Role Of Third Parties Research Articles

The Role and Challenges of A Mediator To Resolve The International Conflict in The Digital Era (Case Study: The Role of OANA)

The digital era has been born from the influence of globalization. In this digital era, international relations are beginning to be affected by the existence of various new ways to do diplomacy. Where diplomacy carried out by each country feels easier than in previous eras, communication can also be carried out without having to take a long time, especially when delivering meeting appointments or being willing to attend a meeting. Along with the development of this digital era, the role of third parties in resolving a conflict will also become easier, especially from mediators who are often the liaison between the two countries in conflict. This research was conducted to reveal perspectives related to the role and challenges for mediators in carrying out international conflict resolution in the digital era that continues to progress. The method used is a qualitative research method by presenting secondary data. The results show that the role of the mediator in resolving conflicts will be significantly more challenging because of digital factors that can take conflict actions online or provide fake news and can be widely spread throughout the country in an instant with ease.

Unpacking the management of Oligo-coopetition strategies in the absence of a moderating third party

Recent research has highlighted the importance of management for the success of dyadic coopetition strategies. Coopetition, however, does not always occur in dyadic settings. Oligo-coopetition strategies, i.e., coopetition strategy among more than two but only a small number of coopetitors, and its management remain largely understudied. Oligo-coopetition strategy simultaneously increases both the potential benefits and risks of coopetition. Past research highlights the key role of third parties in managing oligo-coopetition. However, what happens when there is no such third party? We investigate this question through a longitudinal case study of Total Group in its oil and gas exploration and production projects. The results outline how companies manage oligo-coopetition strategy without third parties. More precisely, the results first highlight three strategies of oligo-coopetition: (1) “shareholder” coopetition, (2) “vertical” coopetition, and (3) “combined vertical and horizontal” coopetition. The results, second, outline the specific organizational designs and management principles associated with these three strategies of coopetition.

Beyond the Dyad: The Impact of Context on Trusting Relationships in Organizations

While much progress has been made in understanding the role of the trustor and trustee within the dyad, factors in the surrounding context can also impact their trusting relationship. Importantly, these contextual factors can have implications for how the two parties in the initial trustor-trustee dyad engage one another in building and rebuilding trust. Our symposium explores these possibilities by showcasing four papers that challenge existing assumptions and provide new insights. They do so by integrating a variety of research designs (surveys, experiments, case studies), analytical techniques employed (mixed model analysis, qualitative data analysis, structural equation modeling), levels of analyzes (individual, organizational), contexts (crises, public health systems), and topics that further enrich this research dialogue (time, emotions, culture). This symposium aims to extend the existing literature on the role of the surrounding context for trusting relationships, and identify future research areas. Third One’s the Charm? The Role of Third Parties in Trust Repair Presenter: Jonathan Lee; U. of New Hampshire Presenter: Rachel Lea Campagna; U. of New Hampshire “It’s that Fight or Flight”: Emotional Responses to Trust Violations in Essential Services Presenter: Niamh Daly; - Presenter: Nicole Gillespie; U. of Queensland Presenter: Matthew Hornsey; U. of Queensland Presenter: Lisa Van Der Werff; Dublin City U. In Integrity We Trust: Interpersonal and Organizational Uncertainty and Trustworthiness Assessment Presenter: Eric Yuge Lou; INSEAD Presenter: Li Huang; INSEAD The Critical Role of Trust and Supervisor Interpersonal Emotion Management at the Onset of COVID-19 Presenter: Liuba Belkin; Lehigh U. Presenter: Michele Williams; U. of Iowa Presenter: Sarah Tuskey; Virginia Tech Presenter: William J. Becker; Virginia Tech

Resolving Transboundary Water Conflicts: Dynamic Evolutionary Analysis Using an Improved GMCR Model

Accurately simulating the dynamic evolution of the behaviors of different decision-makers (DMs) is essential for identifying solutions to transboundary water conflicts. The purpose of this study is to present a dynamic evolutionary analysis model for simulating the behavior of different water users and solving the problem of transboundary water conflicts. To accomplish this goal, a revenue function, which can objectively evaluate the relative preferences of different DMs in water conflicts, was constructed to improve the graph model for conflict resolution (GMCR) model. A demonstration area in the Yangtze River Delta on ecologically friendly development (DAYRD) in China is applied to demonstrate the applicability of the improved method. The results show that the improved GMCR model based on the revenue function can accurately simulate the dynamic evolution of transboundary water conflicts and avoid the influence of subjective factors of researchers or experts in the traditional method. Additionally, the results indicated that water conflicts in the DAYRD can be transformed from the status quo (conflict) to the target state (cooperation) by effectively controlling the intensity of third-party intervention. These findings provide useful insights for the resolution of transboundary water conflicts and enhance our understanding of the role of third parties in transforming conflict into cooperation.

Survey on Transaction Verification Model based on Blockchain Architecture

Similar to decentralized communication systems, a new technology called Blockchain (BC) has the potential to store and manage data in a decentralized manner. By removing the role of third party, all member in the chain has equal access to data. The concept BCT (Blockchain Technology) is not just limited to the cryptocurrencies, but it has been implemented in other areas like e-health, voting, finance, education, smart contract and even in Databases. This paper discusses various Blockchain applications and platforms and then compares these platforms on basis of different parameters. Despite of the advantages, Blockchain faces a significant issue of privacy. This paper examines various security related issues and challenges and presents an account of known possible attacks.

Electronic Authentication of E-commerce Contracts: التوثيق الإلكتروني لعـقــود التجارة الإلكترونية

This research aimed at explaining the electronic authentication from a technical and legal point of view, and to explain the authentication mechanism represented in encryption and its types, and to clarify the role of electronic certification in electronic transaction. We also clarified the role of documentation in electronic editors and the scope of electronic documentation, as well as how to authenticate in the field of e-mail, and the role of trustworthy third parties in the process. The study also clarified the method and mechanism of electronic documentation in the field of electronic preservation services. Based on the nature of the research, a comparative approach was followed by presenting the position of more than one local and international legislation besides conducting an analytical study. The researcher also used the analytical method by addressing each section after analyzing it through jurisprudential opinions and national laws where the descriptive method issued to clarify some concepts that include a careful analysis of information and facts about the subject of study. After presenting the research material, several results were reached, including: that electronic authentication services are the legal means to send confidence and secure online dealings. Based on the results, the researcher made a set of recommendations, including the recommendation to issue a comprehensive legislation that regulates the role played by trustworthy third parties in terms of electronic signature, recommended e-mail, and electronic preservation.

Flexible Regulation for Dynamic Products? The Case of Applying Principles-Based Regulation to Medical Products Using Artificial Intelligence

Emerging technologies including artificial intelligence (AI) enable novel products to have dynamic and even self-modifying designs, challenging approval-based products regulation. This article uses a proposed framework by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to explore how flexible regulatory tools, specifically principles-based regulation, could be used to manage ‘dynamic’ products. It examines the appropriateness of principles-based approaches for managing the complexity and fragmentation found in the setting of dynamic products in terms of regulatory capacity and accountability, balancing flexibility and predictability, and the role of third parties. The article concludes that successfully deploying principles-based regulation for dynamic products will require taking serious lessons from the global financial crisis on managing complexity and fragmentation while placing equity at the centre of the framework.

Urban Populism and Politics (Study on Public Space Governance in Pangkalpinang City)

Physical development of public spaces was one of the priority programs during the Molen-Sopian administration as Mayor and Deputy Mayor of Pangkalpinang for the period 2018-2023. The availability of public space in urban areas refers to the provisions for the distribution of the proportion of Green Open Space (RTH), namely 20% Public Green Open Space (RTH) and 10% Private Green Open Space (RTH). The City Government of Pangkalpinang is faced with the dynamics of urban politics which are colored by pros and cons issues related to the development of public spaces in Pangkalpinang City. This study aims to determine the role of the Pangkalpinang City government in striving for the arrangement and management of public space in the Pangkalpinang City area as well as exploring the factors that influence the implementation process. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The results of this study indicate that the availability of public space in the form of Green Open Space (RTH) in Pangkalpinang City has not reached the minimum target required in accordance with the Regional Spatial Plan (RTRW), which is 20% of the city area. The role of the Pangkalpinang City government in striving for the arrangement and management of public spaces in Pangkalpinang City includes regulators, facilitators, executors and dynamists. In the process of structuring and managing this public space, there are also three factors that influence, namely political will, the role of third parties, and budget availability.

Urban Populism and Politics (Study on Public Space Governance in Pangkalpinang City)

Physical development of public spaces was one of the priority programs during the Molen-Sopian administration as Mayor and Deputy Mayor of Pangkalpinang for the period 2018-2023. The availability of public space in urban areas refers to the provisions for the distribution of the proportion of Green Open Space (RTH), namely 20% Public Green Open Space (RTH) and 10% Private Green Open Space (RTH). The City Government of Pangkalpinang is faced with the dynamics of urban politics which are colored by pros and cons issues related to the development of public spaces in Pangkalpinang City. This study aims to determine the role of the Pangkalpinang City government in striving for the arrangement and management of public space in the Pangkalpinang City area as well as exploring the factors that influence the implementation process. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The results of this study indicate that the availability of public space in the form of Green Open Space (RTH) in Pangkalpinang City has not reached the minimum target required in accordance with the Regional Spatial Plan (RTRW), which is 20% of the city area. The role of the Pangkalpinang City government in striving for the arrangement and management of public spaces in Pangkalpinang City includes regulators, facilitators, executors and dynamists. In the process of structuring and managing this public space, there are also three factors that influence, namely political will, the role of third parties, and budget availability.

Politik Diplomasi Masa Revolusi Menuju Pengakuan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (1946-1949)

This paper aims to find out how the politics of diplomacy in the early days of independence, especially during the Syarir Cabinet to Hatta Cabinet, and to explain how the efforts of the Indonesian political elite to address diplomatic politics in the face of aggression and to analyze the role of third parties in Indonesian diplomacy. The method used in this research is a qualitative method, namely fact finding with the correct interpretation. Descriptive research is to study problems in society and the procedures that apply in society. The method used is literature study with data collection techniques by conducting a review study of books, literature, notes, and reports that have to do with the problem being solved. The conclusion of this research is that the political attitudes of the various Indonesian elites, the first group is that the government prioritizes the political path of diplomacy rather than armed resistance or 100 percent independence. The attitude of this first group is more influenced by the education they have received since studying in the Netherlands, among the first group are; Hatta, Syahrir, Setiadjid, Abdul Majid and Amir Syarifuddin and Agus Salim. This group believes that de jure the Netherlands is still strong and has the support of its allies such as Britain and America. Meanwhile, the second group who chose the armed or guerrilla resistance method in achieving 100 percent independence among this group was more than the opposition and military figures such as Tan Malaka, Panglima Sudirman and the leaders of the Masyumi and PNI parties. This conflict caused Sudirman to choose Guerrilla as the right way to achieve 100 percent independence. The conflict between Indonesia and the Netherlands ultimately requires American involvement in resolving the dispute between the two countries. This was proven by the US for the second time issuing a UN resolution to pressure the Netherlands to want to surrender sovereignty to the Indonesian republic even though under certain conditions, such as the Netherlands has not recognized the states belonging to the Republic of Indonesia and Papua. Then the independence of the Republic of Indonesia still has the remaining debt to the Dutch. Keywords : Politics, Diplomacy, Revolution, Independence

Strategi pengembangan Usaha Mikro Kecil Menengah (UMKM) di Kota Malang melalui literasi informasi

This study examined Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) development strategies through information literacy. Information literacy can be interpreted as expertise in effectively accessing and evaluating information to solve problems and make decisions. This study aimed to improve the quality of human resources driving MSMEs in Malang through information literacy. Descriptive qualitative methods were used to describe the phenomenon as a whole. Data were collected through Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) to determine the pattern of problem identification, searching and implementing solutions, and applying information literacy to the UMKM process in Malang City. The FCD results were analyzed by identifying problems, solutions that were implemented, and information literacy application. The next step was to formulate the stages of the MSME development strategy. MSMEs in Malang City faced internal (capital, human resources, and infrastructure) and external (government support, community roles, and consumer response) constraints. The solutions implemented to overcome these obstacles have not thoroughly utilized information literacy skills, so the problem recurs. MSME development strategies that can be applied with third parties' assistance are problem identification, reflection on applied solutions, and development of information literacy skills (the ability to access information, sort and select, and understand and implement it). Based on these findings, the role of third parties, such as the government and the research team, is quite important for implementing strategies and improving the quality of MSME Human Resources.

Home-Grown Peace: Civil Society Roles in Ceasefire Monitoring

ABSTRACT In search of innovative solutions to address the growing complexity of civil wars, peacebuilding practitioners and conflict analysts have seriously begun exploring ways to involve national civil society actors in monitoring ceasefires. In contrast, the academic literature on the subject so far is surprisingly scarce and focuses mainly on the role of external third parties. This article argues that involving civil society in ceasefire monitoring mechanisms supports peace processes through four pathways: exposing noncompliance to ceasefire commitments; facilitating communication within and between conflict parties; promoting peace process issues among conflict parties; and socializing outside spoilers and raising public awareness about ceasefires. Based on a case study of the civil society-led National Monitoring Committee for the Ceasefire Code of Conduct (NMCC) appointed in the May 2006 ceasefire between the government of Nepal and Maoist rebels, the article shows that ceasefire monitoring by civil society can effectively prevent major ceasefire violations and support the parties’ transition to a peace agreement through the four pathways. The article also stresses that the NMCC faced commonly encountered constraints related to a lack of perceived impartiality, resources and diversity. It concludes that there is scope for a better operationalization of ceasefire monitoring mechanisms.

From third party to significant other for service encounters: a systematic review on third-party roles and their implications

PurposeDyadic interactions between customers and service providers rarely occur in isolation. Still, there is a lack of systematic knowledge about the roles that different types of nontechnological third parties – that is, other customers, pets, other employees and other firms – can adopt in relation to customers and service providers during encounters. The present study aims to unravel these roles and highlight their implications for customers, service providers and/or third parties.Design/methodology/approachThis research relies on a systematic review of literature in the Web of Science using a search string pertaining to the research study’s objectives. In total, 2,726 articles were screened by title and abstract using clear inclusion and exclusion criteria, thereby extracting 189 articles for full-text eligibility. The final sample consisted of 139 articles for coding and analysis.FindingsThe analyses reveal that other customers, pets, other employees and other firms can adopt five roles: bystander, connector, endorser, balancer and partner. Each role has different implications for customers, service providers and/or third parties. Additionally, the five roles are associated with distinct constellations of the customer, the service provider and the third party. These roles and constellations are dynamic and not mutually exclusive.Originality/valueThis research contributes to the service encounter literature by providing a thorough understanding of the various third-party roles and their implications for customers, service providers and/or third parties during encounters. As such, this research sheds light on the conditions under which third parties become “significant others” in service encounters and identifies avenues for future research.

The role of third parties in norm enforcement in customary courts among the Enga of Papua New Guinea

Cultural norms are key to cooperation in human societies. How they are regulated, maintained, and adapted to the change remains a matter of debate. Humans have dispositions for both retributive and restorative justice; recent focus has been on third-party punishment, punitive sanctions by those not directly harmed, as key for norm enforcement. However, punishment does not engage the essential proficiencies and emotions critical to cooperation in small-scale societies with high dependence on collective action, sharing, and exchange. Third-party participation in norm enforcement is examined with data from a 10-y study among the Enga of Papua New Guinea. The Enga have a plural justice system with formal courts practicing retributive justice and customary courts applying restorative measures. Most cases are brought to customary courts. Drawing on observations from 333 village customary court cases concerning assault, marriage, land, and property violations, third-party engagement outside of and during customary court hearings is analyzed. Results show that all sides are heard, restoration is prioritized, and third-party punishment is rare; rather, third parties help with compensation to reintegrate wrongdoers and resolve conflicts. Repeated offenders and free riders receive ever less community support. Third parties contribute substantially both during and outside of customary court sessions to help kin, pursue economic agendas, or gain reputation. They also act generously to build a strong community. Emphasis is on amends to the victim for fairness, not punishment of the offender. Broad third-party participation is maintained throughout times of rapid change to adapt while supporting essential structures of society.

Fair Value Opinion Shopping or Objective Valuation?

The literature suggests that fair value (FV) estimates from external third-party sources are more reliable than those from managerial inputs. However, using a sample of private insurance companies, we provide evidence that even verifiable FV estimates derived from external third-party sources are not immune to managerial opportunism due to the discretion insurers have in switching sources. We posit that such source switches could either be driven by managerial incentive to faithfully report FV (objective valuation) or to inflate FV estimates to avoid other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) (FV opinion shopping). Our results indicate FV opinion shopping is the more dominant motive and that source-switches yield less accurate and more upwardly biased FV estimates. Upward switches also reduce both the likelihood and magnitude of OTTI especially for high-impairment-risk securities. Overall, our evidence suggests that opportunism with respect to source-switching potentially compromises the disciplining role of independent third parties in the valuation of fair-valued assets.

Explaining the relationship between socio-economic status and interethnic friendships: The mediating role of preferences, opportunities, and third parties

Interethnic contact is important for social cohesion and has been shown to vary with people’s socio-economic status (SES). There is some evidence that SES has opposite effects on interethnic contact for non-Western ethnic minorities and for majority members in Western countries. Whereas minority members with a higher SES tend to have more contact with natives, natives with a higher SES tend to have less inter-ethnic contact. To replicate and further understand these contrasting findings, we focused on interethnic friendships in particular and tested simultaneously for majority and minority members whether preferences for cultural similarity, opportunities to meet ethnic others, and disapproval of third parties, mediate the relationship between SES and having interethnic friendships. Analyses of 368 natives and 267 non-Western ethnic minority members in the Netherlands confirmed the contrasting effects of SES on interethnic friendships for these two groups. Importantly, we found that for minority members higher SES was related to more friendships with natives through more meeting opportunities. For natives, higher SES was related to fewer friendships with ethnic minorities, however, this relationship could not be explained by lower meeting opportunities. Preferences for cultural similarity and third-party disapproval did not explain the link between SES and interethnic friendships for any of the two groups.

The Role of Third-Party Intervention in Trade Dispute in Nigeria: A Study of Selected Universities

The study investigated the role of third-party intervention in trade dispute. Litigation is one of the popular ways of disputes settlements. Hence, there are other appropriate pragmatic and adaptive models of resolving disputes apart from litigation, such as arbitration, mediation, and conciliation. The study examined the challenges before the third party by way of conciliation, mediation and arbitration and conclude that motives of the third parties in disputes resolution are to prevent disputes, resolve it if it has developed, or manage it from being dysfunctional. Again, the choice of alternation/appropriate dispute resolution (ADR) model(s) to be employed depends on the peculiarities of the disputes. A sample size of 631.7 was determined from a population of 2,021 employees using Taro Yamme’s approach. Data obtained from pilot survey were committed to test of reliability using Cronbach alpha statistic and computed using SPSS version 19 and the result reported a Cronbach alpha of 0.771. In analyzing the data, the descriptive statistics of simple percentage, mean, Variance and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were adopted to answer the research questions and test the hypotheses. To further this research, F- value was used to calculate the test statistics, treatment mean square (TRMS), Error mean Square (EMS), and Treatment Sum of Squares (TRSS) at 5% significant level. The study however concludes that the role of third Party and the resolution model(s) it uses have significant impact in dispute resolution. Thus, recommended these model(s) in settling disputes because it is convenient, cheap, flexible, adaptive, dignity-protecting, less time-consuming, friendly enhancing, among others. Immediate and remote causes of dispute should be properly addressed and substantive effort should be made towards reducing disputes in the institutions because of its negative consequences.

Potential Partnership of Community-based Management in Supporting The Utilization of Sustainable Resources in Indonesian Coastal Tourism

The application of community-based management (CBM) in managing coastal tourism in Indonesia is still limited to providing short-term benefits, especially for local communities and does not guarantee the sustainability of resources at large. On the other hand, most CBM partnership in Indonesia are still limited to the relationship between the local government and local communities and there is no clear partnership scheme in involving the role of third parties and private sectors that can increase the benefits of implementing CBM. This study aims to review and evaluate CBM policies and implementation in the coastal tourism in Indonesia, identifies the effectiveness of CBM implementations, and suggest an optimal CBM partnership scheme in the coastal tourism in Indonesia. The data used are primary data through questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussion (FGD). Respondents in this study include members of hotel and restaurant association, CBM managers, local government, and businessmen in the coastal tourism area. This study uses investment attractiveness index to measure the effectiveness of CBM in each coastal tourism destination. The findings shows that the implementation of CBM in Indonesian coastal tourism mostly favored the local communities but draws little attention from bigger investment mainly because there is a lack of clear land regulation set by local government in coastal area.

The Role of Third Parties in Value Creation and Capture: Why Michelin Stars May Not Be a Good Thing

This paper develops an extension of the value-based view of strategic management by incorporating third parties into value networks. The theoretical framework proposes ways in which third parties affect attention and bargaining in markets, and it highlights how third parties can promote and/or impede the creation and capture of value. Consequently, even favorable third party evaluations of a focal firm may hinder their ability to capture value. Michelin Guide’s 2005 entry into the New York City restaurant market serves as the setting for examining these issues empirically. Statistical analyses indicate that restaurants receiving Michelin stars have increased likelihood of failure. A mixed-method approach, including interviews with Michelin started restaurateurs, is used to investigate mechanisms at the upstream, downstream, and organizational levels. The evidence suggests that changes in attention and bargaining at each of these levels makes it more difficult for the restaurant to capture value after receiving a Michelin star. However, the results also indicate that managerial experience may mitigate these negative effects. These counterintuitive findings help emphasize that third parties play complex roles in markets and may produce notable unintended consequences.

Rethinking the HR Architecture: Fiat Outside the Firm and Retained Decision Rights Inside the Firm

Strategic HR scholars argue that workers who are core to a business should (1) be brought inside the firm in a traditional full-time employment relationship, and (2) be willing to submit to hierarchical fiat as a cost to being brought inside the firm. However, these arguments may no longer match current realities that reflect an increasing gap between core workers who are scarce in the external labor market and those who are not. Globalization and modularity of work decrease the bargaining power of core workers who are not scarce in the labor market, such that firms have begun attempting to push these traditional workers into external third-party roles. At the same time, organizational ecosystems, upskilling of work, and professionalization increase the bargaining power of other core workers who are often brought inside the firm yet are free from hierarchical fiat. These sociotechnical forces create new distinctions between strategically valuable workers, creating high- and low-power bargaining groups of core workers, where one group loses autonomy and stability, while the other gains both. We propose new views of governance mechanisms for managing and leveraging core workers regardless of their employment status (i.e. “inside” or “outside” the firm) by drawing upon recent research around social cause, social capital, and professional interests.