Terrorist Nature Research Articles

Revolutionary Struggle Against Salazar: Santa Maria Hijacking in 1961

The hijacking of the ship Santa Maria in 1961 by the members of the Iberian Revolutionary Liberation Directorate (Diretório Revolucionário Ibérico de Libertação — DRIL) was a part of armed struggle against the regime of António Salazar. In contrast to other protests against the New State, mostly various attempts of a military or civil coup, it was distinguished by its terrorist nature. Although its participants hoped that their action would cause an uprising in some part of the Portuguese empire, their main goal was to draw international attention to the dictatorial nature of Salazar’s power. They ultimately managed to achieve this goal. Based on the memoirs of participants, as well as the materials from the National Archives of Torre de Tombo, the article examines how this event, similar to piracy, was in fact recognized as a political protest.

Компьютерное моделирование на основе нейросети как инструмент получения криминологически значимой информации по оценке состояния преступности (на материалах Республики Казахстан)

The purpose of the study is to obtain the missing information related to the assessment of the degree of influence of changes in some socio-economic factors on the state of crime and its individual manifestations. The motivation for the study is related to the initiative of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Kassym Jomart Tokayev to increase the minimum wage. The justification for the increase in the minimum wage was a calculation that showed an increase in gross domestic product by 1.5%. The method of research is computer modeling based on the functioning of a neural network. The creation and training of the neural network was based on official statistical data of the Republic of Kazakhstan. At the initial stage of the study, the effectiveness of the chosen method was tested in comparison with other methods of information processing and analysis. The test showed a higher accuracy of calculation using a computer neural network. The dependence of changes in the minimum wage with an increase in gross domestic product and a decrease in the crime rate was confirmed. At the next, main stage of the study, there was a need to improve the neural network by optimizing the input matrix intended for training. Optimization lies in the fact that the learning matrix was formed by those values of socio-economic parameters, the impact of which on the level of crime and crime associated with manifestations of terrorism and extremism is maximal. Test comparisons of calculation results using neural network training optimization showed more accurate data compared to standard neural network training. Using a more advanced neural network, modeling of the expanded impact of changes in the minimum wage on the level of crime and criminal activity of an extremist and terrorist nature was carried out. The simulation results showed that the dependence of changes in the crime rate on changes in the minimum wage has a more complex nature of influence, in which it is important to determine its optimal value. The increase in the minimum wage has practically no effect on crimes of special gravity. They can mitigate the manifestations of peak activity of crimes of particular severity, but they do not have a significant impact on this type of crime. The research group notes the universality of the described software tools. Its application can be significantly expanded and used in various applications related to law enforcement. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

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The article analyzes the content of the main measures to modernize the engineering and technical equipment of the border of Ukraine. The purpose of the article was to determine the features of the strategic planning of the engineering and technical equipment of the state border of Ukraine based on the analysis of regulatory and legal documents. A detailed analysis of the Integrated Border Management Strategy and the correspondingly adopted Action Plan, containing three stages with the specification of relevant measures, was carried out. When determining the spectrum of requirements for separate technical equipment of the border, the following essential factors of their operation conditions and the situation in the area of responsibility of the border protection unit should be taken into account. It should be noted that according to forecasts of the future development of the situation in the border area, there is a high probability of the existence of a general trend of real and potential threats from Russia. In general, the border agency as a component of the Security Forces of Ukraine counters threats of a military and terrorist nature in cooperation with other military and law enforcement formations of the security and defense sector. It can be argued that a state-wide system of border protection has been formed in Ukraine, which belongs to the system of ensuring Ukrainian national security. Factors in the development of the system of protection and protection of the Ukrainian state border as an integral component of the national security system are various types of threats that exist in the border area. The main threats to modern Ukraine are the war of the Russian Federation against the Ukrainian state, as a result of which part of the territory of Ukraine was occupied, manifestations of terrorism appeared, and the smuggling of weapons, ammunition and means of terror increased. The presented article presents the main measures of strategic planning of the engineering and technical arrangement of the Ukrainian border thanks to the implementation of the monitoring system of the border area. Conclusions and promising directions of scientific research are formulated.

МЕТОДИКА РОЗРАХУНКУ НЕОБХІДНОЇ КІЛЬКОСТІ СПЕЦІАЛІСТІВ ДЛЯ ПРОВЕДЕННЯ ГУМАНІТАРНОГО РОЗМІНУВАННЯ НЕБЕЗПЕЧНИХ ТЕРИТОРІЙ УКРАЇНИ

One of the greatest and most terrible calamities for humanity throughout history has always been war. It is accompanied by significant material and human losses, contributes to the spread of other disasters, slows down the development of mankind and generally raises serious questions about the possibility of further survival of people on planet Earth. Every year, the power of weapons becomes more powerful, and the consequences of their use are more and more terrible. As a result of russia's armed aggression and the terrorist nature of hostilities, a large number of explosive objects remained on the territory of Ukraine, which for one reason or another did not explode. This creates real serious threats to the normal life of the population. In the post-war period, an urgent problem will be a complete survey of dangerous areas and infrastructure facilities for the presence of explosive objects, detection, neutralization and their destruction. The implementation of a set of measures for humanitarian demining requires clear planning and organization of all works for the disposal and destruction of unexploded ordnance. At the same time, a well-founded approach to technical support, training of relevant specialists of various types, time calculations of work deadlines is necessary. The article has developed a methodology for calculating the required number of specialists and technical equipment for humanitarian demining dangerous territories of Ukraine, which allows to estimate the general term of solving this problem, the number of personnel and technical equipment to perform the necessary work. If necessary, the proposed mathematical apparatus allows solving the inverse problem as well: based on a specific deadline for solving the problem, estimate the required total number of personnel and the required total amount of technical equipment to perform the work in the allotted time. A control algorithm for the implementation of this technique is proposed, which includes 18 blocks placed on 6 hierarchical levels and connected by direct and feedback links. This makes it possible to implement the developed methodology in the real conditions of the performance of the assigned tasks.

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During the last decades, the world historical situation has fundamentally changed, humanity has entered the nuclear-space age. The development of civilization and society could not exclude wars and military conflicts as a means of forceful resolution of interstate, religious, ethnic and other contradictions. The way out of conflict situations with the help of weapons remains a distinctive feature of the modern era. The achievements of science and technology today are aimed not only at the development of modern production, improvement of working conditions and welfare of citizens, but also at the development of the latest types of weapons and ammunition, which increases the risks of emergency situations due to their use. Emergency situations of a military nature are associated with the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction or modern conventional means of destruction, during which secondary factors of damage to the population arise as a result of the destruction of nuclear and hydroelectric power plants, warehouses and storages of radioactive and toxic substances, waste oil products, explosives, highly toxic substances, toxic waste, transport and engineering communications. As a result of emergencies of a military nature, emergencies of man-made, natural, social nature, mass deaths of people and animals may arise. The dangerous sources of emergencies of a military nature include: weapons themselves, extraordinary unsanitary conditions during hostilities (a large number of corpses, disruption of the normal operation of various communal services, disruption of water supply and sewage systems, insufficient medical care, occurrence of epidemics), complex ecological and the man-made situation, the presence of high-risk enterprises (chemical enterprises, nuclear power plants, oil refineries) and the like. The article examines the characteristic features of possible modern wars and conflicts, analyzes the sources of emergency situations of a military nature, their features and possible consequences for the population and the territory of the state. In addition, an analysis of the specifics of the terrorist nature of Russia's war against Ukraine and the consequences of armed aggression for the country's territory, population, and economy was carried out.

Институт давности освобождения от уголовной ответственности в отношении преступлений террористической направленности

Introduction. The change in the legislative position regarding the application of statute of limitations to crimes involving terrorist activities and the obligatory application of the criminal legislation of Russia and the RSFSR led to the search for a formula for the application of statute of limitations. Joining the composition of international encroachments, in respect of which there is an unconditional ban on the application of statute of limitations, a group of terrorist crimes, formed different positions of law enforcers on comparing the grounds for applying statute of limitations. With regard to acts committed before the introduction in the current criminal law of limitation of statute of limitations for crimes of a terrorist nature, scientific views are reduced to the non-application of a preemptive statute of limitations of 15 years, since the General and Special parts of the criminal law of the Russian Federation are systematically applied. Materials and Methods. The choice of methods is explained by the choice of tasks. The comparative-historical method is used in the work to identify the patterns of application of statute of limitations in a historical perspective; a comparative method was used to summarize the data on the application of the grounds for exemption from criminal liability during the period of the laws of the RSFSR and the Russian Federation, as well as the law of the Russian Federation during the period of application of various editions of Article 78 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Analysis. The procedure for applying the rules on exemption from liability in connection with the expiration of the statute of limitations should not be decided through the prism of the institutions of the operation of the law in time and the retroactive effect of the criminal law. Results. The procedure for implementing the legislative idea of non-application of statute of limitations for terrorist crimes is carried out by implementing the prohibition of applying a pre-trial period to crimes punishable by death.

THE TERRORISM IN POLITICAL RETROSPECT AND MODERN CONDITIONS

The article analyzes various aspects of terrorist activity in historical and political retrospect. The factors of mutual influence of the growth of international tension and the scale of terrorist activity are noted. The issues of the genesis and evolution of terrorism are considered. The scientific positions of the concept of "terrorism" are indicated. The data of the NCFU students' opinion poll on the ideology of terrorism are presented. The main views on the nature of terrorism are outlined. The modern essence of state terrorism is revealed on the example of sabotage by NATO countries against Russia. The terrorist nature of the current stage of Ukraine's domestic and foreign policy is shown.

Уголовная ответственность за создание террористической организации и участие в ней

Introduction. Terrorism does not disdain to incur huge casualties among innocent civilians, and terrorist organizations do not and cannot have just motives for their actions. Terrorist organizations not only kill innocent people, but also destroy historical heritage, cause discord in relations between peoples and countries, which can lead to the termination of the existence of the state, its dismemberment into “appanage principalities”, and even peoples. Materials and methods. The research is based on the analysis of texts by Russian and foreign scientists, which can be divided into two groups: historical and legal. It is very useful to use such methods as historical, systematic, logical and sociological, as well as comparative legal and statistical methods of scientific cognition when studying terrorist organizations. Also, when studying the topic of the article, the Constitution of the Russian Federation, international legal acts, federal legislation, court decisions and departmental regulations were used. Analysis. Terrorist crimes are crimes committed with the aim of creating panic; the purpose of which is to instill fear in society, create a sense of insecurity, and influence decision-making by state bodies. Results. Countries with problems of unemployment and weak state institutions are the most favorable ground for the activities of terrorist organizations. The provision of a full-fledged education and the responsibility of the state to citizens are vital in solving the problem of eradicating terrorism. The norms of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation on crimes of a terrorist nature are not always applied correctly, in addition, they are largely scattered in different parts. In this regard, it is necessary to further study the issues of qualification, it is necessary to improve legislation in the field of terrorism in order to achieve complete safety of life in the Russian Federation.

Социокультурные предпосылки культа агрессии и деструктивных процессов в молодежной среде

The article analyses the socio-cultural preconditions of the cult of aggression and destructive processes in the modern youth environment. The authors point out that the ongoing global hybrid war of information is using the levers of mass culture for its own purposes. The Internet has become one of its main spokespeople and its main advantage - the high speed of spontaneous dissemination of information. In essence, it is about the purposeful formation of a new type of terrorist by the ideologists of terrorist organizations through the distortion of consciousness and worldview. Further the authors specify the marked chronological sequence of application to Russian youth of technologies of management of masses from 2014 to 2021. Such technologies have been organically incorporated into mass Internet culture, not least because of the new ideal of young people - the anti-hero who challenges the system and destroys their enemies exclusively by force. In society today there is a desire for individualism, for isolation. Instead of critical analysis, cliched thinking, born and bred by a crisis of ideals, dominates today. An example is the now booming genre of superhero cinema. Bright heroes in equally bright and grotesque costumes battle some alien evil, destroying half of their own world along the way. It's a dumbing down of sensuality, a domination of form over content, a cliched shell that hides a reverse morality of permissiveness. And this is one of the tenets of terrorist movements and destructive ideologies. In order to confirm these theses, the authors conducted criminological research aimed at identifying the causes of the distortion of the moral image of modern society and moral categories in mass culture. The relationship between the moral values of individuals and their impact on the crime situation in society was studied. The study was conducted among teachers and students of the College of Altai State University. The respondents were also teachers from the Department of Criminal Law and Criminology at the Law Institute and the Department of Social Philosophy, Ontology and Theory of Knowledge at the Institute of Mass Communication, Philosophy and Political Science. A total of 330 respondents, aged 18-25 (students), 30-45 (teachers) were randomly sampled. The results confirmed the authors' hypothesis that the cult of power propagated by the mass media provoked a spontaneous social contamination, which was met by a surge of violent acts of a terrorist nature. Hybrid confrontation between states and uncontrolled, and often encouraged, terrorist activities in the digital sphere have given rise to an aggressive ideal of the hero of our time. Combating this triad requires a solid ideological basis in the anti-terrorist sphere, created through the joint efforts of the state and civil society institutions. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

О роли региональных международных организаций безопасности в противодействии терроризму (на примере Организации Договора о коллективной безопасности)

The article is devoted to the consideration of issues of countering international and regional terrorism through the use of such an institution as a regional international security organization – the Collective Security Treaty Organization. A brief description of modern terrorism and terrorist manifestations in the Central Asian region is given, taking into account the current situation in Afghanistan in the late 20th – early 21st centuries. In historical retrospect, the factors that influenced the growth of terrorist activity are analyzed. The reasons for the creation of a regional international security organization – the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the main provisions of its Charter, especially those related to countering terrorist threats, are investigated. Using the example of the CSTO collective rapid response forces conducting a counter-terrorism operation in Kazakhstan in January 2022, the features of such an interstate type of operational combat event are investigated. Other options for the creation of inter-state antiterrorism units have been studied using the example of the European ATLAS. The main directions of the development of the CSTO in countering terrorism in the region of the Organization’s member states have been identified. The factors that will contribute to improving the effectiveness of the anti-terrorist measures taken to maintain stability in the region, as well as the main determinants of regional terrorism, are identified. The threats of a terrorist nature for the CSTO member states and options for their minimization and elimination through the use of CSTO forces and means are outlined.

MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF DETECTION OF SMALL UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES USING PASSIVE OPTICAL SYSTEMS

The work is devoted to the solution of an actual scientific task in the field of civil protection, namely, the development of a new model for the prevention of emergency situations of a terrorist nature at the objects of the critical infrastructure of Ukraine, which are protected, by means of timely detection and identification of small unmanned aerial vehicles by active optoelectronic means. Based on the analysis, it was established that one of the trends in the development of terrorist scenarios at protected critical infrastructure facilities is the use of various small manned and unmanned aerial vehicles to carry out terrorist acts. This work is a continuation of the cycle of previous works on the development of a structural and logical model for managing an emergency situation of a terrorist nature at an object of critical infrastructure of Ukraine, which is protected, caused by the appearance of small-sized aerial targets, intended for the development and constant implementation of procedures of an organizational and technical nature to ensure the safety of the object to the guarded object, when small air targets appear. A mathematical model for the detection of signals reflected from small aerial targets using active optical systems using the phenomena of light absorption and scattering in optically transparent media has been developed, which represents a system of four analytical dependencies. Further research will be directed to conducting field experiments, performed using a specially designed laboratory setup, and theoretical calculations of the value of expected target detection activities as part of numerous experiments that should prove the reliability of the results obtained in the work. Identified directions of further research regarding the presented mathematical model of detecting signals reflected from small unmanned aerial vehicles using active optical systems that use the phenomena of absorption and scattering of light in optically transparent media will be directed to conducting full-scale experiments performed using a specially developed laboratory installation and theoretical calculations of the value of expected target detection activities as part of numerous experiments, with the aim of proving the reliability of the results obtained in the work. Keywords: emergency situation, small unmanned aerial vehicle, violator, model, protected object.

ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH METHODS OF THERMAL DAMAGE TO STRUCTURES DUE TO FIRE AT CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES

The work is devoted to the solution of an actual scientific task in the field of civil protection, namely, the analysis of methods of researching thermal damage to structures due to fire at critical infrastructure facilities, with the aim of further developing a model for preventing terrorist emergencies at critical infrastructure facilities of Ukraine. This work is a continuation of the cycle of previous works on the development of structural, logical and mathematical models for managing an emergency situation of a terrorist nature at an object of the critical infrastructure of Ukraine, which is protected, which are intended for the development and constant implementation of procedures of an organizational and technical nature that ensure the safety of the object. Further research will be directed to the development of appropriate mathematical models and conducting field experiments, performed using a specially designed laboratory facility to determine the reliability of the latter, comparing theoretical and practical results. Today, there are a number of physical and chemical methods that can be used to reliably determine the signs of a fire and establish the causes of fires. Almost all of them are based on the ability to register structural transformations that occur under the influence of high temperatures and directly from the flames of fires. The problem of obtaining objective data, necessary to establish the center of the fire and the ways of the spread of combustion, remains extremely relevant, especially in cases where it is impossible to examine the objects of the physical environment due to their destruction and removal from the fire site. The task of determining the burning conditions in different fire zones and identifying the focal signs of a fire in yours were not set and solved. The analysis of the electrical resistance of the soot layer makes it possible to investigate the sooting of the place at the site of the fire and, thus, to identify the ways of propagation of the main convective flows and the focal zone. Keywords: emergency, critical infrastructure object, thermal damage.

FEATURES OF THE INVESTIGATION OF CRIMINAL CASES OF TERRORISM

The article is devoted to the consideration of the procedure for investigating crimes of a terrorist nature, identifying the features of conducting both individual investigative actions at various stages of the preliminary investigation, and their complex, as well as carrying out the necessary operational-search measures. When describing the procedure for carrying out the necessary investigative and other procedural actions based on the materials of the audit, as well as during the preliminary investigation in criminal cases of a terrorist orientation, the author analyzes the norms of the current Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation and investigative practice. The criminal procedural problems arising in the investigation of crimes of this category are singled out, as well as the author's proposals for their solution. The content of the article has a practical orientation. The article uses the legal provisions of various legal sciences: criminal procedure, criminalistics, the theory of operational-search activity. When writing the article, empirical and theoretical methods of cognition were used, such as analysis, synthesis, observation, and others, general scientific and special methods. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that the author, based on the study and analysis of investigative practice in the investigation of criminal cases of a terrorist orientation by the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, highlights the investigative-tactical and criminal procedural features of the preliminary investigation in criminal cases of a terrorist orientation. They can be applied both during the investigation as a whole, and in terms of tactics, procedural order, and the production of individual investigative actions. The problems arising at the practical level during the investigation of these criminal cases are indicated. In the article, the author draws attention to the fact that for effective, high-quality and quick investigation of criminal cases of this category, investigators need to carefully plan the investigation of both the criminal case as a whole and individual investigative and other procedural actions. The author also emphasizes the role of the investigator in assessing the materials of the pre-investigation check and in carrying out certain investigative actions at the initial stage of the investigation. Based on the study of practice, specific recommendations have been developed for choosing the optimal solution to emerging problems.

Anti-terrorist protection of places of worship

Terrorist attacks in Europe, which targeted religious sites, forced the security policy of the EU Member States on whose territory they occurred to develop and implement solutions (legal, substantive, technical and physical) proportionate to the nature and type of the facility inquestion. The purpose of their introduction is to strengthen the level of anti-terrorist protection both for the religious site itself and for those in direct contact withit (clergy and participants in liturgical gatherings). The factors proving the attractiveness of religious sites as targets for terrorist attacks, including the main threats to their security, and the required elements of their anti-terrorist protection system remain the same in many countries. It is also important to note that Polish places of religious worship have many characteristics that place them among the public facilities at risk of possible terrorist incidents. However, one can get the impression that the issues concerning their anti-terrorist protection are not treated systematically on the territory of the Republic of Poland. There is a lot of discussion about the security of public facilities, but Polish researchers and practitioner experts in the field of terrorist security have not focused their attention on them in a comprehensive way. A breakthrough in the development and construction of antiterrorist security systems for places of worship, both in the European and Polish dimensions, is the year 2021, because the European Commission finances six projects in this area (one under the leadership of the University of Lodz, implemented in the territory of Poland), which aim to systematize the problems of anti-terrorist protection of religious facilities, and in the future to increase the level of their protection against dangers. The intention of the author of this article is to present solutions in this field, which are being prepared by the European Commission, and to obtain an answer to the question, to what extent Polish religious facilities are prepared for dangerous incidents, especially those of a terrorist nature.

Strategic level of the Polish anti-terrorist system – 15 years of the Interministerial Team for Terrorist Threats

The aim of the article is to summarise 15 years of the functioning of the Interdepartmental Team for Terrorist Threats, established by the Order No. 162 of the Prime Minister of 25 October 2006, as well as to present the evolution of the tasks carried out by this body. The Team, acting under the chairmanship of the minister in charge of internal affairs and consisting of heads of ministries, services and other entities performing tasks related to terrorist threats, sets out the basic directions of the state’s activities in the field of prevention, preparation and response to terrorist threats. As an auxiliary body of the Council of Ministers, it, inter alia, monitors threats of a terrorist nature and presents opinions and conclusions for the Council of Ministers. As part of its work, proposals are also prepared to improve methods and forms of counteracting threats of a terrorist nature and requests to the relevant authorities to undertake legislative work. However, the team’s activity is not limited to the sphere of legislation and also involves, inter alia, working out practical recommendations aimed at improving anti-terrorist security of facilities which may constitute a potential target of an attack or agreeing on procedures for cooperation of relevant services, as well as preparing preventive materials addressed to various groups of recipients. The team’s activities were positively evaluated, among others, during the UN expert evaluation conducted in December 2019.

Suicide that “makes sense” – the mechanism of suicide terrorism

Suicide should be considered one of the most drastic ways of solving life problems by an individual, and today it is increasingly becoming an effective tool for terrorists. Statistics show an increase in the number of terrorist operations, in which the intended effect is the bomber’s suicide, and the number of victims is also growing. The research problem posed in the article is: “How does the need to make sense of the surrounding reality foster the motivation of suicide terrorists?”. The hypothesis formulated for the analysis is as follows: “Suicide is the sense-making factor around which most potential terrorist-suicides organize their lives. The factors conducive to forming an attitude of readiness to commit suicide are part of a culture that glorifies suicide, giving it new meanings, attractive to the individual’s personal and social identity”. The statistics and literature concerning the issue of suicides, especially those of a terrorist nature, are subject to analysis. According to the authors of the article, suicide committed by a terrorist is not an effect of loss of will to live, helplessness, or depression, but it is a factor that generates important existential senses motivating to act. For that reason, the popularity of terrorist suicide operations and the effectiveness of organizations applying terror as a tool to fight for their goals are increasing.

Law enforcement activities to counter extremist and terrorist crime

The article discusses the state of crime of extremist and terrorist nature and its trends. The law enforcement activities of law enforcement agencies is analyzed and its shortcomings are noted, measures to increase the effectiveness of the combating against extremism and terrorism are proposed.

О ПРОБЛЕМАХ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ СУДАМИ УГОЛОВНО-ПРОЦЕССУАЛЬНОГО И УГОЛОВНОГО ЗАКОНОВ ПРИ ВЫНЕСЕНИИ РЕШЕНИЙ ПО УГОЛОВНЫМ ДЕЛАМ О ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЯХ ЭКСТРЕМИСТСКОЙ И ТЕРРОРИСТИЧЕСКОЙ НАПРАВЛЕННОСТИ НЕБОЛЬШОЙ И СРЕДНЕЙ ТЯЖЕСТИ

The author analyzes judicial statistics on crimes of an extremist and terrorist nature and judicial practice on the consideration of criminal cases on crimes of this category of small and medium gravity, and studies the scientific literature on this issue. Despite the fact that these crimes are not the most common, however, in view of their public danger, they cause a strong public response. It is established that the judicial practice in cases of this category is multidirectional, and in some cases contradicts the materials of criminal cases, the decisions of the courts were made as a result of improper application of the criminal law. At the same time, even if the courts take into account all the circumstances of the crime of small and medium gravity of this direction, the current legislation allows the courts to actively terminate criminal cases (criminal prosecution) on non-rehabilitating grounds, including in connection with the appointment of a court fine. In order to form a unified and systematic approach to the legal assessment and evidentiary process in criminal cases of crimes of an extremist and terrorist nature, the author proposes to make additions to the resolutions of the Plenums of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.

Радикальный исламизм как дестабилизирующий фактор для Казахстана

The tragic events of early January 2022 in Kazakhstan, when the protests provoked by socio-economic reasons in a number of regions turned into violent acts of an extremist and terrorist nature, resulting in human casualties, revealed the threat of religious extremism both for the republic itself and for the states bordering it. Despite greater (compared to other Central Asian countries) stability, Kazakhstan faces hidden challenges associated with radical Islamism, which has features specific to this republic. The article examines the external and internal factors that determine the specifics of Islamist extremism in Kazakhstan.

Классификация организационно-технических мер противодействия кибертерроризму в отношении предприятий и организаций

Relevance. Cyberterrorism is dangerous by its actions in all directions, however, one of the desired and priority targets for cybercriminals is precisely enterprises and organizations with large human, financial and other resources. To achieve their criminal goals in this direction, cybercriminals use the full power of modern digital scientific and tech-nological achievements. It is relevant to study the current state of the practice of systematizing organizational and technical measures to counter cyber-terrorism against enterprises and organizations in order to further improve them, in particular, by clarifying their classification. The purpose is to characterize the possibilities of applying a system of organizational and technical measures to counter terrorist cybercrimes on the territory of the Russian Federation. Objectives: study the relevance, types and structure of organizational and technical measures to counter cy-bercrimes of a terrorist nature directed against enterprises and organizations, classify them depending on the frequency of application. Methodology. The methodological base of the research is made up of general scientific and particular scientific methods of cognition of reality, which make it possible to investigate the content of organizational and technical measures to counteract cyberterrorism. Methods of analysis and synthesis, logical, system analysis were applied in the study. Results. In the course of the study, the content of organizational and technical measures to counteract cyber-terrorism in relation to enterprises and organizations was revealed, and their classification was carried out depending on the frequency of their implementation. Conclusions. In countering cyberterrorism against enterprises and organizations, not only the content of the organizational and technical measures to counter cyberterrorism against enterprises and organizations, but also the frequency of their application is of great importance. The optimal classification of the main types of organizational and technical measures to counter cybercrimes of a terrorist nature in relation to enterprises and organizations, depending on the time of their application, is associated with the allocation of four groups of organizational and technical measures that ensure the continuity of countering threats.