Проблема насилля у філософських розвідках другої половини хх століття

Abstract

The article explores scientific explorations of the problem of violence in the subject field of social philosophy. It was determined that the basic theories for them were the theories of violence (Karl Kautsky, Ludwig Gumplowicz, Eugene During), theories of revolutionary violence (Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Mikhail Bakunin, Vladimir Lenin, Lev Trotsky), criticism of violence (Georges Sorel, Ernst Bloch, Walter Benjamin). The research actualizes the need to apply an interdisciplinary approach to the study of this social phenomenon using the results of scientific research in the fields of philosophy of law, philosophical anthropology, social philosophy, political and psychological sciences. Analysis of the philosophical works of this period allowed us to show the following trends. Franz Fanon suggested that violence is seen as a value for the oppressed, as a path to freedom, and therefore a cause for pride. The colonized masses intuitively feel that their liberation is realized only by force, recognizing that violence alone is an effective mean of confronting a more powerful economic and military rival. Giorgio Agamben distinguishes sovereign violence, which is realized in a state of emergency and is no longer treated as natural, it is simultaneously sacralized and desacralized. Jacques Derrida has identified two types of violence that are in a state of mutual rivalry: violence as a historical solution that appears outlawed by law and the state but does not contain decisive knowledge; and violence as decisive knowledge and a certainty of reality that is incapable of decision. Hans Magnus Enzensberger has identified a trend toward violence that is characterized by a lack of ideological motivation and a blurring of the object of the target. Philosopher Lars Svendsen views violence in ethical and political context as a manifestation of evil, as a condition of a democratic society self-preservation. Karl Schlogel showed that outbreaks of violence occurred first and foremost in societies lacking political elites that lost control of the reorganization of the public and the state as a whole, and a readiness for violence replaces fear of civil war. Wolfgang Sofsky argues that violence in various forms has existed throughout human history, it has become a kind of anthropological constant of human existence, violence and culture are interdependent. Slavoj Zizek emphasizes that the individual's assessment of the act of violence is based on the expected standard of normal non-violent situation. In the phenomenology of violence by Michael Staudigl violence is understood as a relational phenomenon.