‐1.5x□0.03BNT ceramics were investigated. With the increase of the x value, the lamellar microdomains transform into the coexistence of banded domains and nanodomains. A double‐like P‐E hysteresis loop with a high polarization value (Pmax > 35 μC/cm2) can be obtained at a very low electric field of 60 kV/cm. Consequently, a large recoverable energy storage density (Wrec = 2.33 J/cm3) can be achieved at a relatively low applied electric field of 130 kV/cm. The designed B0.087S0.173□0.03BNT also exhibits high dielectric constant (εr = 3510 @150°C&1 kHz) with suitable temperature capacitance coefficient (TCC150°C = ±15%) over the temperature range of 17°C∼382°C. These findings provide a novel vacancy‐engineered avenue towards the design of BSBNT relaxor ceramics with high Wrec and good stability for low‐voltage driven high‐temperature pulsed power capacitor.

Electrocaloric behaviour of tape cast and grain oriented NBT-KBT ceramics

We have investigated the effects of grain orientation and tape casting process on the electrocaloric properties of 0.82Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-0.18 K0.5Bi0.5TiO3 (0.82NBT-0.18KBT) ceramics at the Morphotropic Phase Boundary (MPB), using direct and indirect measurements. We observe a larger electrocaloric response for the template-free ceramics compared to 7 and 10 wt% template containing ones, suggesting that grain orientation along rhombohedral < 100 > does not improve the electrocaloric response. Indirect measurements yielded a large adiabatic temperature change of around 3 K under an electric field of 50 kV/cm, which is significantly higher than 0.9 K reached at a lower electric field of 40 kV/cm using the direct measurement.

Structural, dielectric relaxation and conduction mechanism in Ho-doped Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 ceramics

Structural, dielectric relaxation and conduction mechanism in Ho-doped Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 ceramics

Grain morphology‐dependent dielectric and piezoelectric properties of lead‐free KBT ceramics

AbstractK0.5Bi0.5TiO3 ceramics with cuboid (KBT‐C), rod (KBT‐R), and plate (KBT‐P)‐shaped grains were fabricated via solid‐state reaction and reactive template grain growth (using K2Ti6O13 and K0.5Bi4.5Ti4O15) methods, and the strong dependence of electrical properties on the grain morphology was demonstrated. The average grain sizes of KBT‐R, KBT‐P, and KBT‐C were ∼30 ± 10 μm, 7 ± 1 μm, and 350 ± 50 nm, respectively. While the room temperature dielectric constant decreased for KBT‐R (∼240) and KBT‐P (∼230) from ∼500 for KBT‐C, a significant enhancement in the piezoelectric charge coefficient (d33) was noticed for KBT‐R (∼95 pC/N) and KBT‐P (∼105 pC/N) samples compared to that of KBT‐C ceramic (∼60 pC/N). Accordingly, a large improvement in piezoelectric voltage coefficient (g33) of almost 300% in poled KBT‐R (∼45 × 10−3 Vm/N) and 400% in KBT‐P (∼54 × 10−3 Vm/N) samples over the KBT‐C ceramic was obtained. Interestingly, a significantly lower activation energy (Ea) for KBT‐C (∼0.71 eV) below the temperature of the dielectric maximum (Tm) was noticed compared to KBT‐R (∼1.07 eV) and KBT‐P (∼1.00 eV), suggesting a strong dependence of DC conduction on grain morphology. Furthermore, chronoamperometry measurements confirmed a mixed electronic and ionic conduction at higher temperatures in all samples.

Improvement of τf in HfTiO4 microwave dielectric ceramics with Zr‐ and Sn‐substitution

Abstract(Hf1‐xZrx)TiO4 and (Hf1‐xSnx)TiO4 ceramics were prepared through a standard solid‐state reaction route, and the microwave dielectric characteristics were determined together with the microstructures. The single‐phase solid solution in space group Pbcn was obtained in (Hf1‐xZrx)TiO4, while the two‐phase structure with (HfTiO4(s.s.) major phase in space group Pbcn and Sn0.3Ti0.7O2 secondary phase in space group P42/mnm) was determined in (Hf1‐xSnx)TiO4. The temperature coefficient of resonant frequency τf could be significantly improved to near‐zero in both systems, and the best combination of microwave dielectric characteristic was achieved at x = 0.5 in (Hf1‐xZrx)TiO4: εr = 39.0, Qf = 43,150 GHz at 5.3 GHz and τf = 3 ppm/°C, and at x = 0.225 in (Hf1‐xSnx)TiO4: εr = 37.2, Qf = 52,600 GHz at 5.5 GHz and τf = ‐6 ppm/°C. In the solid solutions, the obvious improvement of τf could be deeply linked with the degree of covalency and the restoring forces of structure. While, the intermediate near‐zero τf is achieved by mixing the phases with opposite τf in multiphase materials. The present work provided an effective way to modify the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency in microwave dielectric ceramics.

Enhanced relaxation and energy storage performance in (Bi0.2Sr0.7)TiO3 modified AgNbO3 ceramics

The unique antiferroelectric behavior of AgNbO3 ceramics has great potential for energy storage applications, which have attracted increasing attention. However, the relatively low recoverable energy storage density, energy efficiency and breakdown strength of AgNbO3 ceramics severely limit their application in practice. In the present work, (Bi0.2Sr0.7)TiO3 was introduced to improve the relaxation behavior in AgNbO3 ceramics via two-step sintering, which contributed to a high breakdown strength of 580 kV/cm. A recoverable energy storage density of 7.8 J/cm3 and an energy efficiency of 56 % were obtained in 0.90AgNbO3-0.10(Bi0.2Sr0.7)TiO3 ceramics. Moreover, the benign energy storage performance could be maintained at elevated temperatures, variable frequencies and cyclings up to 105. These results demonstrate the great potential of AgNbO3-based ceramics for energy storage applications.

Influence of Grain Size on Dielectric Behavior in Lead-Free 0.5 Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3-0.5 (Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 Ceramics.

Fine-tuning of grain sizes can significantly influence the interaction between different dielectric phenomena, allowing the development of materials with tailored dielectric resistivity. By virtue of various synthesis mechanisms, a pathway to manipulate grain sizes and, consequently, tune the material's dielectric response is revealed. Understanding these intricate relationships between granulation and dielectric properties can pave the way for designing and optimizing materials for specific applications where tailored dielectric responses are sought. The experimental part involved the fabrication of dense BCT-BZT ceramics with different grain sizes by varying the synthesis (conventional solid-state reaction route and sol-gel) and consolidation methods. Both consolidation methods produced well-crystallized specimens, with Ba0.85Ca0.15O3Ti0.9Zr0.1 (BCTZ) perovskite as the major phase. Conventional sintering resulted in microstructured and submicron-structured BCT-BZT ceramics, with average grain sizes of 2.35 μm for the solid-state sample and 0.91 μm for the sol-gel synthesized ceramic. However, spark plasma sintering produced a nanocrystalline specimen with an average grain size of 67.5 nm. As the grain size decreases, there is a noticeable decrease in the maximum permittivity, a significant reduction in dielectric losses, and a shifting of the Curie temperature towards lower values.

Influence of particle size of initial oxides on the dielectric properties of ilmenite-type Zn0.7Mg0.3TiO3 ceramics

The core of this research is to elucidate the effect of the particle size of the starting oxide on the dielectric properties of Zn0.7Mg0.3TiO3 ceramics. The study was carried out using a conventional solid-state reaction route. The microstructure optimization of Zn0.7Mg0.3TiO3 ceramics was achieved by introducing nanoscale particles. The distortion of octahedral [TiO6] and the effect of crystal structure led to significant changes in the dielectric properties. Stability analysis shows that usage of nanoparticles decreases the temperature stability of Zn0.7Mg0.3TiO3 ceramics. This work will offer a well-defined guideline for the selection of raw materials to prepare ceramics in the practical production process.

The effect of A-site Mg substitution on energy-storage density and efficiency of Bi0.47Na0.47Ba0.06TiO3 ceramics by disordered induction

Lead-free dielectric ceramic capacitors are extensively studied for their environmental protection and excellent electrical properties. In this study, (1-x) Bi0.47Na0.47Ba0.06 TiO3-xMgTiO3 was synthesized by the classical solid-phase method. Perovskite materials usually have a complex structure, and the modification of the A-site and B-site doping can have a wonderful effect on the material. The effect of A-site Mg2+ doping on the phase structure and electrical properties of (1-x)BNBT-xMT was studied. Results showed that a wider optical band gap and a higher grain boundary density can be obtained by doping at the A-site, which greatly improved the breakdown electric field of the ceramics. X-ray diffraction, Raman scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and dielectric constant curves of (1-x)BNBT-xMT ceramics were also performed to characterize the transition between rhombohedral and tetragonal phases. The findings indicated that that doping at the A-site successfully induced the polar nanoregion, and the 0.94Bi0.47Na0.47Ba0.06TiO3-0.06MgTiO3 relaxation ferroelectric ceramics had high Wrec (5.82 J/cm3), stable frequency (Wrec = 2.53 J/cm3±3 %, 1–200 Hz), excellent temperature stability (Wrec≈2.37 ± 3 % J/cm3, 30–100 °C), and fast discharge rate (4μs). This work can provide ideas for the development of green and harmless dielectric capacitors with high charge/discharge rate and high energy-storage density.

Bandgap engineering of BZT-BCT by Mn doping and the emerging strong photo-pyroelectric effect

Developing narrow bandgap ferroelectrics with a sizable polarization presents great potential toward photoelectric applications. Unfortunately, most ferroelectrics exhibit wide bandgaps, while lowering their bandgaps constantly accompanies the serious deterioration of ferroelectricity. By utilizing the Jahn-Teller (J-T) effect of Mn ion, here we report an exception of lead-free ferroelectric 0.5Ba(Zr0.2-xTi0.8Mnx)-0.5(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 ceramics showing narrow bandgaps and large polarizations. Especially for the composition x = 0.12, a low bandgap of 1.2 eV with a high residual polarization 9.9 µC/cm2 is achieved. Further investigations indicate that it has negligible photovoltaic effect due to the high density of point defects, but a significant improvement in near-infrared (NIR) light induced pyroelectric response, driven by the simultaneously increased photothermal conversion ability and room temperature pyroelectric coefficient. The pyroelectric device as demonstrated shows excellent linear dependence on the NIR light intensity with current and voltage sensitivities of 0.169 nA/(mW/cm2) and 0.052 V/(mW/cm2), respectively. Furthermore, the device possesses substantial pyroelectric response to the infrared irradiation from human body and excellent anti-interference ability. This study not only find an excellent lead-free ferroelectric composition for human body recognition, but also provide a new strategy of materials design for light energy harvesting and photodetection.

Hybrid low‐temperature sintering processes of electro‐ceramics

AbstractCold sintering process (CSP) developed recently has attracted much attention due to the ultralow sintering temperatures and high efficiencies with the assist of transient liquid phase (TLP). Based on CSP, we have further established a protocol for low‐temperature sintering processes by combining TLP with other sintering technologies, including hybrid sintering process with microwave and TLP (MW‐TLP), and hybrid sintering process with spark plasma sintering and TLP (SPS‐TLP). Three typical electro‐ceramics (TiO2, CaWO4, and ZnO) are selected, which are highly densified (&gt;97%) with excellent electrical properties at reduced sintering temperatures, applied pressures or holding times, demonstrating the feasibility of MW‐TLP and SPS‐TLP in fabricating electro‐ceramics. Especially, the Q × f value of TiO2 ceramics (38,020 GHz) prepared by MW‐TLP at 1000°C is 46.2% and 23.4% higher than that of microwave and spark plasma sintered samples, respectively, and comparable to traditional thermal sintered (TTS) samples at 1300–1400°C. The dielectric properties of MW‐TLP CaWO4 ceramics sintered at 900°C for 2 h are comparable to TTS samples sintered at 1000–1300°C for 2–5 h. ZnO ceramics can be highly densified (∼98%) by SPS‐TLP with mild sintering conditions (200–300°C and 3.8–50 MPa) compared to SPS (&gt;500°C) and CSP (&gt;100 MPa). The frameworks of fundamental mechanisms are outlined together with the experimental data. It is expected that this work will provide promising sintering methods to fabricate electro‐ceramics and offer inspirations on sintering combinations to develop low‐temperature sintering processes with high efficiencies.