Theory Of Functional Systems Research Articles

Информационная система организма. Биология, искусственный интеллект и философия

An approach to the construction of artificial intelligence based on phenomenology, which defines its task as an unconditional description of the experience of knowing consciousness and the identification of essential features in it, as well as on the basis of the model of the information system of the body, the theory of functional systems P.K. Anokhin, a new theory of semantic information. The mechanism by which the architecture of consciousness ontologically transforms the current sensory data into the objective world is revealed. The meaning of the life of the organism is revealed. An analytical definition of meaning in intentional acts is substantiated and presented. The knowledge of the features of the activity of the human body made it possible to present in the work a biological interpretation of the main philosophical categories (being, essence, being), the terms of M. Heidegger. Based on the proposed approach, having information about the norms of activity and the objective state of the functional systems of the body, the doctor can assess the reserves of the body, identify the cause-and-effect relationships of the disease based on the rules of interaction of the nerve centers of the brain, and use the database of preventive recommendations. The description of the information processes on which our cognitive processes are based makes it possible to constructively use the body model for personalized disclosure of the possibilities of the world, improving the quality of everyday life and health protection through informing the subject about the individual patterns of his body’s vital activity and the fundamental rationale for an individual plan of preventive measures developed for him, including lifestyle modification.

Modeling the Behavior of an Agent-enterprise as part of an Artificial Society in an International Trade Network

In the work developing the methodology for creating an artificial society, agent-firms in the agent-based model are considered as elements of an international trade network, formalized in the form of a graph in which they are represented by vertices, and the edges connecting them indicate the direction and magnitude of the flow of material resources and/or services. Using PJSC Gazprom as an example, centrality indices were constructed to characterize the importance of an agent-enterprise in the natural gas trading network, as well as its vulnerability from partner countries, considering the economic weight (importance) of these partners. The indices were used to develop an algorithm for simulating agent behavior based on the theory of functional systems by P.K. Anokhin: a) for the agent to assess his position as the current level of threats, and b) for setting goals and forming a set of projects aimed at developing and protecting his business. The algorithm is configured to minimize the vulnerability (dependence on partners) of the agent-firm both from the countries consuming its products and from the transit countries transporting them.

Две теории предсказывающего познания

Nowadays, representations are all the more often conceived as probability distri­butions. Although many authors continue to adhere to “conceptual” and “proposi­tional” idioms, meanwhile, there are cognitive theories that can explain the tran­scend of mental operations beyond the narrow framework of associations and reflexive learning to conceptual cognition. The article discusses two concepts based on the understanding of cognitions as probabilistic predictions: the theory of pre­dictive processing (PP) and the theory of functional systems (FS). The PP-theory relies heavily on the concepts of computation and representation. However, repre­sentations are considered here as sub-symbolic, and, accordingly, computations are understood as probabilistic (Bayesian) inference. The FS-theory believes that a cognitive system anticipates parameters of the expected result and strives to maintain a certain level of metabolism, as well as to minimize the degrees of freedom of the system. As it is shown, we don’t have sufficient reasons to con­sider both theories equivalent. They are located at different levels of the Marr’s scheme, use different mathematics, and, probably, are not equally falsifiable. Based on these considerations, it can be assumed that the explanations and pre­dictions of these two theories will differ.

ABOUT SCIENTIFIC AND PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS OF FOLK POET RY OF AZERBAIJAN: SYNERGIC APPROACH

The article examines some aspects of the scientific and philosophical problems of folk poetry of Azerbaijan from the standpoint of synergetic principles. The isomorphism between the Universe, the brain and the topological structures of Azerbaijani (Turkic) folk poetry is substantiated. It has been determined that the structures of Azerbaijani folk poetry are formed according to the principle of recursion and convergence. The genesis of Azerbaijani folk poetry is based on the principle from simple to complex, thanks to heredity and processuality, it gradually approaches its optimal form, which corresponds to Kolmogorov’s epistemological principle. All poetic forms of folk poetry have a common structure, i.e. the lines converge into rhymes, which are semantic centers that ensure the integrity of the poetic work. Azerbaijani folk poetry, as a non-linear multi-level system, has its own specific processes of convergence, divergence and parallelism. The integrity of folk poetry is dynamic in nature and this is important for reflecting the dynamics of the surrounding world. In organisms, convergent similarity is never deep. But in poetry, the situation is different. Unlike living organisms, convergent similarity in poetry has a deep basis, since points of convergence constitute rhymes, and thereby the integrity of the poem. Purpose: to study of ontognoseological problems of Azerbaijani folk poetry using synergetic paradigms. Methodology: To study the systemic-structural problems of folk poetry, evolutionary epistemology, categories of optimality, nonlinear synthesis, the principle of dominance of A. A. Ukhtomsky and the theory of functional systems of P. K. Anokhin were used, and the principles of parallelism and convergence were involved in the study of the problem of adequate reflection of reality. Scientific novelty: An isomorphism has been established between Azerbaijani folk poetry, the Universe and the structures of the brain. The role of the principles of parallelism and convergence in the evolution and development of living organisms and folk poetry has been studied, and similar and different aspects have been identified using the comparative method.

Mathematical modeling of preemptive management by the stages complex of administrative production

In line with the fundamental reform of the Russia administrative legislation, this article discusses the synthesis of a geoinformation system for preventive management of the full cycle of production on affairs about administrative offenses. According to the Anokhin - Sudakov's theory of functional systems, the tasks of forming a structural image and synthesizing a mathematical model to manage the administrative process stages, as well as the tasks of substantiating the mathematical criterion and its structural and functional implementation to prevent violations of a reasonable time in production on affairs about administrative offenses, were set. According to the law of management object integrity preservation, it is obtained that the opposing side of the administrative conflict counteracts by the joint use of protective (geoinformation), target (enforcement) and providing (geolocation) management subsystems, each of which generates a different contribution to efficiency at the next stage of the administrative process. To create a mathematical model for making a managerial decision, adequately formalized for each stage of the administrative process, a natural-scientific approach to the synthesis of management in conditions of limited resources was used. An analytical dependence is determined, that integrates the functioning regularities of law enforcement, geoinformation and geolocation components of the management system at the stage of administrative practice. When concretizing it, the possibility of representing administrative production by Poisson transitions of the affairs flow about administrative offenses between the states of the administrative process stages in a continuous Markov chain is used. Through modeling a Markov chain by the Kolmogorov - Chapman's equations system the criterion of preemptive management existence of the administrative process stages complex is revealed, allowing under proper efficiency of administrative production to optimize the intensity of identification and neutralization of threats to ensure a reasonable time in the target, protective or providing subsystems of management. The structure and functionality of probabilistic transitions of the affairs flow about administrative offenses, including management procedures, in a Markov chain of administrative production are established by their network modelling based on accumulated observations of administrative statistics. Numerical studies of a synthesized model of preemptive management of administrative production have clarified the effects of disruption of transition processes between states of administrative practice on its efficiency.

Discrete Boltzmann multi-scale modelling of non-equilibrium multiphase flows

The aim of this paper is twofold: the first aim is to formulate and validate a multi-scale discrete Boltzmann method (DBM) based on density functional kinetic theory for thermal multiphase flow systems, ranging from continuum to transition flow regime; the second aim is to present some new insights into the thermo-hydrodynamic non-equilibrium (THNE) effects in the phase separation process. Methodologically, for bulk flow, DBM includes three main pillars: (i) the determination of the fewest kinetic moment relations, which are required by the description of significant THNE effects beyond the realm of continuum fluid mechanics; (ii) the construction of an appropriate discrete equilibrium distribution function recovering all the desired kinetic moments; (iii) the detection, description, presentation and analysis of THNE based on the moments of the non-equilibrium distribution ( $f-f^{(eq)}$). The incorporation of appropriate additional higher-order thermodynamic kinetic moments considerably extends the DBM's capability of handling larger values of the liquid–vapour density ratio, curbing spurious currents, and ensuring mass/momentum/energy conservation. Compared with the DBM with only first-order THNE (Ganet al.,Soft Matt., vol. 11 (26), 2015, pp. 5336–5345), the model retrieves kinetic moments beyond the third-order super-Burnett level, and is accurate for weak, moderate and strong THNE cases even when the local Knudsen number exceeds$1/3$. Physically, the ending point of the linear relation between THNE and the concerned physical parameter provides a distinct criterion to identify whether the system is near or far from equilibrium. Besides, the surface tension suppresses the local THNE around the interface, but expands the THNE range and strengthens the THNE intensity away from the interface through interface smoothing and widening.

Bipartite leader-following synchronization of delayed incommensurate fractional-order memristor-based neural networks under signed digraph via adaptive strategy

In this work, an adaptive controller, formulated as linear feedback controls plus nonlinear parts, is synthesized to achieve bipartite leader-following synchronization of delayed incommensurate fractional-order memristor-based neural networks (FMNNs), in which follower FMNNs are linearly coupled under a signed digraph. The salient features of this research lie in two aspects: (1) the assumption on time-varying delays is very weak, since it neither requires boundedness of delays nor restricts the differentiation of time delay functions; (2) the adaptive controller contains no delay term, and it is feasible for both bounded and unbounded activation functions. As the preparatory work for stability analysis of the controlled synchronization error system, the ready-made results on delayed incommensurate fractional-order linear positive systems, especially stability condition and comparison principle, are perfected by relaxing premises of time-varying delays. Besides, a group of differential inclusion inequalities are established as a powerful aid in scaling the bipartite synchronization error system. More relevantly, an algebraic synchronization criterion, formulated in terms of coupling strength, inner coupling matrix, Laplacian matrix and FMNN system parameters, is proved with the benefit of vector Lyapunov function and positive system theory. With the controller utilized, linear feedback controls can be exerted merely on partial neurons of some selected FMNNs, which is exemplified by numerical simulations.

From integrative biology to the nerve impulse: Rethinking neural information and semiotics in functional systems perspective

Received concepts of neural activity, building on the technical concepts of information processing and coding, do not formulate the problems that an organism must formulate in order to cope with its environment. Specifically, this includes the problems of self-maintenance and adaptation, and how such activities are to be monitored and corrected in case of their (anticipated) deviation from viable norms. In this paper, it is shown how the functional systems theory of P. K. Anokhin formulated key notions of adaptive control, self-monitoring, and self-detectable (“system-detectable”) error that directly anticipate current debates on neural information and representation, and allow to reframe these debates in new empirical and theoretical perspectives. In addition to showing this on the basis of early (less known and untranslated) works, we analyze how functional systems pose new questions for current research. Specifically, recent discoveries in integrative and cellular neuroscience regarding the biophysical limits of signal summation in neural cells directly confirm Anokhin’s analysis of the integrative activities of the neuron. These findings may have wide implications, and call for new and biologically more specific models of the integrative and semiotic closure of nervous activity, in line with the systemic closure of the organismic functions in which they participate.

Dimensions of slices through the Sierpiński gasket

We discuss the intersections of the d-dimensional Sierpiński gasket with -dimensional hyperplanes in a particular fixed direction. We give the values of the Hausdorff dimension, the lower box dimension, the upper box dimension, and the packing dimension of each slice and determine the criterion for which the Hausdorff dimension of the slice takes Marstrand's value. In order to investigate the slices, we improve the theory of non-autonomous conformal iterated function systems.

Model of Intra-industry Competition and System-forming Factors of the Dairy Industry in Russia

The dynamic sofmilk production in farms of all categories of the Russian Federation is given. From the standpoint of the theory of functional systems, the contradictions between the systemforming factors of the industry, which seeks to increase the per capita production of natural milk, and the industry enterprises of the processing complex and trade, in which profit dominates as a system-forming factor, are reviewed. Based on the universal model of Michael Portner, a model of intra-industry competition in the dairy industry has been proposed, taking into account the influence of the credit and financial system and other

Spectral quadrature for the first principles study of crystal defects: Application to magnesium

We present an accurate and efficient finite-difference formulation and parallel implementation of Kohn-Sham Density (Operator) Functional Theory (DFT) for non periodic systems embedded in a bulk environment. Specifically, employing non-local pseudopotentials, local reformulation of electrostatics, and truncation of the spatial Kohn-Sham Hamiltonian, and the Linear Scaling Spectral Quadrature method to solve for the pointwise electronic fields in real-space and the non-local component of the atomic force, we develop a parallel finite difference framework suitable for distributed memory computing architectures to simulate non-periodic systems embedded in a bulk environment. Choosing examples from magnesium-aluminum alloys, we first demonstrate the convergence of energies and forces with respect to spectral quadrature polynomial order, and the width of the spatially truncated Hamiltonian. Next, we demonstrate the parallel scaling of our framework, and show that the computation time and memory scale linearly with respect to the number of atoms. Next, we use the developed framework to simulate isolated point defects and their interactions in magnesium-aluminum alloys. Our findings conclude that the binding energies of divacancies, Al solute-vacancy and two Al solute atoms are anisotropic and are dependent on cell size. Furthermore, the binding is favorable in all three cases.

Iterated function system in ∅- Metric Spaces

Fractals have gained great attention from researchers due to their wide applications in engineering and applied sciences. Especially, in several topics of applied sciences, the iterated function systems theory has important roles. As is well known, examples of fractals are derived from the fixed point theory for suitable operators in spaces with complete or compact structures. In this article, a new generalization of Hausdorff distance on , is a class of all nonempty compact subsets of the metric space ( , ). Completeness and compactness of are analogously obtained from its counterparts of ( , ). Furthermore, a fractal is presented under a finite set of generalized -contraction mappings. Also, other special cases are presented.

Ритм как динамическая основа функциональной системы любой деятельности (педагогической, в частности)

Each functional system has its own individual specific rhythm of activity, closely linked to the rhythms of activity of other functional systems interconnected with it, which provide adaptive results useful for the body by their self-regulatory activity. In accordance with the theory of functional systems, the deviation of one or another result of the activity of functional systems from the level that determines the normal life of the organism is itself the reason for the mobilization of all components of the functional systems components to return the changed result to the level that determines the optimal course of life processes. Rhythm organizes human activity, makes it more productive, rational. When teaching labor and sports movements, the process of assimilation of the correct rhythm of a motor action plays an important role, since it determines the optimal version of the execution of the movement, which manifests itself in a reduction in the process of its automation, as a result of which the physical strength and nervous energy of a person are saved. Professional pedagogical activity, like any other activity, is a process, as it involves some kind of movement/development in the relationship between the teacher and students. And since every process is carried out in a certain rhythmic expression, then pedagogical activity has its own rhythmic construction. Violation of the rhythm of the flow of any activity, at best, implies some kind of disorganization, at worst, it will contribute to the cessation of this activity. So, if the established rhythm of the teacher's didactic actions is violated by any distraction from the educational process, then there will be some kind of malfunction that can contribute to the global disorganization of the lesson, the end of which will be the termination of the educational process.

Research of intelligent car parking system

The analysis and evaluation of modern automatic car parking systems is carried out. Perspective intelligent systems based on the theory of functional systems by P.K. Anokhin is considered, which can be used to control the car when parking. The structure of the intelligent car parking system based on the functional diagram of the intelligent system is highlighted. Keywords car, automatic parking system, intelligent system, functional system by P.K. Anokhin, action acceptor

Психологические аспекты вспомогательных репродуктивных технологий: обзор зарубежных и Российских исследований

The article provides an overview of modern foreign studies on the psychological aspects of assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Research areas have been identified: ethical issues of ART methods; psychological aspects of infertility; psychological factors of treatment; psychological intervention during treatment; methodological research apparatus; methods of psychological assistance to ART patients. The article introduces paradigm shifts from the psychological causes of infertility to the psychological consequences of infertility and treatment problems. The results of the studies indicate the ambiguity of the relationship of negative mental states of patients with the success of treatment. The lack of elaborated methodological foundations and theoretical approaches to this problem in foreign studies is noted, in contrast to national works based on the theory of functional systems, the doctrine of the dominant and modern perinatal and reproductive psychology.

Systemic and pathogenetic approach: a new look at traditional Chinese medicine

A mere focused medical specialization and standardization, the lack of a holistic, systemic view of the human body, leads to a deadlock in the further development of modern medicine. P.K. Anokhin's functional systems theory (1935) made a breakthrough in medical science, setting it in a new direction. So far, however, the fundamental aspects of this theory have not been fully applied in practice. Till the present day, there is an endless accumulation of scientific facts that are not united by a holistic ideology. Nevertheless, the truly systemic approach proclaimed in the twentieth century by P.K. Anokhin has been used by mankind since ancient times, particularly in Chinese traditional medicine (CTM). Its basic postulates, the concept of Yin-Yang, Wuxing (system of five primary elements), the idea of acupuncture points and body channels, do not contradict up-to-date scientific data, and every year they draw new confirmations of their relevance. At the same time, they provide a clear vision of the general patterns of the whole body function and the interaction of its parts. The authors propose a transition to a whole new level of knowledge of the human body, called the «systemic and pathogenetic approach.» It allows considering an illness according to CTM as a result of dysfunction of an integral system of a body. Properly set medical thinking based on this approach will lead to adequate diagnosis and the choice of the proper treatment for many diseases.

Cognitive Architecture for Decision-Making Based on Brain Principles Programming

We describe a cognitive architecture intended to solve a wide range of problems based on the five identified principles of brain activity, with their implementation in three subsystems: logical-probabilistic inference, probabilistic formal concepts, and functional systems theory. Building an architecture involves the implementation of a task-driven approach that allows defining the target functions of applied applications as tasks formulated in terms of the operating environment corresponding to the task, expressed in the applied ontology. We provide a basic ontology for a number of practical applications as well as for the subject domain ontologies based upon it, describe the proposed architecture, and give possible examples of the execution of these applications in this architecture.

Agent-based modeling of large socio-economic systems based on the general theory of functional systems of P.K. Anokhin

A new methodology for modeling the dynamics of a large socio-economic system as an living organism, developing in accordance with the internal structure and inertia and capable of self-organization under the influence of external factors, including control actions, is presented. The methodology is based on the application of the general theory of functional systems by P.K. Anokhin, as well as its formalization - the category theory of systems, according to which the internal architecture of a functional system is represented as a huge graph of connections between its individual elements. In the agent-based model, the elements are agents of two types (people and organizations), and their connections indicate the direction of the transfer of information, material and financial resources. The minimum necessary structure of the properties of agents and their environment, as well as algorithms for their interaction, providing imitation of the formation of inter-agent links, building production chains and creating new economic agents, has been developed.

P. K. Anokhin’s answer to E. A. Asratyan’s review of “Biology and neurophysiology of conditioned reflex” monograph. Echo of Pavlovian session

The article presents previously unpublished documents, comments, and materials that were directly related to significant events in the life and performance of a Russian scientist and academician P. K. Anokhin, such as the Lenin Prize award and the Pavlovian session. The text of P. K. Anokhins answer to the review of a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences E. A. Asratyan of P. K. Anokhins monograph Biology and Neurophysiology of Conditioned Reflex submitted to the competition for the Lenin Prize, was published. In 1972, P. K. Anokhin was awarded the Lenin Prize for the monograph Biology and Neurophysiology of Conditioned Reflex. P. K. Anokhin answered the accusatory statements of the reviewer concerning the danger of the functional system for the Pavlovian doctrine and the analytical nature of the scientific method of I. P. Pavlov and answered critical questions about the synthetic and systemic approach and the priority in the development of the theory of systems and feedback.
 The work presented literature facts that the statements and questions of Asratyan were consistent with his accusatory comments about P. K. Anokhin at the Pavlovian session the scientific session of the USSR Academy of Sciences and of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, dedicated to the physiological doctrine of academician I. P. Pavlov, which was held in Moscow in JulyAugust 1950. At the session, P. K. Anokhin was accused of revision of the ideological foundations of Pavlovs teachings and of detraction of the significance of Pavlovs theory of the higher nervous activity.
 After the Pavlovian session, P. K. Anokhin was dismissed from the post of the director of Institute of Physiology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, dismissed from the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, and appointed Professor of the Department of Physiology of Ryazan Medical Institute. Over the years, E. A. Asratyan persistently criticized P. K. Anokhin as the opponent of I. PPavlovs teaching and actively rejected the theory of functional systems.
 Conclusion: The presented documents have not lost their significance even now. These documents are important for understanding the ideological essence of the systemic approach and of the theory of functional systems and are interesting for the history of Russian physiological science and medicine.

Time-dependent simulation of photocurrent-detected two-dimensional spectroscopy of open systems

A new time-domain simulation protocol of two-dimensional electronic spectra with photocurrent detection is presented. Time-dependent density functional theory for open systems at finite temperature is applied to evaluate the photocurrent response to four laser pulses, and a non-perturbative phase-matching approach is implemented to extract the fourth-order photocurrent signal with a desired phase-matching condition. Simulations for an open three-level model indicates that transition dipoles interact resonantly with the incident pulses and that different sample-electrode couplings may be identified by appearance of different peaks/valleys in photocurrent spectra from different electrodes. Moreover, qualitative reproduction of experimental spectra of a PbS quantum dot photocell [Karki et al., Nat. Commun. 5(1), 5869 (2014)] reveals the stimulated electron dynamics.