Theory Of Information Transmission Research Articles

Liquid microlens compound structure for enhanced sub-micron resolution imaging and accelerated reconfigurable deformation manipulation

The optical observation of sub-micron structures encounters significant challenges due to the inadequate spatial shape matching of optical devices and the limitations imposed by diffraction. These factors result in suboptimal imaging resolution and the introduction of defocus distortion. One approach to mitigating these limitations involves utilizing a liquid microlens (LML) assisted microscope, which offers real-time and localized control capabilities. However, the dynamic tuning of LML is subject to volatility and instability, adversely affecting sub-micron resolution imaging. To address this issue, a contour-following coating inspired by the natural cornea is applied to the droplet's surface, resulting in the formation of liquid microlens compound structures (LMLCS). Firstly, photoresist microholes are fabricated on the optical disc. Then, liquid self-assembly technology is used to fill glycerol in the microholes. At last, a conformal spreading method of UV-curable adhesive precursor film is developed to ensure the combination of the microlens bilayer structure. Through the application of optical information transmission theory, finite difference time domain (FDTD) method, and the principle of Abbe microscopic imaging, the imaging magnification process and sub-micron resolution characteristic of the LMLCS are revealed. Remarkably, the obtained focal width at half maximum (FWHM) of 1.54 μm is smaller than the theoretical value, enabling reconfigurable sub-micron resolution observation and 1.63 times imaging magnification of 226 nm grating lines under the optical microscope. Compared with unencapsulated LML, this compound structure exhibits better sub-micron resolution capability, greater imaging magnification, and faster adaptive dynamic response characteristics. Consequently, the LMLCS introduces exciting prospects for exploring optical sub-micron measurement and sensing devices with exceptional performance.

GEOPOLITICS, UNCERTAINTY, AND CRYPTOCURRENCY: A LOVE TRIANGLE GONE WRONG

This study aims to investigate the spillover effects from geopolitical risks (proxied by the geopolitical risk index GPRD) and cryptocurrencies-related uncertainty (proxied by the Cryptocurrency Uncertainty Index UCRY) to cryptocurrencies. We utilize the Baruník and Křehlík (2018) framework to detect time-frequency connectedness. Our investigation for the period 2017 to 2022 discovers significant spillover effects from both indices (GPRD and UCRY) to cryptocurrencies. Utilizing the information transmission theory and network graphs, our findings reveal that some cryptocurrencies function as net receivers of spillovers from geopolitical risks and uncertainty in the short-term, while over longer time horizons they transform into net transmitters of spillovers to uncertainty. The study underscores the importance of comprehending how uncertainty due to various factors (geopolitical, policy changes, regulatory changes, etc.) could affect the cryptocurrencies’ markets.

Model of ligand-triggered information transmission in G-protein coupled receptor complexes.

We present a model for the effects of ligands on information transmission in G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR) complexes. The model is built ab initio entirely on principles of statistical mechanics and tenets of information transmission theory and was validated in part using agonist-induced effector activity and signaling bias for the angiotensin- and adrenergic-mediated signaling pathways, with in vitro observations of phosphorylation sites on the C tail of the GPCR complex, and single-cell information-transmission experiments. The model extends traditional kinetic models that form the basis for many existing models of GPCR signaling. It is based on maximizing the rates of entropy production and information transmission through the GPCR complex. The model predicts that (1) phosphatase-catalyzed reactions, as opposed to kinase-catalyzed reactions, on the C-tail and internal loops of the GPCR are responsible for controlling the signaling activity, (2) signaling favors the statistical balance of the number of switches in the ON state and the number in the OFF state, and (3) biased-signaling response depends discontinuously on ligand concentration.

Comparison of R&D information disclosure of Chinese and foreign listed pharmaceutical enterprises – Take Hengrui Pharmaceutical and Pfizer Pharmaceutical as examples

Recently, the demand for epidemic prevention equipment and therapeutic drugs at home and abroad has surged. In order to improve their competitiveness, enterprises have invested a lot of money in drug research and development and medical device innovation.This paper focuses on the research and analysis of the background conditions of drug research and development and information disclosure in China in recent years, and combines and expounds two scientific theoretical foundations related to information disclosure and disclosure, namely information disclosure, asymmetry theory and information transmission theory. Based on the actual situation, a detailed analysis of the Chinese enterprise Hengrui Pharmaceutical and the American enterprise Pfizer Pharmaceutical, the R&D expenditure and the disclosure of R&D expenses of the company in recent years were explained, and the problems and the gap between the two enterprises were found. Finally, suggestions for improvement are made for the above problems.

ИНФОРМАЦИОННОЕ ЗАГРЯЗНЕНИЕ ПРИРОДНЫХ СИСТЕМ И ТЕХНОСРЕДЫ БИОСФЕРЫ ОТ ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ МЕЛИОРАЦИИ

The uncontrolled excessive use of natural and technogenic resources of the biosphere is accompanied by their depletion and the formation of signifi cant volumes of waste that pollute the living environment of society. The purpose of the publication is to draw the attention of the scientifi c community and production specialists to the problems of identifying, assessing and reducing the risk of information pollution of the biosphere from the planned digitalization of reclaimed agricultural production. Based on the results of the studies performed, the objects of information pollution of the biosphere from the digitalization of the amelioration of its natural ecosystems and components of the technosphere were identifi ed and characterized. Information pollution of the biosphere is classifi ed according to the types of pollution. The analysis is carried out and the features of information pollution of natural systems from the digitalization of land reclamation are determined. Pollution of natural systems, depending on the nature of the origin, is classifi ed according to ingredient, parametric and biocenotic factors. The main sources and carriers of information pollution of biosphere ecosystems are characterized. The results of studies of pollution of the information resource of the production environment of the digitalization of land reclamation are presented. The expected results and the possible risk of pollution of the production area of melioration from the digitalization of reclaimed agricultural production are shown. Information noise is classifi ed according to the theory of information transmission, as well as the provisions of semantic and pragmatic theories. The most common sources of technogenic information pollution are described. Priority measures are proposed to reduce the risks of information pollution of the biosphere from the digitalization of land reclamation activities. It is confi rmed that a reasonable reduction in the anthropogenic load on the biosphere will be able to provide the latter with the opportunity for sustainable development with an acceptable level of change in the conditions for the functioning of its constituent ecosystems and the technosphere component.

RESEARCH IN THE INTERPOLATION REPRESENTATIONS OF STOCHASTIC PROCESSES IN THE TWO TYPES OF INTERPOLATION KNOTS

The article deals with some interpolation representations of stochastic processes with non-equidistance interpolation knots. Research is based on observations of the process and its derivatives of the first and second orders at some types of knots and observations of the process and its derivatives of the first orders at other types of knots. The necessary results from the theory of entire functions of complex variable are formulated. The function bounded on any bounded region of the complex plane is considered. The estimate of the residual of the interpolation series is obtained. The interpolation formula that uses the value of the process and its derivatives at the knots of interpolation is proved. Considering the separability of the process and the convergence of a row that the interpolation row converges to the stochastic process uniformly over in any bounded area of changing of parameter is obtained. The main purpose of this article is the obtained convergence with probability 1 of the corresponding interpolation series to a stochastic process in any bounded domain of changes of parameter. Obtained results may be applied in the modern theory of information transmission.

Expert advice to a voting body

I provide a theory of information transmission in collective choice settings. In the model, an expert has private information on the effect of a policy proposal and communicates to a set of voters prior to a vote over whether or not to implement the proposal. In contrast to previous game-theoretic models of political communication, the results apply to situations involving multiple voters, multidimensional policy spaces and a broad class of voting rules. The results highlight how experts can use information to manipulate collective choices in a way that reduces the ex ante expected utilities of all voters. Opportunities for expert manipulation are the result of collective choice instability: all voting rules that allow collective preference cycles also allow welfare-reducing manipulative persuasion by an expert. The results challenge prevailing theories of institutions in which procedures are designed to maximize information transmission.

Quantum channels and memory effects

Any physical process can be represented as a quantum channel mapping an initial state to a final state. Hence it can be characterized from the point of view of communication theory, i.e., in terms of its ability to transfer information. Quantum information provides a theoretical framework and the proper mathematical tools to accomplish this. In this context the notion of codes and communication capacities have been introduced by generalizing them from the classical Shannon theory of information transmission and error correction. The underlying assumption of this approach is to consider the channel not as acting on a single system, but on sequences of systems, which, when properly initialized allow one to overcome the noisy effects induced by the physical process under consideration. While most of the work produced so far has been focused on the case in which a given channel transformation acts identically and independently on the various elements of the sequence (memoryless configuration in jargon), correlated error models appear to be a more realistic way to approach the problem. A slightly different, yet conceptually related, notion of correlated errors applies to a single quantum system which evolves continuously in time under the influence of an external disturbance which acts on it in a non-Markovian fashion. This leads to the study of memory effects in quantum channels: a fertile ground where interesting novel phenomena emerge at the intersection of quantum information theory and other branches of physics. A survey is taken of the field of quantum channels theory while also embracing these specific and complex settings.

The Application Research of Information Theory in Education

To improve the teaching efficiency, there is a need to deeply understand the operation mode of human body engineering. Through teaching practice to analyze the teaching process, with the method of analogy, found it is similar with the process of information transmission. In this paper, the transmission of information theory is applied to the teaching practice, teaching and learning model is established based on the information transmission theory.

Expert Advice to a Voting Body

I provide a theory of information transmission in collective choice settings. In the model, an expert has private information on the effect of a policy proposal and communicates to a set of voters prior to a vote over whether or not to implement the proposal. In contrast to previous game-theoretic models of political communication, the results apply to situations involving multiple voters, multidimensional policy spaces and a broad class of voting rules. The results highlight how experts can use information to manipulate collective choices in a way that reduces the ex ante expected utilities of all voters. Opportunities for expert manipulation are the result of collective choice instability: all voting rules that allow collective preference cycles also allow welfare-reducing manipulative persuasion by an expert. The results challenge prevailing theories of institutions in which procedures are designed to maximize information transmission.

Digital data transmission between neuronlike elements

The problem of digital data transmission between two neuronlike systems has been investigated. The former of a sequence of rectangular pulses is used as an information signal source. The behavior of neuronlike elements is described with the help of the Hodgkin-Huxley mathematical model. Such a system is shown to form the communications channel of fairly high quality in terms of the classical theory of information transmission.

A Multiclass Classification Method Based on Decoding of Binary Classifiers

In this letter, we present new methods of multiclass classification that combine multiple binary classifiers. Misclassification of each binary classifier is formulated as a bit inversion error with probabilistic models by making an analogy to the context of information transmission theory. Dependence between binary classifiers is incorporated into our model, which makes a decoder a type of Boltzmann machine. We performed experimental studies using a synthetic data set, data sets from the UCI repository, and bioinformatics data sets, and the results show that the proposed methods are superior to the existing multiclass classification methods.

Combining multiple decisions: applications to bioinformatics

Multi-class classification is one of the fundamental tasks in bioinformatics and typically arises in cancer diagnosis studies by gene expression profiling. This article reviews two recent approaches to multi-class classification by combining multiple binary classifiers, which are formulated based on a unified framework of error-correcting output coding (ECOC). The first approach is to construct a multi-class classifier in which each binary classifier to be aggregated has a weight value to be optimally tuned based on the observed data. In the second approach, misclassification of each binary classifier is formulated as a bit inversion error with a probabilistic model by making an analogy to the context of information transmission theory. Experimental studies using various real-world datasets including cancer classification problems reveal that both of the new methods are superior or comparable to other multi-class classification methods.

Some mathematical questions of theory of information transmission

A survey talk given by M.S. Pinsker at the Summer Seminar on Information Theory and Statistical Methods of Automatic Control, Prague, May 25---June 4, 1965, was published in Kybernetika journal of the Czech Academy of Sciences (1966, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 117---146). By the courtesy of the editors of Kybernetika, we are allowed to publish an abridged version of the talk, which concisely and clearly exposes final mathematical results that underlie Shannon's information theory. The content of the talk is deeply intertwined with the author's works. The talk is almost unknown to Russian readers, and with this publication we fill this gap, thereby paying tribute to our outstanding scientist and friend.

Information, Noise and et al.

Information, Noise and et al.

General theory of information transfer: Updated

We report on ideas, problems and results, which occupied us during the past decade and which seem to extend the frontiers of information theory in several directions. The main contributions concern information transfer by channels. There are also new questions and some answers in new models of source coding. While many of our investigations are in an explorative state, there are also hard cores of mathematical theories. In particular we present a unified theory of information transfer, which naturally incorporates Shannon's theory of information transmission and the theory of identification in the presence of noise as extremal cases. It provides several novel coding theorems. On the source coding side we introduce data compression for identification. Finally we are led beyond information theory to new concepts of solutions for probabilistic algorithms. The original paper [R. Ahlswede, General theory of information transfer, Preprint 97-118, SFB 343 Diskrete Strukturen in der Mathematik, Universität Bielefeld, 1997] gave to and received from the ZIF-project essential stimulations which resulted in contributions added as GTIT-Supplements “Search and channels with feedback” and “Noiseless coding for multiple purposes: a combinatorial model”. Other contributions—also to areas initiated—are published in the recent book [R. Ahlswede et al. (Eds.), General Theory of Information Transfer and Combinatorics, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 4123, Springer, Berlin, 2006]. The readers are advised to study always the pioneering papers in a field—in this case the papers [R. Ahlswede, G. Dueck, Identification via channels, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 35 (1989) 15–29; R. Ahlswede, G. Dueck, Identification in the presence of feedback—a discovery of new capacity formulas, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 35 (1989) 30–39] on identification. It is not only the most rewarding way to come to new ideas, but it also helps to more quickly grasp the more advanced formalisms without going through too many technicalities. Perhaps also the recent Shannon Lecture [R. Ahlswede, Towards a General Theory of Information Transfer, Shannon Lecture at ISIT in Seattle 13th July 2006, IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter, 2007], aiming at an even wider scope, gives further impetus.

General theory of information transfer

Abstract We report on ideas, problems and results, which occupied us during the past two decades and which seem to extend the frontiers of information theory in several directions. The main contributions concern information transfer by channels. There are also new questions and some answers in new models of source coding. While many of our investigations are in an explorative state, there are also hard cores of mathematical theories. In particular we present a unified theory of information transfer, which naturally incorporates Shannon's theory of information transmission and the theory of identification in the presence of noise as extremal cases. It provides several novel coding theorems. On the source coding side we introduce the concept of identification entropy. Finally we are led beyond information theory to new concepts of solutions for probabilistic algorithms.

Quantum information

An expanded theory of information transmission and processing has emerged over the past few years, encompassing the processing and transmission of intact quantum states, the interaction of quantum and classical information, the quantitative theory of entanglement, and the use of quantum information processing to speed up certain classical computations. We review this field, concentrating on the parallels with and differences from classical information theory, which is now best seen as a part of the new theory.

An image processing method for scanning electron microscopy based on the information transmission theory

AbstractBased on the information transmission theory, topographic image signals in scanning electron microscopy are used to evaluate contrast, gradient, acutance, and Laplacian operator, the total of which represent the image sharpness of an edge line.One may consider the impulse and step functions as an input to the Gaussian system function of a low‐pass filter, the impulse and step response functions possibly representing a single spot and image contrast of an edge profile, respectively. It is shown that the response function of acutance defined as the power of the gradient normalized by density is a more realistic representation of image edge sharpness. Also, edge sharpness can be greatly enhanced by utilizing the Laplacian operator through digital image processing for a disk specimen model with a rounded edge.Contrast increased by specimen tilt, and an edge effect due to side‐scattered electrons, as well as the signal attenuation by specimen collection, are consistently obtained as the response function in the system.The exact measurement of spot size and edge‐to‐edge resolution, and image sharpness improvement, are derived by digital image processing.

Planes, Biplanes, and their Codes

Design theory and algebraic coding theory have their origins in disparate fields of study: the statistical theory of the design of experiments and the theory of information transmission in electrical engineering. Yet each has enriched the other by providing tools capable of answering interesting and fundamental questions. A primary topic of this exposition will be the study of biplanes and projective planes, focusing on certain interesting relationships between these two types of combinatorial designs, relationships which are uncovered by exploiting the techniques of coding theory. We shall set the stage in Section 1 by presenting a fairly complete introduction to the theory of designs, thereby putting both planes and biplanes in proper perspective. Section 2 presents the terminology of coding theory and a few of its tools. Then we examine both biplanes and planes from the viewpoint of coding theory. Additional design-theoretic tools are developed in Section 3, and in Section 4 much of the preceding is brought to bear in elucidating an elegant coding-theoretic link between planes and biplanes.