Thesaurus Research Articles

Phenomenon of graduonymy in speech patterns

In this article has been studied the phenomenon of gradient my at the morphological level. This article is devoted to study the phenomenon of gradient my in speech patterns. The article, also, examines and analyses researchers who studied this issue. The study of the phenomenon of grading in the semantic relationship of lexemes is important in many respects: the results of graduonomic research can be used to describe lexical richness as a system, to determine the value of lexical units as a methodological means in compiling a dictionary of synonyms and antonyms.

КОНЦЕПТ «ПРОШЛОЕ» В РУССКОЙ ЯЗЫКОВОЙ КАРТИНЕ МИРА

The article analyzes the concept “past” as a component of the Russian language picture of the world. The authors make a comprehensive conceptual description of the past based on the three-part model of the concept according to V.I. Karasik – “image, concept, value”. Addressing this topic is due to the lack of a linguocultural description of the concept of the past in Russian science, as well as the need to expand the fund of conceptual descriptions of the components of Russian linguistic culture. The aim of the research is a comprehensive description of the concept of the past focused on identifying its value characteristics, which corresponds to the linguistic cultural direction, within which culture can be understood as a set of meanings, values and norms. The research methodology is based on the structure of everyday consciousness described by O.A. Kornilov and includes an analysis of sensoryreceptive, logical-conceptual, emotional-evaluative and value-moral components of the concept. The procedures of conceptual analysis include the analysis of dictionary definitions of the keyword, the construction of a figurative semantic field based on synonyms and compatibility, the analysis of associations, the analysis of phraseological units, the analysis of proverbs and sayings. The main sources of the research are explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language edited by D.N. Ushakov, A.S. Gerd and T.F. Efremova, New Explanatory Dictionary of Russian Synonyms edited by Yu.D. Apresyan, dictionaries of synonyms edited by Z.E. Aleksandrova, Associative Thesaurus of the Modern Russian Language edited by Yu.N. Karaulov, phraseological dictionaries of the Russian language edited by E.N. Teliya and A.I. Fyodorov, dictionaries of proverbs and sayings edited by V.I. Zimin and V.P. Zhukov. The main results of the study are related to the modeling of the field structure of the conceptual field ’’past’’ with the identification of its neutral core, perinuclear and connotatively marked periphery. The final stage of the analysis suggests that the value component of the concept ’’past’’ is a bipolar zone, within which two mutually exclusive groups of behavioral norms coexist, reflecting the two value centers of the concept.

The solution of the problem of unknown words under neural machine translation of the Kazakh language

ABSTRACT The paper proposes a solution to the problem of unknown words for neural machine translation (NMT). The proposed solution is shown by the example of NMT of the Kazakh-English language pair. The novelty of the proposed technology for solving the problem of unknown words in the NMT of the Kazakh language is an algorithm proposed for searching for unknown words in the dictionary of a trained model of NMT and using the dictionary of synonyms of the Kazakh to replace an unknown word with a word that is close in meaning. A dictionary of synonyms is used to search for words that are similar in meaning to the unknown words, which was defined. Moreover, the found synonyms are checked for the presence in the vocabulary of a trained model. After that, a new translation of the edited sentence of the source language is performed. The base of words-synonyms of the Kazakh language is collected. Software solutions to the unknown word problem have been developed in the Python. The proposed technology solution to the problem of unknown words was tested on the two parallel Kazakh-English corpus in both variants: baseline NMT and NMT with using of the proposed technology.

Антонимические и синонимические парадигмы в диалектной фразеологии

The article aims to determine paradigmatic activity of dialectal phraseological units presented by the “Dictionary of the Russian Dialects of Bashkiria” edited by Z. P. Zdobnova. Scientific novelty of the work lies in describing the identified dialectal set expressions, which develop paradigmatic relations. Attention is payed primarily to such semantic paradigms of units as synonymic and antonymic ones, which are characterised by complexity and expressiveness due to indefiniteness of phraseological meaning itself. As a result, an analysis of dialectal phraseological synonyms and antonyms from the standpoint of semantics, component composition, structural organisation was conducted. The paradigms considered in the course of the study can be included into a comprehensive dictionary of the Russian dialects and help to replenish dictionaries of synonyms and antonyms. Looking forward, it may be possible to identify and analyse paradigmatic relations of dialectal phraseological units using material from other dictionaries of the Russian dialects.

Assessment of drug–drug interaction in an elderly human immunodeficiency virus population: Comparison of 3 expert databases

Polypharmacy increase the risk of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) in the elderly population living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Several expert databases can be used to evaluate DDIs. The aim of the study was to describe actual DDIs between antiretroviral drugs and comedications in an elderly population and to compare grading of the DDIs in 3 databases. All treatments of HIV-infected subjects aged 65 years and older were collected in 6 French HIV centres. Summary of Product Characteristic (SPC), French DDI Thesaurus (THES), and Liverpool HIV DDI website (LIV) were used to define each DDI and specific grade. DDIs were classified in yellow flag interaction (undefined grade in SPC and THES or potential weak interaction in LIV), amber flag interaction (to be considered/precaution of use in SPC and THES and potential interaction in LIV) and red flag interaction (not recommended/contraindication in SPC and THES and do not administer/contraindication in LIV). Among 239 subjects included, 60 (25.1%) had at least 1 DDI for a total of 126 DDIs: 23/126 red flag DDIs were identified in 17 patients. All these 23 DDIs were identified in LIV. THES and SPC missed 6 and 1 red flag DDIs, respectively. Seven of 23 red flag DDIs were identified in the 3 databases concomitantly. Polypharmacy is frequent in this elderly HIV population leading to DDI in a quarter of the subjects. The discrepancies between databases can be explained by differences in analysis methods. A consensus between databases would be helpful for clinicians.

Semantic Features of Nouns Referred to Various Lexical-And-Grammatical Categories

The paper focuses on semantic properties of concrete and abstract nouns in the aspect of their cognitive categorization. The research is based on the results of two psycholinguistic experiments carried out by the author: synonym selection and word interpretation. The data obtained are verified by comparing data from the dictionaries of synonyms and National Corpus of the Russian Language. The synonym collection experiment shows that the speakers tend to extend synonymic relations of concrete nouns by means of semantic convergence of the words, which belong to different levels of hierarchy in the semantic field. Special attention is paid to nouns denoting a person. Their synonymic ranges differ significantly in lexicographic sources and the experiment findings. The word interpretation experiment points to the frequency of a logical (componential) method for interpretation of concrete nouns meaning, and synonymic method for abstract nouns. Concrete nouns are noted to realize logical categorization due to being incorporated into hierarchical semantic relations, whilst abstract nouns may reflect logical and figurative categorization because their meanings do not have subject reference and are characterized by uncertainty. Abstract nouns have been proved to build hierarchical semantic relations within their synonymic groups on certain conditions.

Description of Synonyms in Linguodidactics: Integrative Approach (based on the Synonymous Row of Verbs with a Common Meaning ‘do nothing’)

The article is devoted to the description of a synonymous series of Russian verbs with a dominant idle against the background of the Vietnamese language for further presentation of Russian units in a Vietnamese audience. The approaches to the study of synonymous units traditionally highlighted in Russian linguistics are considered. The relevance of an integrative approach to the analysis of synonyms for linguodidactic purposes is substantiated. The novelty of the study is that such a comprehensive approach allows us to analyze synonyms at the level of the language system, discourse and language consciousness of native speakers. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the synonymous row under study is included in the lexico-semantic group of behavior verbs, nuclear for the Russian language, as well as the lack of training dictionaries of Russian synonyms for foreign students. The authors determine the structure of the studied synonymic row in the Russian language, analyze the semantics, typical situations of use, the stylistic classification of units according to the components that make up the synonymic series. Particular attention is paid to data from a survey of native Russian speakers. A comparative analysis of Russian synonyms and their translation equivalents in the Vietnamese language is presented. Relevant parameters of the characteristics of the members of the synonymous row are identified to optimize the work with these units in the Vietnamese audience. Linguistic and methodological recommendations on the presentation of Russian synonyms in a Vietnamese audience are offered.

The variability of synonymic oppositions chior–orb, vechi–bătrîn, copac–pom, mal–țărm and their lexicographic treatment

The analysis of a series of synonymic oppositions in Romanian aims at pointing to their variation on a diachronic and diatopic level, the relationship between these two levels, as well as how these linguistic realities are treated at a lexicographic level, especially in modern dictionaries of synonyms. The modern dictionaries of synonyms do not pay enough attention to the relationship between synonyms, as their lexicographic entries mainly consist of ordering the synonyms of the title word and occasionally adding examples. This is known as the ``cumulative” method, and it is favoured by an inadequate definition of the synonymic relationship. Therefore, following the analysis of four pairs of synonyms belonging to the basic Romanian vocabulary we have concluded that the approach of synonymic oppositions in two representative Romanian dictionaries of synonyms is merely approximate and at times inappropriate. The structure of the lexicographic entries in these dictionaries often shows an inadequate knowledge of words history and how it is reflected as a variation at the dialectal level. The exemplification method is as well inadequate because the authors deliberately provide examples that are irrelevant for the identification of the differences between the synonyms.

What are the main patient safety concerns of healthcare stakeholders: a mixed-method study of Web-based text

ObjectivesVarious healthcare stakeholders define quality of care in different ways. Public policy could advocate all these concerns. This study was conducted to identify the main themes on patient safety of stakeholders expressed before and after the Patient Safety Act was enacted in Korea in 2015. DesignLongitudinal observational study of the interests of healthcare stakeholders generated between January 2014 and September 2018. Materials and methodsText data were collected from 2,487 documents on 18 websites that were identified as representative healthcare stakeholder groups of consumers, providers, government, and researchers. A Korean natural language processing (NLP) package, manual review, and synonym dictionary were used for data preprocessing, and we adopted the unsupervised NLP method of probabilistic topic modeling and latent Dirichlet allocation. A linear trend analysis over time, a qualitative step involving two external experts, and original text reviews were performed to validate the identified topics. ResultsForty-one topics were identified, and the most common concerns of stakeholders were institutional infection control as triggered by the Middle East respiratory syndrome outbreak in early 2015, and infusion-related infection from late 2017 until the middle of 2018. The other top-three concerns of the stakeholder groups were highly similar, while research topics were limited to the perceptions of providers and the activities and culture of hospitals. Five topics showed statistically significant increasing trends over time, while another five showed decreasing trends (both P < 0.05). In the qualitative step, we confirmed 35 themes and revised the other 6. ConclusionsA common concern among stakeholders was hospital infection control, ranging from nosocomial infections to those brought in by family visiting patients. Government policies and systemic approaches to patient safety were highlighted by different stakeholders. Researchers were focused on hospital sociocultural factors at both the organizational and clinician levels. These identified concerns all should be advocated by the public health policy.

Авантюризм: тезаурус метанаукового поняття

Авантюризм: тезаурус метанаукового поняття

Основные парадигматические отношения в семантическом поле концепта лето/summer

Article is based on the materials of a comprehensive study of the concepts summer and autumn from the point of view of their perception by representatives of Russian and English linguistic cultures. This paper shows the features of the paradigmatic relations of Russian and English concept summer. The study was built on the identification of synonymous (quasi-synonymous), antonymic, (hypo) hyperonymic, or genus-species relationships, as well as the incompatibility relations of this concept. Study is based on the materials of the explanatory dictionaries and dictionaries of synonyms and antonyms of the Russian and English languages; illustrative material was taken from the National corpus of the Russian language and the British National Corpus. The analysis made it possible to conclude that the paradigmatic explication of the content of the concept summer most clearly actualizes only one of the four previously identified cognitive features of the concept, namely the sign ‘time of year, season’.

Dizionari, sinonimia e marche d’uso

La straordinaria ricchezza della lingua italiana non sempre viene adeguatamente valorizzata dai dizionari. Nell’epoca della digitalizzazione del dizionario continuano a sopravvivere procedimenti definitori che andrebbero ormai messi al bando. I participi presenti o passati che abbiano anche funzione di aggettivo (per es. nascente) sono talvolta definiti con la formula «Nei significati del verbo». I nomi deaggettivali indicanti qualità, condizione o stato (per es. ordinarietà) sono spesso definiti con la formula “l’essere + aggettivo di base (ordinario)”. Queste definizioni, la cui valenza informativa è pressoché nulla, non rendono certo un buon servizio al lettore. Del tutto diversa è l’impostazione di un dizionario dei sinonimi, che deve cercare di orientare il lettore nel dedalo delle possibili alternative lessicali con l’intento di aiutarlo a trovare i termini più adatti per esprimere le diverse sfumature di uno stesso concetto. La ricerca delle equivalenze semantiche diventa in tal modo una scoperta delle differenze, più o meno rilevanti, che esistono tra una parola e l’altra. Di essenziale importanza a tale riguardo è la funzione delle marche d’uso: la distinzione tra parole fondamentali, parole di alto uso, parole di alta disponibilità e parole comuni, utilissima in molti ambiti, non è di grande aiuto per uno scrivente interessato a informazioni di carattere stilistico. La classificazione per fasce di frequenza non ci avverte per es. che volto è di registro più elevato rispetto a faccia, autovettura è di registro più formale rispetto a macchina, cinematografo nel senso di ‘sala cinematografica’ è antiquato rispetto a cinema.

Lexifield: a system for the automatic building of lexicons by semantic expansion of short word lists

We present Lexifield, a fully automatic language-independent system for building domain-specific lexicons from a short list of terms defining the domain. Lexifield relies on a pre-trained word embedding model, a definition dictionary and a dictionary of synonyms. To evaluate this system, four lexicons have been generated: one lexicon in French for the topic “son” (“sound”) and three lexicons in English for the topics “sound”, “taste” and “odour”. As compared to other word embedding-based systems and a state-of-the-art sensorial lexicon, Sensicon, our system achieves better precision and recall on reference lists extracted from manually created resources such as Roget’s Thesaurus.

Psychosemantic Experiment as a Tool for Objectification of the Data for the Ways of Representing Synonymy in a Modern Russian Language

The recently created RuWordNet thesaurus reflects hierarchical, primarily synonymous, relations in the vocabulary so that it is built from a set of synsets. In this paper, we applied the method of a comparative analysis: we compared the data of classical dictionaries of Russian language synonyms, RuWordNet thesaurus and the results of a students' poll. The students represent two areas of specialization: linguistic and nonliguistic. As a result of the psychosemantic experiment, we specified the criteria for the distribution of lexical units among synsets. We referred to them cognitive, semantic, stylistic and quantitative criteria. The quantitative method made it possible to determine the fixation frequency of synonyms for the stimulus word in the respondents' minds. The results of the experiment showed that the most adequate principle, implemented in verbal and cogitative activity by the identifying of the synonymic chains, is a pragmatic one. It reveals itself in the possibility of the interchange of similar in meaning words in different contexts. The research results contain recommendations on the systematization of linguistic information in the RuWordNet thesaurus, aimed at improving the principles of synsets' building. The performed research is aimed at verifying the reflected in RuWordNet data from the point of view of their correspondence to the real idea of native speakers of the synonymic, hyponymic and other system-based relationship in the vocabulary.

Варианты сложных слов и однокоренные синонимы. Проблемы лексикографической разработки

The article considers the problem of variability of composites in the aspect of their lexicographical description in a special dictionary. By the material of the “Russian Dictionary of Synonyms. Composites”, the author examines the methodology of lexicographical description of composites variants and cognate synonyms-composites. The following criteria to differentiate composites variants and cognate synonyms are identified: stylistic markedness, compatibility, typical contexts. Relying on the Russian National Corpus data, the author ascertains stylistic and lexical status of composites variants and cognate synonyms. The factors that hamper differentiation of these notions and complicate the process of composites codification are revealed.

Способы выражения эмоции РАДОСТЬ в русском рекламном тексте

The article analyzes the ways of expressing the emotion of РАДОСТЬ (HAPPINESS / JOY) in modern Russian advertising texts. The purpose of the article is to identify the main ways of conveying the emotions and emotional states of РАДОСТЬ (HAPPINESS / JOY) and their cultural specificity in the selected Russian advertising texts. To achieve this goal we have formulated the following objectives: 1) To build a lexical and semantic field of the lexeme РАДОСТЬ (“happiness” / “joy”) in Russian; 2) to build an associative field of the lexeme РАДОСТЬ (“happiness” / “joy”) in the Russian language speakers’ consciousness; 3) to identify the main ways of conveying РАДОСТЬ (HAPPINESS / JOY) in the analyzed advertising texts. The sources of materials are: 1) Russian explanatory dictionaries, Russian associative thesauri, and dictionaries of Russian synonyms; 2) a selection of 100 Russian advertising items made by native Russian speakers dating from 11.2019 to 02.2020. In order to create a lexical and semantic field of the lexeme “радость” (happiness / joy), a number of Russian language dictionaries gave been used, for example: the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by V. I. Dahl, “Explanatory dictionary of Russian language” edited by D. N. Ushakov, “Dictionary of Russian language” by S. I. Ozhegov and N. Yu. Shvedova, etc. Then we checked on the semantic structure of the lexeme “радость” (happiness / joy) in explanatory monolingual dictionaries of the Russian language as well as in the Dictionary of Synonyms. The Russian associative thesaurus (hereinafter RACES?) was used to build an associative field of the lexeme “радость” (happiness / joy) in the Russian language speakers’consciousness. Based on the analysis, 100 advertising contexts were selected and described with regard to the images conveying the emotion and emotional states of “РАДОСТЬ” (HAPPINESS / JOY), such as facial expression, people’s behaviour, the colour of images). We used descriptive and statistical methods, as well as the methods of semantic analysis and linguo-cultural interpretation. The novelty of the research is that it is by far the first to attempt: 1) To build a semantic field of the lexeme “радость” (happiness / joy) based on the lexicographic analysis; 2) to build an associative field of the given lexeme in the Russian language speakers’ consciousness based on the RACES; 3) to identify the main ways of conveying the emotion РАДОСТЬ (HAPPINESS / JOY) in selected Russian advertising texts; 4) to show cultural specificity of the manifestation of the emotion РАДОСТЬ (HAPPINESS / JOY) in the selected Russian advertising texts. In our opinion, the results obtained during the analysis are relevant to the development of text linguistics and linguoculturology. We hope this work will reveal cultural specificity of the emotion РАДОСТЬ (HAPPINESS / JOY) in Russian linguo-culture, and will contribute to efficient intercultural communication between the speakers of Russian and Chinese languages.

ЗАСОБИ МОБІЛЬНИХ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ У КОНТЕКСТІ ФОРМУВАННЯКУЛЬТУРИ ПРОФЕСІЙНОГО МОВЛЕННЯМАЙБУТНІХ УЧИТЕЛІВ

The article is devoted to mobile technologies as main and defining components of speech culture formation of future primary school teachers, is focused on practically oriented online resources (The Ukrainian orthography, Rules of the Ukrainian language, The Ukrainian defining dictionary, The defining dictionary of Ukrainian, Spell check, Dictionary of synonyms, Dropword, Words from Word, Mova, Viber, QR-Code, etc.). It is highlighted that mobile technologies can provide comfortable continuous and lifelong learning, which is equally important for maintaining our knowledge at the current level. In order to trace the latest innovations and achievements in a particular field of human activity, one must always work on improving their knowledge and skills. Social media are also important, they allow you to be connected with peers, friends, teachers that create the perfect virtual space environment. At the same time, using mobile learning technologies apart from other technologies is inappropriate. It is necessary not only to artificially combine mobile learning with traditional learning methods, but also to develop new ways of modern information transmission using mobile devices and integrate mobile learning with other competently oriented technologies that will maximize the effect. It is emphasized that mobile application is one of the fields in mobile learning, which is an effective, progressive tool in socio-cultural communication, since modern education requires teachers’ formation of progressive generation that is educated, sociable with creative potential, following the culture of professional speech.

Lexical-semantic and word-formation processes in modern Ukrainian architecture terminology (on the example of borrowed innovations «graffiti» and «mural»)

The purpose of the study is to analyze the features of the use in modern Ukrainian terminological vocabulary of borrowed terminological unit «graffiti» and «mural» and their derivatives for normative use in scientific communication, of logical system presentation of terms- innovations in terminological dictionaries, general dictionary editions. Object of research is Ukrainian terminological vocabulary of architecture in scientific and lexicographic editions. Subject of research is the lexico-semantic and word-formation differences of the innovative adopted nominations «graffiti» and «mural». The research material was scientific texts on architecture, published in printed and electronic special editions, dictionary entries of industry terminological and explanatory dictionaries, dictionaries of synonyms and foreign words. Used descriptive, comparative and structural methods. Attention is paid to the lexical-semantic and word-formation features of innovative architectural borrowed nominations «graffiti» and «mural». As a result of the study, it was determined that the semantic changes and the word-building potential of the analyzed terms confirms the dynamics of modern architectural vocabulary and shows the main trends in its development. In connection with the expansion of the conceptual field, the semantics 0f these innovative borrowed terms have changed significantly, which is not fixed in industry and general terminological dictionaries. At the same time, they became the basis for the formation of new terminological tokens using Ukrainian word-formation tools, as well as analytical terms, while a significant part of the terminological units that are actively used by specialists is not codified. Taking into account the lexical and semantic, derivational differences of these lexemes will contribute to the consistent streamlining, systematization and unification of the architectural terminological fund in lexicographic and special editions.

Names of Russian Charity: idem vs. alium

This paper provides a linguistic analysis of abstract nouns belonging to the lexical-semantic field “Gratuitous Assistance to the Needy” and denoting the situation of charitable activities in general — благотворительность, донорство, меценатство, and филантропия. All of them are synonyms; they are defined through each other in dictionary entries and are often used as absolute equivalents. This impedes uncontradictory terminologisation of the language of charity and complicates the justification of the legal framework for this activity. The author aims to distinguish these words by using historical and explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, dictionaries of synonyms of the Russian language, and The National Corpus of the Russian Language. This helps to determine the semantic scope, context compatibility, and conditions of the textual functioning of these words. The author concludes that the core position in the structure of the lexical-semantic field “Gratuitous Assistance to the Needy” is occupied by the originally Russian word благотворительность, which has a high usage frequency, denotes any gratuitous assistance, and has polar connotations, both positive and negative. Other terms occupy the periphery — either because of a narrower meaning (меценатство), or due to a limited scope of use (филантропия, донорство). The frequency of lexemes that refer to charitable activities increases during periods of social and economic stability, the establishment of better international relations, and decreases when society is forced to deal with serious problems. The intensive growth in the use of these words has been observed in the Russian media space since the mid-1980s and is still growing, which occurs due to the international actualisation of charitable activities and social responsibility trend.

Типологическое описание медицинских словарей монголоязычных авторов из тибетских фондов ЦВРК ИМБТ СО РАН и ИВР РАН

The paper offers an analysis and a classification of lexicographic works on Tibetan medicine compiled by Mongolian and Buryat authors in the 18-20th centuries. The analysis of main topics of these works and of their terminology allow us to distinguish three types of dictionaries: (1) specialized mngon brjod dictionaries of synonyms of Tibetan materia medica compiled for their correct identification; (2) bilingual and monolingual bsdus ming glossaries that contain explanations of words and concepts of the rgyud bzhi and commentaries; and (3) general and terminological brda yig dictionaries with medical lexicons. Particular attention is paid to distinctive features of these dictionaries. The study reveals that words in all thesauruses compiled by Mongolian authors and in the terminological dictionary dag yig mkhas pa’i ‘byung gnas (18th century) are arranged by thematic groups. The words in all bsdus ming glossaries are limited to the lexis used in one particular treatise and arranged in order in which they occur in the text. All lexicographical works compiled by Buryat authors (dictionaries of Tuguldurov, Sumatiratna, and Choidak) were organized according to Tibetan alphabetical order. In the rgyud bzhi bsdus ming and in the dictionary of Ishdorji all Mongolian equivalents are given in Tibetan letters. The study shows that dividing dictionaries of Mongolian authors in three groups (in accordance with their topic, basic terms, basic principles of compiling dictionaries of a certain genre) allows us to trace the continuity of the Indo-Tibetan lexicographic tradition in Mongolia and Buryatia, and also to demonstrate significant contribution of the Buryat scientists to the development of Tibet lexicography (concerning alphabetical principle of dictionaries compilation).