Terrorist Nature Research Articles

MICROTRACES IN THE SYSTEM OF CRIMINAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TERRORIST NATURE CRIMES

The article is devoted to study of problems of microtraces classification at the general theoretical and scientific forensic level with subsequent extrapolation to microtraces which form a typical trace evidence picture of forensic characteristics in terrorist nature crimes. The analysis of scientific approaches to the definition of microtrace allows us to identify and outline main features typical for this definition, namely: small size; small amount of substances and materials: invisible or faintly visible under normal conditions of observation; peculiarities of their detection, record, seizure and research. The classification of microtraces based on various grounds is provided. Thus, according to organization of matter (form of physical embodiment), microtraces (microparticles) are divided into: single physical formations (individual physical bodies with a stable form); substances (materials) that do not take the from of an individual body (liquids, powdered substances). In accordance with immediate source of origin, micro-objects are classified into two large groups: parts of natural origin (from natural objects); parts separated from objects that are largely processed or man-made. In the first group, four subgroups must be distinguished: microtraces that have separated from the human body; micro-objects from animal; microparticles from plants; micro-objects of mineral nature. When considering micro-objects in conjunction with carrier objects, they are differentiated by a trace-forming object and the type of contact with the carrier: overlay; inclusion; layering.
 It is noted that the most typical ways of committing terrorist nature crimes are the use of firearms, cold weapons and the use of explosive weapons and / or explosives.
 Taking into account the fact that manufacture, possession and use of explosive weapons or explosives for the investigation of crimes of this category affects the criminal law qualification, tactics of individual investigative actions (eg site inspection, search, etc.). Microtraces can be classified according to conditions and time of their formation into the following groups: formation of microtraces that are associated with illegal manufacture, acquisition, storage, sale of explosive weapons or explosives; microtraces of preparation of explosive weapons directly before the explosion; microtraces of explosive weapons. The analysis of the essence of these situations allowed the author to establish and provide an appropriate list of typical microtraces in investigation of terrorist nature crime.

EU foreign policy and hybrid actors in the Middle East: ready for geopolitical contestation?

ABSTRACT The 2019 European Commission recognizes a need to learn the language of power and geopolitics for the EU to become a stronger player in a contested world. Yet the EU experiences difficulties in navigating the geopolitical scene in its immediate neighbourhood, the Middle East and North Africa, characterized by fast-changing alliances among international and regional powers but also a wide array of non-state and hybrid actors. Policy recommendations urge the EU to include the latter in its foreign policy calculus. This article investigates how the EU accounts for a specific set of actors by exploring its foreign policy discourse. Specifically, it analyses how two hybrid actors, Hamas and Hezbollah, are discussed within the European Parliament, Commission and Council. It is argued that internal contestation over the terrorist nature of these actors poses challenges for the EU to join the geopolitical game in its Southern neighbourhood.

Специфическая структурно-логическая модель управления чрезвычайной ситуацией


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 Работа посвящена решению одного из специфических аспектов управления чрезвычайными ситуациями террористического характера – актуальной научной проблемы современности. Для достижения поставленной цели в работе первоначально дается анализ этапов развития чрезвычайных ситуаций. Показано, что чрезвычайные ситуации это объективные (существующие независимо от отношения к ним) пространственно-временные процессы, каждый из которых условно разделяется на пять этапов, а именно: повседневного накопления негативных факторов; экстремального развития негативного фактора; катастрофического события; ликвидация последствий этого события и их отдаленных последствий. Они происходят на транспортных средствах, техногенных и природных объектах, участках территории, водных бассейнах и горах, городах и административных регионах. Вид каждой чрезвычайной ситуации привязан к определенному катастрофическому событию, которое может произойти, происходит или уже произошло. Затем рассматривается прототип – типовая структурно – логическая модель управления чрезвычайной ситуацией, которая состоит из шести блоков. Это мониторинг ситуации (сбор повседневных факторов), выявление риска (обнаружение экстремального фактора), анализ риска (прогноз и моделирование чрезвычайной ситуации), подготовка вариантов управленческих решений, принятие решения и доведение его исполнителям. Последующее воздействие на ситуацию (объект управления), через структуру исполнителей, замыкает контур управления, обеспечивая непрерывный процесс управления в интересах недопущения катастрофических событий. На основе прототипа разработана специфическая структурно-логическая модель управления чрезвычайной ситуацией террористического характера, вызванная обнаружением малогабаритного взрывного устройства. Она состоит из тринадцати блоков. Это мониторинг ситуации, выявление риска, оповещение и эвакуация людей, поиск и идентификация взрывного устройства, взрывное устройство, муляж, безопасный предмет, принятие решения на использование специального купола, подготовительные мероприятия, обезвреживание взрывного устройства, локализация последствий обезвреживания, принятие решения на возобновление и режима работы объекта, воздействие на ситуацию. Расположение блоков на десяти иерархических уровнях, соединенных логическими связями, обеспечивают сбор информации о состоянии объекта массового скопления людей через элементы системы мониторинга и воздействие на объект через систему исполнителей, обеспечивая непрерывный процесс управления в интересах минимизации последствий террористических событий.

INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE IN COUNTERING TERRORISM

The article deals with issues relating to international cooperation in countering terrorism and using the positive experience of foreign countries in ensuring security. Terrorism and extremism are estimated by the authors as the main threats not only to national, but also to international security. Recognizing the global nature of these threats, the international community seeks to develop a common policy of struggle, since the effectiveness of anti-terrorism measures can only be achieved with active interstate cooperation. Currently, at the level of the United Nations, a number of conventions and protocols have been adopted, aimed at unifying legal concepts in the sphere of countering terrorism and extremism, creating unified mechanisms for preventing and suppressing crimes of a terrorist nature. The paper analyzes the main provisions of these international conventions and evaluates their importance for ensuring security throughout the world. Considering that the Republic of Kazakhstan has not so great practical experience in countering terrorism, the issues of researching legislation and practice of the law enforcement agencies of foreign countries that have been fighting for many years against terrorism and extremism are of particular relevance. The authors, analyzing the modern legal framework and the practice of joint activities of the competent authorities of various states in countering terrorism, justify their proposals for the further development of international cooperation in this field. The study of foreign experience, its systematization, adaptation to the conditions of Kazakhstan will help optimize the activities against terrorism and extremism and avoid possible mistakes in the choice of means and methods of such a struggle. Key words: terrorism, extremism, international experience, international cooperation, countering terrorism, national security.

Implementation of the European Union’s Regulations on Terrorist Offences in Polish Penal Law

The paper discusses the regulations pertaining directly to the problem of combating terrorism, first introduced into Polish penal law in 2004. The drafters’ intention was to adjust Polish law to the standards established by various legal instruments of the European Union, in particular set out in Council Framework Decision 2002/475/JHA of 13 June 2002 on combating terrorism. Among the new regulations, the definition of an offence of a terrorist nature (Art. 115, para. 20 PC) is of practical significance. The concept of an offence of a terrorist nature is a reference point for all the anti-terrorist measures adopted in Polish penal law. It has been used by the legislator criminalizing acts being of a pre-terrorist nature. Among these provisions there are offences such as: participation in an organized group, financing terrorism, abetting and public provocation to commit an offence of a terrorist nature, recruitment and training for terrorism, illegal border crossing.

Features of Terrorist-Oriented Criminality in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and Measures of Legal Response to Fight it at the Present Stage

This article examines distinguishing features of terrorist-oriented criminality in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, exploring quantitative indicators of certain types of crimes. It is concluded that the current level of political violence in Vietnam is low. Using a wide range of data sources on composite indicators (Global Terrorism Index, Global Terrorism Database and Global Peace Index), it is concluded that to date Vietnam has recorded a low level of political violence. The research explores basic «criminogenic» conditions or factors that lead to relevant risk of growth of political violence. It should be noted that to some extent ethnic tensions still exist in Vietnam. There is also a great concern about criminal activity of a number of domestic and international terrorist organizations, which, in the short or long term, could disrupt domestic political situation and escalate terrorism. The researchers argue that although political and religious motives (e.g. establishing an Islamic state) underlie certain terrorist activities of international terrorist organizations and the fact that Muslims in Vietnam make up about 0,1 % of the countrys population, Vietnams international commitment to counter-terrorism is likely to make it a target of retaliation by these organizations. In addition, there is a possibility that these organizations may commit terrorist acts within the territory of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam to support and fund terrorist activities in the future. We summarized that as at present in force Criminal Code of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam includes special provisions that carry liability for individual acts showing signs of terrorism (arts. 113, 299, 300 CC SRV) and norms within international obligations that cover criminal liability for other crimes of terrorist nature (crimes with indicators of terrorization). The comparative legal analysis of anti-terrorist statutes presented in the 2015 version of the Criminal Code of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam reveals legal and technical defects in certain material elements of terrorist offences. It is noted that Vietnamese legislator distinguishes two forms of terrorism: «traditional» terrorism, which pursues political aims (criminal acts against the peoples government, committed for the purpose of combating it) and terrorism aimed at creating a climate of fear in society.

YouTube Videos of Terrorists: A Visual Analysis

Terrorist groups are using the Internet to attract their followers. This paper analyzed the nature of terrorists’ videos in terms of types, modus operandi and production features. A content analysis was utilized involving 4 YouTube videos in terms of types, modus operandi and features. The findings yielded that the types of videos used were hostage-taking, educational training documentaries, and conveying messages. Most videos were published by groups, given Arabic and English subtitles, have medium to high-quality with professional editing with the recital and prayers. Video is a platform to spread their ideologies and messages for a new recruitment of members. Future study should include more videos from other groups for means of comparison.

Crimes of terrorist and extremist nature: statistical results of implementation of the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation

The subject of this research is the rate of recorded crimes of terrorist and extremist nature in their dynamics for the period of implementation of the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020. For the purpose of discovering the impact of criminalization and decriminalization processes upon the changes of this index, the author explores s the norms on responsibility for extremist and terrorist crimes, which also comprise the subject of this research. Attention is given to corrections in method of accounting of such crimes in the examined period, as well as their impact upon the changes of the index. In the course of study it was discovered that compared to 2009, the number of recorded crimes of extremist nature during the period of 2014-2018 increased by 2.5-3 times, but in 2019 this index has returned to the initial numbers, which is explained by partial decriminalization of acts stipulated by the Article 28 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The number of recorded crimes of terrorist nature by 2019 superseded the 2009 index by almost 3 times, caused by criminalization of various accompanying manifestations of terrorist activity. The growth in the indexes of both cases relates to expansion of the list of actions attributable to the aforementioned categories of crimes in formation of statics. In the end, implementation of the Strategy cannot be assessed negatively due to growth in crime rate, since it is caused by the socially justified amendments to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and changes in statistical calculation.

Cognitive technologies of transforming social behavior in the mechanism of criminal activity of extremist and terrorist nature: forensically significant data

Cognitive technologies of transforming social behavior in the mechanism of criminal activity of extremist and terrorist nature: forensically significant data

Методологические основы формирования представлений о безопасном поведении в чрезвычайных ситуациях террористического характера у детей дошкольного возраста

Методологические основы формирования представлений о безопасном поведении в чрезвычайных ситуациях террористического характера у детей дошкольного возраста

Радикализация: социально-психологический взгляд (Часть I)

Terrorism, being a long-standing phenomenon and a threat that has existed for at least two millennia, is still an extreme problem in the life of society. Understanding how a person comes to commit terrorist acts requires consideration of the process of radicalisation. The aim of our literature review is to analyse the process of radicalisation.Security and counter-terrorism are one of the priority areas of scientific development in Russia. This direction has different facets of analysis. From a psychological point of view, the development of measures of influence should be based on knowledge of how a person joins groups and organizations of a terrorist nature, what are the psychological mechanisms of radicalization, as well as an understanding of the laws of deradicalization. Our analytical review within the framework of social psychological knowledge has allowed us to overcome a kind of gap existing in the literature, namely, to acquaint the Russian readers with a promising explanatory model of the process of radicalisation - the uncertainty — identity theory, proposed by Hogg. This model explains why and how people join groups with extremist and radical beliefs, as well as why they prefer acts of violence, acting on behalf of these groups.

Conceptual aspects of scientific support for countering modern transnational organized crime of a terrorist nature

The article considers the needs and possibilities of scientific support for countering transnational terrorist crimes; substantiates the relevance, theoretical and practical significance of the designated topic; defines the organizational and legal aspects of scientific support for countering transnational crime; characterizes the international terrorist organization "Islamic state".

O причастности трудовых мигрантов – выходцев из стран Центральной Азии – к террористической деятельности

The article is devoted to the consideration of the issue of participation of immigrants from the countries of the Central Asian region in terrorist activities both in Russia and in the whole world. In particular, information about the organizers and perpetrators of some terrorist acts committed in recent years in Europe, the United States and Russia was studied. It was made an attempt to analyze the current situation and identify the main reasons that contribute to the involvement of immigrants from Central Asia in terrorist activities. The main factors inherent in terrorists – immigrants from the environment of migrants, which are used by recruiters of international terrorist organizations to involve them in criminal activities, are revealed. The features of migrants residing in the territory of Russia, which contribute to the active involvement of international terrorist organizations of immigrants from the Central Asian region to commit terrorist acts and other crimes of a terrorist nature, are determined. The study revealed the fundamental directions of anti-terrorist activities in Russia in the sphere of countering the terrorist threat emanating from Central Asia. Special attention is paid to the prevention of terrorism among migrant workers, the participation in this activity of representatives of the employer, public and religious organizations, national communities.

Новітні тренди в еволюції Шанхайської організації співпраці (публікується англійською мовою)

The article is devoted to the analysis of the evolution of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization as an international organization (hereinafter SCO) and the identification of the latest trends in its formation at the end of almost twenty years of its history. The author states that the very existence and the activities of the SCO are currently assessed by the world community ambiguously. The expansion of the SCO through the inclusion of two nuclear powers of Pakistan and India is seen as a kind of demarche of the main members of the Organization, which has a deep geopolitical implication. The factor of participation in the SCO of Russia and China gives this organization an ambitious character in the eyes of the world community in terms of geopolitics. But, in the author’s opinion, we should not forget the participation in it of such countries as Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, for whom the SCO membership means the aiming for ensuring national and regional security in the most essential aspects – from economy to the threat of terrorism and extremism. Because of the proximity of a dangerous source of insecurity such as Afghanistan, these Central Asian countries naturally try to fit into systems promising to maintain security at the national and regional levels. In parallel with economic issues, over time, the need appeared to address the emerging non-economic cross-border threats in the region, mainly of a terrorist nature. Thus, without a clearly defined military component, the organization is forced to pay increasing attention to security issues, which means the use of armed intervention. Over time, the SCO has become a universal organization, which delays its development as a classic intergovernmental organization. An Organization that, by name, should be multilateral, is essentially not such: the SCO has remained the platform for bilateral relations between its members. In an analysis of the economic cooperation in the framework of the SCO, attention is drawn to the conjugation of the Organization’s activities on expanding economic relations between the member countries with the Chinese program “One Belt, One Way”.Thus, today it is difficult to characterize the SCO as an effective mechanism for realizing economic interests and ensuring security for each participating country.

Детерминационные особенности терроризма в современной России

The article is devoted to the criminological analysis of the causes and conditions conducive to the manifestation of crimes of a terrorism nature in the Russian Federation? Focusing on the activities of the internal affairs bodies in countering terrorism. The coat characteristic of quantitative indicators of crimes of a terrorist nature for 2015-2018 is given. The article summarizes the scientific experience of studying the main factors causing terrorist manifestations in the Russian Federation. The authors focus on the ode of the main factors contributing to terrorism in the Russian Federation - the presence of radical groups that promote their ideology among the teenage generation. The authors determined the place of the «Concept of the State Migration Policy of the Russian Federation for 2019-2025» in the system of prevention of modern terrorism, and also analyzed the main legal acts that are the legal «foundation» in this area. The content of the opposition implemented by the internal affairs bodies is emphasized.

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The article is devoted to the issues of interaction between the forces of the state security sector during the protection of the places of compact stay of diplomatic personnel, as well as during its evacuation. A classical definition of interaction is given, how it is achieved and what is determined during its planning, in what forms the work on its organization is carried out. A particular definition of the interaction of interagency forces in the protection of diplomatic facilities is given. Interaction methods are recommended. In relation to the planned interaction table, it is recommended that the totality (sequence) of stages of action of the state security sector forces, which are involved in the protection of places of compact stay of diplomatic personnel. Separately, the levels at which the interaction is carried out are considered, and the corresponding departmental structures that are involved. For a case of resolving a crisis situation at the local level that has developed in connection with threats to the functioning of diplomatic facilities, a list of direct subjects of interaction between representatives of law enforcement agencies is proposed. Two examples of documenting the interaction order are proposed as examples, namely, planned interaction tables indicating the preferred option. Separately, the issues of coordination and clarification of interaction during the transition from the protection of places of compact stay of diplomatic personnel and their evacuation, as well as during the evacuation itself, are considered. A variant of threats to the evacuation convoy (including those of a terrorist nature) is given, its marching order on the march, a place in this marching order is recommended for carrying out the procedure for clarifying the interaction of the marching guard in case of threats to diplomatic personnel. Attention is drawn to the importance of the last stage of the evacuation of diplomatic personnel – the passage of customs and border control procedures.In the conclusion of the article, attention is focused on the need to expand the empirical base of materials related to questions of clarifying interaction, especially in unusual crisis situations, and the role of command and staff and tactical exercises, as well as field research, in this.

Social, enlightenment and penal measures to prevent Islamist terrorism

The fight against crimes of a terrorist nature is a task of international importance. Modern penitentiary systems in various countries were not ready for effective work aimed at preventing international terrorist threat. Persons convicted of committing terrorist crimes are currently serving their sentences in non-specialized correctional institutions that do not involve targeted counter-terrorism preventive measures with convicts. On the contrary, representatives of Islamic terrorist organizations are actively using the prison environment to propagate pseudo-religious ideas that encourage terrorism. One of the few attempts to prevent Islamist terrorism among people suspected or convicted of terrorist crimes was made by the US leadership at the beginning of the XXI century. The American penitentiary experience shows that the use of purely punitive methods of correcting a criminal terrorist does not guarantee the convict’s refusal to carry out terrorist activities. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a model of a special type of penitentiary institution aimed at providing an effective prevention of terrorist activity and suppressing the recruitment of new participants to terrorist organizations. The main preventive measures to use in this type of correctional institution should be the separate maintenance of convicts representatives of various social groups, as well as educational and religious activities explaining the true social values observed both by Islam and other world religions.

Ensuring an efficient transportation infrastructure security system by means of solutions that enable detection of intrusions into protected areas

Due to the nature of its operations, the transportation industry in itself is a potential source of danger. In case of unlawful aggressive intrusions the danger becomes real and fraught with grave consequences. The statistics of the last 10 to 15 years show that 50 to 70% of accomplished terrorist attacks were associated with transportation. Individual measures cannot ensure transportation security. The problem must be approached comprehensively and systemically. Transportation security greatly contributes to the national security of the Russian Federation. The Federal Law of February 9, 2007 no. 16-FZ On transportation security, for the first time in Russian practice, raised the question of securing the entire transportation industry of the Russian Federation, established the legal foundations of the activities related to the protection of transportation infrastructure and vehicles against acts of unlawful interference, including those of terrorist nature. For the first time, a single systemic approach to anti-terrorist protection is provided for all means of transportation. The transportation industry is quite vulnerable to terrorist attacks. We are talking about vehicles, transportation lines, stations, vehicles carrying dangerous loads. The vulnerability of transportation is due to the possibility of damage to signalling, automation and communication assets, whose protection is complicated due to the scale and extent of Russia’s railways. Despite the problems and objective difficulties related to the legislation in the area of transportation security, the workers of the Russian railway industry make their best effort to ensure protection of transportation infrastructure and vehicles against acts of unlawful interference. Promptly reacting to other challenges and threats, they ensure reliable operation of the transportation industry, thus preserving the peace and safety of our citizens. This paper examines matters related to ensuring efficient safety of transportation infrastructure. A significant emphasis is placed on the systems that enable detection of intrusions into protected areas of a facility.

Terrorism risks, chasing ghosts and infrastructure resilience

Risk is the integration of threat, vulnerability and consequences, but threat is often based on worse-case thinking about the capability of terrorists to successfully plan and execute large-scale bombings. The paper looks at the nature of terrorists by exploring their capabilities and motivation, technical skills, and target selection. Key among this is the risk of progressive collapse of multi-storey buildings, and the track record of terrorists attacking targets in the West. In the past decade, most deaths from terrorists in the West have arisen from shooting attacks, vehicle impact, and mass transit bombings. In this case, there is little or no need to protect civilian buildings, bridges and other infrastructure from car or truck bombs unless there is a specific threat. Existing infrastructure has also proven to be highly resilient and robust against car and truck bombings. It is easy to overestimate the impacts of terrorist attacks. An improved understanding of the threat allows decision-makers to more effectively deploy resources to counter it, which includes appropriate design and assessment of civilian and military protective structures. A case study describes existing fatality risks from progressive collapse caused by a large vehicle bomb, and then assesses the costs and benefits of design (protective) measures mandated by the United States to mitigate against progressive collapse for new or leased federal government (civilian and defence) buildings.

The Influence of Socio-Economic Situation in the Regions of the North Caucasus Federal District of the Russian Federation on The Sources of Terrorist Crimes

It was found that over the past 5 years a number of crimes of a terrorist nature has greatly increased. The hypothesis appeared that the adverse socio-economic situation creates conditions for the growth of crimes of a terrorist nature. As a result, the analysis revealed an inverse relationship between the "actual final consumption per person in thousand rubles ", average cash income per month in thousand rubles and the number of crimes of a terrorist nature. Keywords: socio-economic development, crimes of a terrorist nature, region, North-West