Textual Evidences Research Articles

Unveiling Body Politics: The Grotesque and Alienated Representation of the Monster in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein explores on the complexities of body politics and societal norms through the narrative of Victor Frankenstein and his creation, the monster. This research paper analyzes the novel through the lens of rejection, Otherness and the societal constructs of beauty and acceptance. The research investigates on the intricate intersections of various discourses in shaping the notion of “black body” throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Furthermore, it highlights on how Shelley’s portrayal of the hideous and marginalized body of the monster in her text aligns with the ideological constructions of black bodies. The monster, with his physical deformities and alien appearance, serves as a powerful symbol of the Other, highlighting society’s tendency to fear and ostracize those who are different. Drawing on Julia Kristeva’s concept of “the abject,” Michel Foucault’s notion of “biopower,” and Freud’s idea of “uncanny,” this paper searches how Shelly’s text reflects broader cultural anxieties and critiques societal norms. Through a detailed analysis of textual evidences, including direct quotes from the novel, this paper examines the implications of the monster’s rejection to socio-cultural norms and the societal forces that shape his identity. The paper concludes that exclusion of Frankenstein’s creation from the society directly stems from the societal constructs and responses towards bodies. Perception of bodies reflects more about the culture observing them than bodies themselves. In its essence, Frankenstein stands as a poignant narrative about the dangers of marginalization and the importance of empathy and acceptance in a diverse society. This paper underscores the critical need to understand how societal constructs shape perceptions of marginalized bodies, paving the way for future research to explore these dynamics in contemporary contexts and to develop strategies for fostering greater inclusion and acceptance.

Ausencias y susurros escatológicos en Fortunata y Jacinta

"Spanish nineteenth-century Realism is afflicted by a paradox concerning scatological matters that has been so far neglected. On the one hand, one of the key foundations of realist poetics is the will to give textual expression to the totality of life and language, including foul words and repugnant things and deeds, the miseries of the soul and the body, both of the individual person and of society. On the other hand, concrete realist novels incur in the notable absence of an excremental component, a lack that constitutes a noncompliance with that programmatic ambition of totality. In general, that is the situation in Fortunata y Jacinta by Benito Pérez Galdós. The present essay attempts a reflection on this excremental absence using as points of departure a theoretical argument and a set of textual evidences. First, psychoanalytical and Marxist theories predicate the idea that what is not said, what is muted in a discourse, could become the cardinal element of that discourse and its contradictions, its psychological and ideological key. Second, starting with the controversial scene of Fortunata ́s dream, the text occasionally breaks its scatological silence through a series of excremental whispers of sorts that are indexes of the importance and the potential significance of excrement in the novel. Keywords: Pérez Galdós; reality; realism; scatology; dreams"

Yusuf al-Qaradawi’s Jurisprudence of Priorities

According to Yusuf al-Qaradawi – a prominent Muslim jurist of the contemporary period, the jurisprudence of priorities is intended to mitigate excess and negligence in legal reasoning. This article examines the fundamental principles of the jurisprudence of priorities as propounded by Yusuf al-Qaradawi in relation to the foundational sources of Islamic law. The purpose of this article is to dissect the constituent legal principles of the jurisprudence of priorities and critically evaluate their validity and coherence against the textual and rational evidences of Islamic law. This article argues that the fundamental principles of the jurisprudence of priorities are validated in the sources of Islamic law, and do facilitate the mitigation of excess and negligence in legal reasoning.

The Apocalyptic Visions in the Poems of SP Lohani, GM Hopkins and VS Rai

This article explores some textual and contextual evidences on how Shreedhar Lohani’s ‘Gaia’, G.M. Hopkin’s ‘God’s Grandeur’, and V.S. Rai’s ‘Corona Says’ reveal figures of speech and their underlying suggestions with current environmental crisis, specially focusing on the topics of contemporary environmental discourse related to environmental apocalypticism or catastrophic changes. Relevant environmental, ecological and mythical perspectives have been incorporated to substantiate the argument. The discussion integrates ideas from theoretical insights, textual evidences, contextual cases and views of the inhabitants of affected areas. The discussion critically reads the texts with regards to the claim and key theoretical concepts like Gaia as Earth mother, the arcadias in nature, degraded landscapes like Brownfields, environmental as well as mythical apocalypticism, nature as instrument to gratify human needs and desires and other relevant outlooks. Based on the findings of analysis, the conclusion of the discussion cogently establishes the argument rather than forming certitudes on the poems. The selected texts suggest that the anthropocentric rational framework and a serious self-destructive denial of ecological limits is leading us to eco-catastrophic ends. So, it’s high time we give up our chauvinism and live in harmony with nature and fellow creatures. The conclusion is expected to open avenues for further discussion as well as contestation on the same or similar discourses.

اسلامی تصور معاد اور انسانی زندگی پر اس کے اثرات کا تحقیقی جائزہ

The Doctrine of Eschatology has always been the core issue among world religions. The Concept of Resurrection, being essential element of the doctrine of Eschatology, had been expounded by world religions in different way. Some are of the view that there is no resurrection at all, while other perceives it as reunion of soul and body after death and transmigration of soul as per actions being performed in previous life. The aim of research study is to expound the concept of belief in resurrection and its impact on human life. Various Textual and empirical evidences are analyzed to comprehend the concept of resurrection and its necessity. It is found that Islamic teachings have discussed the doctrine of resurrection in detail. Since Allah SWT is the Omnipotent, so it is not difficult for Him to reunite the segregated soul and flesh, as He created it from non-existence. The study showed that behavior, attitude, and actions of those who believe and of those who don’t believe in doctrine of resurrection are quite different. It is concluded that belief in resurrection makes human as a responsible being, consequently, his/her actions and attitude creates a positive impact on his/her behavior towards others and by large on humanity as well. Contrary to this, the actions of those who don’t believe in resurrection results negative impact on human behavior and actions.

Close Reading: Making Sense in Robert Frost’s Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening

Close reading opens the way to comprehend a text critically, which provides surface and underlying meanings. It systematises a thoughtful reading with social interaction based on textual evidences and concludes to a proposition and argumentation. It enables the reader to observe the text and contextualize the meanings and ideas derived from it in the practical sphere of life as well. College students study to learn reading strategies and skills. The purpose of this paper is to present a sample of close reading in Robert Frost’s poem, “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening.” This paper has used qualitative descriptive method to qualify the essence of close reading in the poem. This research paper has described the stages of close reading to unravel the general understanding and underlying pattern of Frost’s poem. This paper becomes more useful to teachers and advanced readers to read literary and non-literary texts effectively. The activities discussed in this paper stimulate them to read other texts closely. It broadens the horizon of understanding after dealing with very careful and precise details that evoke the insights of knowledge. This dynamics of reading, in this way, enriches the critical faculty of readers.

Historical restorations of the Maqṣūrah glass mosaics from the Great Mosque of Córdoba

The Great Mosque of Córdoba is the only mediaeval Islamic monument in al-Andalus that still contains some of its original 10th-century glass mosaic decoration, even though they were significantly altered and restored several times in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. By examining analytical, textual, and graphic evidence, this study attempts to reconstruct the different transformations of the Maqṣūrah, focusing on the glass mosaics in order to assess possible implications for their state of preservation. The results show that high-alkaline glass, which can be associated with modern tesserae, was used to restore the Miḥrāb and Sābāṭ mosaics. Modern pigments were also detected in the paints that were applied in situ to the surface of the colourless glasses. Textual and analytical evidences prove that Bāb Bayt al-Māl mosaic was completely removed in the 20th century and a replica with high-lead tesserae was installed in the same place.

Demystifying the Magic in Diamond Shumsher’s Seto Bagh: History Reconsidered

Diamond Shumsher’s masterpiece, Seto Bagh, is a significant historical novel in Nepali literature. The novel made a vibrant debut in depicting historicity in fictional prose in the Nepali context. In particular, the reconsideration of the portrayal of history from a new perspective is relevant. Traditionally, this is considered a historical realist novel. Nevertheless, magical elements are profusely used in the novel. In this study, this niche opens up avenues to re-evaluate the historicity vis-à-vis magical elements. I have adopted Maggie Ann Bowers’ and Wendy B. Faris’s notions and perspectives on the theoretical lens of magical realism to demystify the magic and history in the text. Further, I have adapted the content analysis method to analyze the textual evidences from the selected novel. The main finding exhibits that the novelist has amalgamated historical facts with magical elements like supernatural beings and happenings. Thus, the novel is an example of historical magical realism. This implies that only established beliefs and theories are not sufficient to judge the literary works rightly. Therefore, new lenses should be explored to enter into the world of fictional prose works as such.

God Mahes in Ancient Egyptian Religion

This research deals with one of the minor feline deities, but he was considered a solar god related to wars as he helped the sun god in his war against Apophis, besides he was responsible for guarding the sacred places. He was represented as a lion or a lion-headed god. he was considered as the son of goddess Bastet and god re in Lower Egypt and the son of Sekhmet and Ptah at Upper Egypt, so he was closely associated with god Nefertum(the son of goddess Sekhmet at Memphis). His cult center was at Leontopolis (Taremu), he was worshipped also at Bubastis, Xois, the 10th Nome of Upper Egypt (wADt), Dendera, Edfu, Philae, Dabod, Siwa Oasis and Baharia Oasis. He was associated to many deities like Nefertem, Horus of Behdet, Haroris, Shezmu, Menhw, and Apdemak. The research studies the archaeological and textual evidences of God Mahes referring to his titles, qualities, forms, roles, places of the worship and his relations to other deities.

Deuteronomy 34:6: Moses’ burial in text and translation

Despite the simplicity from a linguistic perspective, the formula וַיִּקְבֹּר אֹתוֹ in Deuteronomy 34:6 has been at the origins of a vivid discussion amongst its interpreters. Most of the time, this formula, in which an explicit subject is missing, is interpreted as having YHWH, who is mentioned in the final part of the foregoing verse, as its subject. As such, it is YHWH who is considered as the one who buried Moses. Nevertheless, other interpretations are equally possible. In Hebrew, a third person singular verbal form can also be used in order to refer to an unidentified subject (‘one’). A comparison of the Masoretic Text of Deuteronomy 34:6 to the Versiones makes clear that the latter apparently has been the interpretation of the Septuagint translator, even if one cannot be sure whether its plural verbal form ἔθαψαν is because of the interpretation of the Greek translator or to a different Hebrew Vorlage. Moreover, the comparison of the different textual witnesses of Deuteronomy 34:6 makes clear that a conclusive answer to the question whether the singular (וַיִּקְבֹּר) or the plural form (וַיּקְבְּרוּ) is the ‘more original’ seems to be impossible.Contribution: Refraining from historical-critical or theological prejudices, the present article evaluates the possibilities as to the issue who buried Moses, according to Deuteronomy 34:8. It demonstrates that on the basis of textual evidences as witnessed by the Versiones, a univocal interpretation should not be imposed to the text. Interpreting difficult Bible passages is one of the core focusses of HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies.

Goddess Sopdet in Ancient Egyptian Religion

This paper deals with one of the astral goddesses in Ancient Egyptian religion, Sopdet; she was goddess of the brightest star in the southern sky. She personified the Dog Star, Sirius, she was known as Sothis to the Greeks , she was worshipped at Saft el-Hinna. Sopdet was known as the wife of god sah (Orion)[i] and mother of god Sopdu[ii], she was associated to many deities like Isis in the form of Isis Sothis, she was known since the first Dynasty as the goddess who brings the new year and the innundation, as each year the coming of the flood coincided with the moment of its brightness on the horizon at dawn after its absence for about 70 days (This phenomenon is called a heliacal rising of Sothis. )[iii] , so she was considered as a fertility goddess because of the soil braught by the flood .her appearance also corresponded with the beginning of the ancient Egyptian year [iv] , and she was considered as the queen of all decans, as she preceded all the stars .[v] She appeared in different forms, as she appeared in a human form , a cow , a lioness headed serpent, and a dog headed serpent.she is characterized by many qualities and titles. The research studies the archaeological and textual evidences of goddess Sopdet referring to her titles, qualities, forms, roles and her relations to other deitie. [i]Sah was the personified god for the southern constellation known as Orion , and he was the father in the triad consisted of sah, Sopdet as the mother and their son was sopdu, he is manifestated to Osiris in the pyramid texts as he was mentioned as the father of gods; R. H. Wilkinson, The complete gods and goddesses of Ancient Egypt ,Cairo, 2003, p. 127 [ii] Sopdu was the god of the eastern borders. He is represented as a crouching falcon or Bedouin warrier wearing a crown of tall feathers with long hair and pointed beard. His main cult center was at saft el henna ( per sopdu) and he was worshipped together with Hathor at Serabbit el khadem ; G. Hart, The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, London, 2005,p.151. [iii] L. Depuydt, ''Sothic Chronology and the Old Kingdom'', JARCE 37, 2000, p. 168 [iv] Joachim Friedrich Quack, Astronomy in Ancient Egypt, Oxford, 2018, p.3 [v] L.S. Bull, '' An Ancient Egyptian Astronomical Ceiling-Decoration'', The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin , Vol. 18, No. 12, Nov., 1923, p. 286

A New Inscription from the Tomb of Darius I in Naqsh-i Rustam and the Ceremony of Proskynesis in the Achaemenid Empire

The article is devoted to the investigation of the Achaemenid trilingual inscription, having been published in 2019, from the tomb of the King Darius I (522–486 BC) in Naqsh-i Rustam (DNf). This inscription is the third one relating to the reliefs of the Persian nobles depicted on the façade of the tomb, who were Darius’s loyal supporters. The first two are images and inscriptions of Gobryas and Aspathines (DNc–d), and now the third is of Otanes. The Old Persian version of the new inscription includes a previously unknown verb that describes the action of a nobleman, depicted with a hand at his mouth, in the relief below the inscription. A thorough examination of the controversial aspects of the interpretation of the inscription allows us to conclude that the text refers to the action of a person represented on the relief who addressed King Darius with a gesture of blessing or greeting. The correlation of this textual and visual evidences from the royal tomb in Naqsh-i Rustam with the classical tradition reporting on proskynesis in the Achaemenid Empire allows us to come to conclusion that the new data provide us with the unique information about the ceremony of proskynesis to the King as it was seen by the Persians. The gesture of raising the hand to the mouth is found both in the famous scenes of the royal audience from the apadana of Persepolis, and in other images of the Achaemenid period.

Parmenides and Heraclitus revisited. Palintropic Metaphysics, Polymathy and Multiple Experience.

Some scholars have supposed an influence of Heraclitus’ philosophy in Parmenides’ Poem , based on the correlations between their fragments in terms of lexicon, images, word-plays, and expression modes. This relationship has been analyzed through certain textual and historical evidences of uneven and undetermined value, and the focus of its comparison has been mainly the interpretation of both thinkers as essential parts of a tradition- the philosophical one- that was founded after their time, and that insisted in opposing them, and a prior, and shared tradition, the poetical one, that both appropriated as a means to convey a radically new message. The comparative study of fragments 5, 6, and 7 of Parmenides’ Poem and some of Heraclitus’ fragments reveal that a great part of the criticisms the Eleatic allegedly addressed to the Ephesian are traces of poetical tradition, through whose diverse appropriation both thinkers show similar epistemological and ontological conceptions (Nehamas, 2002), among which one can recognize a relationship of tension and partial rejection of the intellectual and discursive phenomenon of ἱστορίη. By using the word παλίντροπος, Parmenides does not criticize the doctrinal nucleus of Heraclitus’ ontology nor he characterizes negatively the goddess’ forbidden path, but instead he shapes a spatial metaphor of Being, and of the method to arrive to its knowledge. At the same time, παλίντροπος operates as an image of the Poem within the poem, a sort of mirror that reflects its content and configuration.

L'IMPORTANCE DE LA SEPTANTE DANS UNE NOUVELLE ÈRE DE LA CRITIQUE TEXTUELLE

L’article traite de deux questions étroitement liées: la compréhension changée de la critique textuelle de la Bible aujourd’hui, et l’étude ainsi que l’interprétation de la Septante (LXX) dans le cadre de cette situation changée. Pendant longtemps le Texte Massorétique (TM) a été considéré comme le témoin principal du texte hébraïque « originel », mais l’attention dédiée à la LXX, la révalorisation des versions anciennes et, surtout, la découverte des manuscrits de la mer Morte, qui constituent des témoins hébraïques bien anterieurs au TM et confirmant quelques fois la LXX, posent la question s’il faut parler d’un texte originel ou d’une convergence de meilleurs témoins. Quant à la LXX, actuellement, on prête attention aux variantes hébraïques sous-jacentes et à l’activité « rédactionnelle » du traducteur. La LXX n’est plus simplement la « ancilla hebraicae veritatis » mais un précieux témoin autonome au sein d’une multiplicité pluriforme de preuves textuelles.

The ‘Magical World’ of Emotions and Its Triumph: on the Ontological Inconsistency in Sartre’s Sketch for a Theory of the Emotions

In this paper, I explore the ontological implication of Sartre’s and Heidegger’s phenomenological accounts of emotion. I start by looking at Sartre’s notion of the ‘magical world’ in his booklet Sketch for a Theory of the Emotions, showing how emotion, for him, reveals the overall structure of ‘human reality’ rather than a dispensable aspect of it. Discussing experiences of the magical world allowed Sartre to ‘bracket’ what he called ‘the determinism of the world’, which predominated naturalist-representationalist psychology of emotion in his time. Then I derive from Sartre’s account of emotion an ontological implication, i.e., that the world is primarily magical. Without at once deciding whether this applies to Sartre, I exhibit how radical it can get by examining Heidegger’s more consistent account of emotion in Being and Time. There, it turns out that the determinist, neutral world championed by representationalism relies on an ‘emotionless emotion’ and thus is not fundamental. Finally, I suggest that, while textual evidences in Sketch for a Theory of the Emotions are inconsistent and allow a strong and a weak interpretation of its ontological implication, the former should be favored in consideration of Sartre’s later development.

Baldness Scenes In Ancient Egyptian Private Tombs; As An Indicator Of Social Class, Activity And Physical Ability

The Ancient Egyptians were quite advanced in their diagnoses and treatments of various illnesses. Their advancements in ancient medical techniques were quite extraordinary. The ancient Egyptians used their knowledge of the human anatomy and the natural remedies to treat with different diseases and disorders effectively. Analysis of human remains, textual evidences and art depictions attested physical conditions and diseases that the ancient Egyptians were suffered from. Baldness and hair loss was one of the most important dermatological diseases the ancient Egyptians concerned. The ancient Egyptians were searching for a hair loss cure since1500 BC. The Egyptian word for “bald” is “is” or “ỉᶟs” , which defines the natural baldness. This article aims to be an analytical- descriptive study of the modes of representation related to baldness figures in ancient Egyptian private tombs, their different types of portrayal and interpretations. Moreover the article would find out if baldness was restricted to other specific diseases. The researcher would also discuss the relationship between baldness and social classes in the ancient Egyptian society based on examining a group of private tomb scenes and textual evidences, in order to present a broader overview of the physical disabilities in ancient Egyptian contexts. Complete baldness or the clean shaven depictions will not regard in this paper, as it will be so difficult and confusing to differentiate between natural baldness and the artificial cases.

Mitogenomic diversity in Sacred Ibis Mummies sheds light on early Egyptian practices.

The ancient catacombs of Egypt harbor millions of well-preserved mummified Sacred Ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus) dating from ~600BC. Although it is known that a very large number of these ‘votive’ mummies were sacrificed to the Egyptian God Thoth, how the ancient Egyptians obtained millions of these birds for mummification remains unresolved. Ancient Egyptian textual evidences suggest they may have been raised in dedicated large-scale farms. To investigate the most likely method used by the priests to secure birds for mummification, we report the first study of complete mitochondrial genomes of 14 Sacred Ibis mummies interred ~2500 years ago. We analysed and compared the mitogenomic diversity among Sacred Ibis mummies to that found in modern Sacred Ibis populations from throughout Africa. The ancient birds show a high level of genetic variation comparable to that identified in modern African populations, contrary to the suggestion in ancient hieroglyphics (or ancient writings) of centralized industrial scale farming of sacrificial birds. This suggests a sustained short-term taming of the wild migratory Sacred Ibis for the ritual yearly demand.

Exploring August Strindberg’s A Dream Play with reference to the Theatre of Absurd

This article is an attempt to examine August Strindberg's A Dream Play in view of the Theatre of Absurd. The Play being an exquisite commentary on the meaninglessness of human life will be analyzed with thorough textual evidences. The study will also focus on how the playwright has succeeded in his use of Vedic mythology to dramatize the strife of modern life through a series of different major and minor characters. The attempt will also be made to expound the use of waiting as a strong motif to show the nothingness of man's life. Besides, the playwright's worthwhile clue towards the capitalist world-order driving people towards absolute wretchedness will also be highlighted.

Крестобогородичные тропари Антифонов Великой Пятницы (опыт текстологического анализа по спискам XI – XIV веков)

The paper deals with certain troparia found in several Church Slavonic manuscripts as a part of the Great and Holy Friday Antiphons which don’t respond to the described Greek versions of the text. Troparia which appear in the penultimate place of each of the 15 Antiphons are devoted to the Mother of God and could be attributed to the Stavrotheotokion type. The Stavrotheotokia appear regularly almost in all East Slavonic manuscripts up to Patriarch Nikon book correction of the 17th century, while in the South Slavonic tradition they appear regularly only in two early Serbian manuscripts, in the most of the Antiphons in two early Bulgarian manuscripts and in one Antiphon in another Bulgarian manuscript. In the 14th century after the Mount Athos book correction the Stavrotheotokia disappear completely from the South Slavonic manuscript tradition. The goal of our study was a scientific critical edition of the Stavrotheotokia troparia based on 13 East and South Slavonic manuscripts (Triodion and Pentecostarion, Pentecostarion, Lent and Pentecost Sticherarium) of 11th – 14th centuries as well as their textological analysis. Based on the results of the textological analysis we distinguish two versions of the text: the first one is present in East Slavonic manuscripts and Zagreb Triodion, the second one – in two Serbian Triodia, and their compiled type – in the Orbele Triodion. Although no Greek correspondence to these texts have been found so far, the textual evidences argue for the Byzantine origin of a certain text. The outstanding poetic characteristics of certain troparia as well as their remarkable correspondence with the whole poetical structure of the Antiphons cause us to believe that unlike the Theotokia which are included in the Antiphons in the modern Greek and Slavic tradition, the Stavrotheotokia were the part of the initial text of the hymn. Since two versions of the Church Slavonic text are not located on a certain territory, the translation of these texts into Church Slavonic was probably made in the South Slavic area and later transferred to the East Slavonic tradition.

TRAVEL TO THE HEALING CENTERS IN THE EGYPTIAN TEMPLES: THE PROTOTYPE OF THE MODERN MEDICAL TOURISM

A travel for treatment was one of the oldest motivations for travel in ancient world. Among thesites that attracted such travelers were the supposed healing centers in Egyptian temples. As theancient Egyptian physicians were very clever in their profession, they had a very remarkablefame not only in Egypt but among the patients of other ancient nations as well. The ancientEgyptian and foreigner patients traveled to those medical centers to spend a night or moreseeking for cure by medical treatment or through dreams and messages from gods. Thearchitectural evidences prove the existence of such healing centers in the temples. The onlypreserved example is the sanatorium within the precinct of the Hathor temple at Dendera, inUpper Egypt. According to the modern concept of tourism, such travels were more or less a typeof tourism. In this context, this paper, through the textual, pictorial, and architectural evidences,tries to originate the earlier examples of medical tourism, as well as it applies the concept andcomponents of present tourism on the travels of ancient Egyptian and foreigner patients.