Theory Of Violence Research Articles

Multiple perpetrator rape: Is perpetrator violence the result of victim resistance, deindividuation, or leader–follower dynamics?

Objective: Violence perpetrated by groups has been proposed to result from processes that include deindividuation, instrumental responses to victim resistance, and leader-follower dynamics. Here we compare the explanatory merit of these accounts by analyzing the sequential patterns of behaviors that occurred in 71 accounts of multiple perpetrator rape by 189 suspects against lone females. Method: Victim accounts of the offenses made to the police were coded for leader, follower, and victim actions using the interpersonal circumplex quadrants, and the offenses were rated as involving high or low nonsexual aggression. Results: Analysis of the temporal proximities among victim and suspect behaviors found that (a) in contrast to deindividuation, hostility decreased rather than increased with group size, (b) victim behavior had no significant effect on perpetrator violence, and (c) leader behavior had a significant effect on group violence. Conclusions: Compared with low aggression offenses, high aggression offenses were characterized by the leaders' hostile behaviors reinforcing the hostile behavior of followers, as well as there being some mutual reinforcement from follower(s) to leader. This has implications for theories of (sexual) violence perpetrated by multiple individuals, as well as for clinical work with such offenders. For example, the influence of peers in these offenses has implications for the planning of interventions with such offenders and the sorts of intervention that are likely to be successful.

TEORIAS DA VIOLÊNCIA NA EDUCAÇÃO: FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES PARA ATUAR EM SITUAÇÕES EM CONFLITO

The article aims to analyze the issue of violence theories from the point of view of their relation with the absence of concern, in teacher training, in working with situations of conflict. For this, it investigates the thesis of complementarity between epistemology and hermeneutics, the truth that comes from the traditions and the empirical findings, as a way of intending some current concepts in education theories. In addition, it is concerned with how the issue of violence appears and constitutes a point of reference for educational actions at the same time and how it is possible to deal with this context from the approach between Epistemology and Hermeneutics. With that, he proposes to re-dimension the relation of theories of violence to education and culture, suggesting other narratives, which contemplate not only the narrative of civility, but also that of barbarism.

RETHINKING THE WORLD: MOTHERS AND PROSTITUTES IN MICHEL FABER’S THE CRIMSON PETAL AND THE WHITE (2002)

Michel Faber’s The Crimson Petal and the White (2002) is an attempt to deal with the issue of prostitution and rescue work in London in the 1870s. The two protagonists, William Rackham (a middle-class respectable man) and Sugar (an intelligent prostitute) become involved in a relationship where she becomes his daughter’s governess. The issue of maternity becomes central in the novel as Sugar’s own childhood was one of suffering and trauma.As a Neo-Victorian project, this novel tries to bring to light the violence exerted against children in the context of Victorian London. Following Judith Butler’s theories of gender violence, resilience and resistance, this paper aims to discuss issues of the Victorian neglected other and contemporary concerns about the suffering of children as the victims of trauma. Also, the novel tries to demonstrate that restoration and healing are possible through female agency.

Проблема насилля у філософських розвідках другої половини хх століття

The article explores scientific explorations of the problem of violence in the subject field of social philosophy. It was determined that the basic theories for them were the theories of violence (Karl Kautsky, Ludwig Gumplowicz, Eugene During), theories of revolutionary violence (Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Mikhail Bakunin, Vladimir Lenin, Lev Trotsky), criticism of violence (Georges Sorel, Ernst Bloch, Walter Benjamin). The research actualizes the need to apply an interdisciplinary approach to the study of this social phenomenon using the results of scientific research in the fields of philosophy of law, philosophical anthropology, social philosophy, political and psychological sciences. Analysis of the philosophical works of this period allowed us to show the following trends. Franz Fanon suggested that violence is seen as a value for the oppressed, as a path to freedom, and therefore a cause for pride. The colonized masses intuitively feel that their liberation is realized only by force, recognizing that violence alone is an effective mean of confronting a more powerful economic and military rival. Giorgio Agamben distinguishes sovereign violence, which is realized in a state of emergency and is no longer treated as natural, it is simultaneously sacralized and desacralized. Jacques Derrida has identified two types of violence that are in a state of mutual rivalry: violence as a historical solution that appears outlawed by law and the state but does not contain decisive knowledge; and violence as decisive knowledge and a certainty of reality that is incapable of decision. Hans Magnus Enzensberger has identified a trend toward violence that is characterized by a lack of ideological motivation and a blurring of the object of the target. Philosopher Lars Svendsen views violence in ethical and political context as a manifestation of evil, as a condition of a democratic society self-preservation. Karl Schlogel showed that outbreaks of violence occurred first and foremost in societies lacking political elites that lost control of the reorganization of the public and the state as a whole, and a readiness for violence replaces fear of civil war. Wolfgang Sofsky argues that violence in various forms has existed throughout human history, it has become a kind of anthropological constant of human existence, violence and culture are interdependent. Slavoj Zizek emphasizes that the individual's assessment of the act of violence is based on the expected standard of normal non-violent situation. In the phenomenology of violence by Michael Staudigl violence is understood as a relational phenomenon.

Revolución, violencia y Derecho: Hans Kelsen y el surgimiento de la Constitución Federal Brasileña de 1934

Este artículo pretende discutir las relaciones entre derecho, violencia y revolución en Kelsen a partir de la premisa de que el indicio característico de la experiencia jurídica es su efectividad, o sea, el hecho de que el derecho logre imponerse en una sociedad. En este sentido, el derecho pasa a ser entendido como experiencia de monopolización de la violencia. Sobre esta base se realiza una lectura de la Teoría Pura del Derecho de Hans Kelsen como una teoría de la violencia. Para confirmar esta tesis, francamente minoritaria dentro de los estudios kelsenianos, se analiza el Dictamen que Kelsen ofreció a la Asamblea Constituyente brasileña en 1933, en el contexto de la Revolución de 1930 que llevó a Getúlio Vargas al poder. Además de presentar este documento (en el original alemán y traducido al castellano), hasta hoy desconocido en castellano y otras lenguas, el trabajo lo analiza pormenorizadamente con el objetivo de demostrar la tesis central de lo que caracteriza la teoría jurídica kelseniana, según la cual es imposible separar el derecho de la violencia, lo que se vuelve especialmente claro en momentos revolucionarios.

Structural Violence Ensues in Myanmar: The On-Going Ferocity Against Rohingya Muslims

Rohingya Muslims have been subjected to structural violence committed by the Government of Myanmar and the military junta for several decades. The sheer refusal of rights of these people is a classic example of structural violence as explained by Johan Galtung’s Theory of Structural Violence which stipulates that violence occurs in three forms: Direct, Cultural and Structural - all of which have been committed against Rohingya Muslims. The combination of direct and cultural violence leads to the continuation of the structural violence as seen in the 1982 Citizenship Act that legitimizes and institutionalizes the violation of rights of Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar. The research is based on the qualitative method and secondary data. The paper primarily focuses on the application of the Theory of Structural Violence in the case of Rohingya Muslims and highlights the problems faced by the Rohingya due to this ostracism. It also aims to look at the standing of other states in the region pertaining to this issue.

Daughters Inside: Toward a Theory of Structural Sexual Violence Against Girls Through Male Mass Incarceration.

Indigenous women constitute the fastest growing segment of the prison population. Women inside have disproportionately experienced childhood sexual abuse (CSA). A key protective factor against CSA is living with both biological parents. Imprisonment removes fathers from daughters' homes. Yet, the link between male incarceration and girls' risk of CSA remains unexamined. A quantitative exploration of this risk in Aotearoa New Zealand, indicates that the disproportionate incarceration of Māori fathers in the 1980s exposed Māori daughters to a 5.5 times greater CSA risk. A theory of sexual structural violence through male mass incarceration may help explain high CSA victimization rates among Māori girls and incarcerated women, and the sudden increase of young Indigenous women behind bars. More qualitative research is required to verify this empirical exploration.

The unconscious in terror: An overview of psychoanalytic contributions to the psychology of terrorism and violent radicalization

AbstractThis overview provides a brief survey of the major psychoanalytic frameworks and concepts that were put forth throughout the years for understanding socio‐political violence and terrorism. In lieu of exhaustiveness, which is hindered by scope limitations, this overview maps the general ‘phylogenesis’, or the intellectual evolution and derivation of psychoanalytic theorizing about the subject, while putting more specific models within the context of the major developments (or splintering) in psychoanalytic theory that inspired or preceded them. Geared towards the English‐speaking reader, this overview attempts to undo some of the Americanocentric cultural bias that may still exist in the psychoanalytic literature in general and that of political violence in particular ‐ especially after 9/11. As such, it preferentially expounds upon theories that may be more popular outside the United States and/or have not yet been comprehensively translated to English, such as Marxist, post‐structuralist and ‘continental’ philosophical approaches to political violence. Further, since theories of political violence are arguably more prone to amnesia and to ‘reinvention of the wheel’ for a variety of reasons, this overview is slightly more detailed in describing early concepts and scholars that may still be useful in conceptualizing present‐day terrorism. The overview ends with a selective survey of innovative clinical and empirical approaches that allow for integration of psychoanalytic frameworks to flexibly understand political violence through cognitive products and primary sources.

Exploring an Emerging Measurement Issue in Older Adult Maltreatment: Exploitation of Older Adults’ Residences

ABSTRACTDespite nationwide housing challenges that might lead to the exploitation of older adults’ housing resources, exploitation of older adults’ residences has not been a focus of measurement in the rapidly developing field of elder abuse and neglect. Rather, measures of older adult abuse and exploitation used in the research literature emphasize specific property, money, or resources being taken. Two composites are used to illustrate exploitation of older adults’ residences by trusted others on whom the older adults depended with potentially serious implications for environmental safety and ultimately the older adults’ housing stability. As part of a larger study on older adult maltreatment, police reports were coded for abuse and financial exploitation as well as misuse of the older adult’s residence that threatened the older adult’s housing security and/or exerted control over the older adult. Nearly one in ten (9.2%) police reports involving older adult victims and known/trusted perpetrators described exploitation of residences. Residence exploitation was separable from financial exploitation and less likely to co-occur with neglect. Considering the importance of housing stability to older adult well-being, consequences of maltreatment by a known/trusted other, and a national housing crisis, we propose that exploitation of older adults’ residences warrants further measurement and practice attention. Findings are relevant to advancing theory in older adult maltreatment (e.g., application of white-collar crime versus betrayal trauma and family violence theories).

The Security Consequences of Bearing Witness

It is a central assumption of our research that threats to a fragile security and violence can continue during postconflict peacebuilding and that these threats are driven by many of the same sociopolitical dynamics that initially led to war. We examine a critical but much less queried area of postwar societal instability—violence directed at segments of the population who may still be targets for those seeking dominance. Using a survey of 300 individuals who testified before the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), we seek to explain violence, threats of violence, and other forms of intimidation directed at those who witnessed human rights violations during the wars in the former Yugoslavia. Our theory of postwar violence emphasizes the vulnerability of the (potential) victims of postwar violence. We argue that victims are selectively chosen because of their vulnerability. We develop and test an alternative explanation for this selective targeting that emphasizes the level of exposure an individual may have because of testifying at the ICTY. The results demonstrate quite convincingly, however, that it is vulnerability rather than exposure risk that predicts who is most likely to be targeted with human security threats.

Vigilante rituals theory: A cultural explanation of vigilante violence

This contribution offers a new theory of vigilante violence: vigilante rituals theory. We argue that vigilante violence originates from fear, righteous anger, and retaliatory punitive desire that stems from violations of moral imperatives, which are Durkheimian sacred values. We argue that morally outraged people transform their fear and anger into violent action through mobilization and bodily alignment in vigilante rituals. These rituals can restore the integrity of moral imperatives and generate the unity of the in-group. Further, we propose the following variable socio-legal conditions that affect the likelihood for vigilante rituals to occur: legal legitimacy, an exposure to violence, and authorities’ encouragement of (violent) self-help. We conclude by noting how the theory advances prevailing explanations and how it can be used in future empirical research.

Critical Masculinity Studies and Research on Violence Against Women: An Assessment of Past Scholarship and Future Directions.

This article investigates the role of critical masculinity theory on the field of violence against women (VAW). We conduct a meta-analysis to discern which theories of masculinity have been used within the journal Violence Against Women over the past 25 years. This search revealed that many articles use masculinity concepts but do not always articulate explicit theories of masculinity. We review hegemonic masculinity and male peer support, two of the most commonly used theories of masculinity and violence. We then discuss new developments within masculinity scholarship, including theories of manhood acts, inclusive masculinity, and hybrid masculinity, and consider how these perspectives can enhance the already robust scholarship on masculinity and VAW.

RE-DISCOVERING AND RE-INVENTING RHETORIC

Aristotle might have been optimistic when he said that human beings by nature desire to understand, nevertheless, understanding is the professional obligation of the intellectual, and since there can be no understanding without theory, we intellectuals, cannot neglect the search for theory, Violence is an odd thing to want to understand, but we seek to understand it not to enhance the pleasure of contemplation, but rather to deal with it more effectively. Therefore, we seek a theory of violence to use as a lens through which to view the evidence. I wish to propose such a theory as a contribution to the discussion of the possible role theology might play in an understanding of the violence that attends the birth of the new South Africa. As an outside observer I cannot understand the situation as well as those who are existentially involved and so I must present the theory in general terms and leave it to others to decide its applicability.

Human Rights Awareness: Perspectives of Students and Administrators in the University of Cape Coast

The study investigated human rights awareness of administrators and students at the University of Cape Coast (UCC). The cultural reproduction and structural violence theory offered the theoretical frames for understanding human rights in higher education in Ghana. The study adopted a qualitative research design, using the case study approach to interpret the human rights situation in UCC. Thirty students and 10 administrators were purposively selected for interview. Inductive analysis process was used to analyse the data into themes. The study revealed that the administration of the University has shown great commitment to the application of the principles of human rights, but some traces of structural violence have been transferred from society into the University. I recommend the establishment of a human rights centre to handle human rights complaints and promote respect for human rights at the UCC.

Summaries

Summaries

Home, Again: Refugee Return and Post-Conflict Violence in Burundi

Conflict between returning refugees and nonmigrant populations is a pervasive yet frequently overlooked security issue in post-conflict societies. Although scholars have demonstrated how out-migration can regionalize, prolong, and intensify civil war, the security consequences of return migration are undertheorized. An analysis of refugee return to Burundi after the country's 1993–2005 civil war corroborates a new theory of return migration and conflict: return migration creates new identity divisions based on whether and where individuals were displaced during wartime. These cleavages become new sources of conflict in the countries of origin when local institutions, such as land codes, citizenship regimes, or language laws, yield differential outcomes for individuals based on where they lived during the war. Ethnographic evidence gathered in Burundi and Tanzania from 2014 to 2016 shows how the return of refugees created violent rivalries between returnees and nonmigrants. Consequently, when Burundi faced a national-level political crisis in 2015, prior experiences of return shaped both the character and timing of out-migration from Burundi. Illuminating the role of reverse population movements in shaping future conflict extends theories of political violence and demonstrates why breaking the cycle of return and repeat displacement is essential to the prevention of conflict.

KVLTER than KVLT: ‘True (Norwegian) black metal’ and the satanic politics of Bataillean ‘authenticity’

AbstractAlthough there has recently been significant work published on the relationship between twentieth-century French (anti-)philosopher Georges Bataille's theories of religion and violence, and the sound and politics of black metal, little has been done to address Bataille's and black metal's shared concern with the problem of ‘authenticity’. Their concern, determined by their complicity with ‘evil’, is centred on a critique of modernity. I will read, with a specific focus on the second wave of Norwegian black metal, black metal's connivance with evil through Bataille's notion of authentic literature. Although two very different mediums – literature and music – Bataille's concept is applicable to a reading of black metal because of his invocation of evil and the Luciferian in his interpretation of authenticity. Bataille argues that authentic literature is necessarily diabolical because of the Nietzschean form of sovereignty that the author momentarily attains at the conception of the modern world – that is, in the wake of the death of God. The authenticity that Bataille and black metal seek is therefore bound up both with godlessnessandthe satanic.

“We Are Prisoners in Our Own Homes”: Connecting the Environment, Gender-Based Violence and Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights to Sport for Development and Peace in Nicaragua

This paper draws on postcolonial feminist political ecology theory, feminist theories of violence and new materialist approaches to sport and physical cultural studies—combined with literature on the role of non-humans in international development—to unpack the connections between gender-based violence and the environment in sport, gender and development (SGD) programming in Nicaragua. To do this, postcolonial feminist participatory action research (PFPAR), including visual research methods such as photovoice, was used to better understand, and prioritize, young Nicaraguan women’s experiences of the environment and gender-based violence as they participated in an SGD program used to promote environmentalism and improve their sexual and reproductive health rights. To conclude, the importance of accounting for the broader physical environment in social and political forces was underlined as it shapes the lives of those on the receiving end of SGD interventions.

COLLECTIVE EXPRESSION OF VIOLENCE IN THE COLLECTION OF TEXTS OF THE REPUBLIC PUPPET DRAMA WORKS N. Riantiarno

The purpose of this study is describe expression of structural violence in Bagong Czech playwright, Czech Togog, Petruk and the Czech Republic Cangik by N. Riantiarno, describe expression of social violence in plays Bagong Republic, the Republic of Togog, Petruk and the Czech Republic Cangik by N. Riantiarno. describe Individual violent expression plays in Bagong Republic, the Republic of Togog, Petruk and the Czech Republic Cangik by N. Riantiarno. The expression of collective violence theory is mapped into three variations of the basic idea. In the context of the structural repression of the rights holder, the social context of the horizontal dimension of community and individual contexts both psychologically or biologically.This is a qualitative research approach. Data collection techniques used in this research is the engineering documentation, read technique, as well as the techniques noted. Description of the analytical techniques used to describe data and content analysis was used to analyze the meaning of the message and reveal the message in the data.The results of this study (1) expression of structural violence in the data source, is dominated by the behavior of government officials to launch an interest group, (2) the expression of social violence in the data source, dominated by injustice policies and perspectives, (3) the expression of violent individual in the data source, is dominated by the behavior of retention of existence and desire control of power.
 
 Keywords Violence collective and Czech Puppe

A CRISE SACRIFICIAL DO SISTEMA JUDICIÁRIO BRASILEIRO E OS REFLEXOS NA SEGURANÇA PÚBLICA

O artigo analisa a crise do sistema judiciário brasileiro, aquela conduzida por juízes gnóstico-marxistas, que utilizam o garantismo penal para estabelecer uma política criminal bandidolátra e democida. A hipótese da pesquisa é de que parte do sistema de justiça criminal fomenta a violência indiferenciada na atual realidade nacional por não cumprir sua função de afastar a possibilidade do círculo da vingança por meio dos princípios da retribuição e da vingança como princípio de justiça. O argumento é que se a violência no Brasil chegou a um nível insustentável de mais de 65 mil homicídios por ano, sem contar outras formas de violência, então é porque o sistema judiciário não está cumprindo a sua função essencial: a preservação da ordem e da segurança do grupo através do controle da vingança privada e recíproca. A análise toma como fulcro a teoria mimética da violência de René Girard desenvolvida em sua obra A violência e o sagrado, onde demonstra que os homens são movidos por um desejo mimético gerador de rivalidades que, quando não controlado, pode desencadear violência indeterminada e o ciclo da vingança.