Terrorist Nature Research Articles

An up-to-date digital intellectual resource for ensuring biological safety in healthcare

The main results on the creation of the System of intellectual support for management decisions to counter biological threats, including those of a terrorist nature, implemented in the Republic of Adygea, are presented. These results, according to the authors, can form the basis of the National System of Protection against New Infections (Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of October 12, 2020, No. 620).

ОСОБЕННОСТИ УГОЛОВНО-ПРАВОВОЙ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЙ ТЕРРОРИСТИЧЕСКОГО ХАРАКТЕРА

The article deals with the theoretical, legal and applied aspects of the criminal-legal characteristics of crimes of a terrorist nature. Terrorist activities are defined by law as a special type of violence or the threat of its use, which are ac-companied by the advancement of demands by one subject through the implementation of the impact of a psychophysical nature on other subjects, the impact of the physical spectrum on the corresponding objects related to the surrounding reality. The object, the objective side, the subject, the subjective side of terrorist crimes are characterized. Some problems of violation of legal certainty in the design of norms of terrorist legislation, their ambiguity and contradiction, and as a result problems arising in the qualification of the specified type of crimes are considered. Measures have been identified to improve the effectiveness of the application of criminal legislation in order to protect the rights and legitimate interests of victims of crimes, as well as to protect the individual from unlawful and unjustified accusations, as well as to impose a fair punishment on perpetrators.

ЮРИДИЧЕСКИЕ ПРЕДЕЛЫ ПРАВОВОГО РЕЖИМА КОНТРТЕРРОРИСТИЧЕСКОЙ ОПЕРАЦИИ: ПОНЯТИЯ И ВИДЫ

The relevance of considering the topic of this article is due to the need not only for legal science, but also for legal enforcement technology, which closely interacts with the emerging problems of a terrorist nature. In modern conditions of constantly threatening terrorist threat, it is necessary to use extraordinary forms of management, a special legal regime and legal means for the prompt elimination or minimization of the consequences of manifestations of terrorism. As a result, there is a need for scientific development of emergency legal regulation of the counter-terrorist operation regime as a special type of legal regulation. It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the extraordinary legal relations developing during the introduction of the counter-terrorist operation regime need not only legal protection, but also control by the state. The need to determine the limits of the legal regime of a counter-terrorist operation allows one to comply with the measures provided for by the international obligations of the Russian Federation. Compliance with these limits will allow for more reliable protection and protection of human rights and should not entail any discrimination of the population. The work examines the legal limits of the legal regime of the counter-terrorist operation, its concepts and types.

Formation of a System for Countering Terrorism in the CIS Space

The article presents an analysis of the key areas of combating threats of an extremist and terrorist nature on the territory of the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States. The authors considered the evolution of the development of terrorist threats and political risks, as well as the factors and reasons that contributed to the growth of radicalization of public consciousness, especially in the Central Asian region. Faced with the threat of terrorism, the leadership of the Commonwealth countries realized the need to form an effective counteraction system, a set of joint measures was implemented for these purposes, model legislation was adopted, decision-making mechanisms in crisis situations were worked out. However, the practice of terrorist activity is constantly improving and changing, which requires the leadership of the Commonwealth countries to effectively respond to new challenges and realities, harmonize national legislation, and use new forms and methods of struggle.

Learning Lessons from Countering Terrorism: the UK Experience 2017–2020

Research QuestionWhat lessons can be learned from counter-terrorism policing in a recent 3-year time period in which the UK suffered the loss of 41 lives by 12 terrorist attacks, with the concurrent successful disruption of 29 other attacks?DataA 2017 internal review into the 2017 attacks was undertaken by police and MI5, yielding 104 recommendations for improved practices. This list was later complemented by multiple reviews in 2018–2020 that led to more than 400 further recommendations for multiple counter terrorism partners.MethodsThematic analysis of these 500 + recommendations led to the author’s distillation, as a participant observer, of 8 key focal points for future efforts to prevent terrorist attacks.FindingsEight themes uniting the recommendations for developing future CT practice emerged from the internal reviews, raising complex issues of (1) data, (2) partnerships, (3) right-wing terrorism, (4) the 625,000 crowded public spaces in the UK, (5) online harm, (6) management of convicted terrorists, (7) domestic growth of terrorism replacing overseas direction and (8) earlier onset of terrorist commitments, from age 13.ConclusionsThese thematic findings led to four conclusions: (a) the Protect Duty will provide an improved framework for countering terrorism, (b) we must adapt to the changing nature of terrorists, (c) we must increase our efforts against online harm and (d) we must renew and sustain our commitment to the Prevent pillar of the CONTEST strategy, which is now and shall be fit for purpose.

GLOBALIZATION – A FORM OF MANIFESTATION OF THE HYBRID WAR

Abstract: The growing scale and diversity of specific events of globalization, taking place on a global scale in the first two decades of the 21st century prove indisputably that actions assimilated to the hybrid warfare have become the most significant threat to nations. Unlike conventional warfare, hybrid forms do not involve direct or declarative actions of open conflict, but rather involve complex issues that are constantly unfolding and that are constantly evolving. Like globalization, the conflict no longer has a geographical delimitation or an infrastructure component, and populations are no longer the main fighters of these conflicts. In this article I will seek to answer some questions about the phenomenon of globalization and its implications for amplifying the manifestations of hybrid warfare in the contemporary operational environment, especially those of a cyber, terrorist, climatological, biological and organized crime nature, while presenting the concerns of international actors for increasing investments in research in the armament industry, improving military intelligence and long-range capabilities, in order to use military power as a tool of intimidation in foreign policy, active involvement of forces in punishing actors on the “axis of evil”, as well as the partial recovery of old areas of influence at regional or global level.

Information-analytical model of psychophysiological state of the operator of the main control panel of the critical infrastructure object

In this work, an information and analytical model of the psychophysiological state of the operator of the main control panel of a critical infrastructure facility has been developed, which provides an objective process for revealing a latent negative impact on people who provide the main production process at the enterprise. It is shown that the features of management of an emergency of a terrorist nature in the interests of its prevention and prevention, caused by a hidden electromagnetic effect on the operational composition of a critical infrastructure facility, are determined by taking into account five factors. This is control over the level of electromagnetic radiation and the psycho-emotional state of the personnel of the facility, the prevention of errors of the operational staff and hidden psycho-emotional impact on him, technical counteraction of the hidden electromagnetic influence. Theoretically, there are three possible solutions to the problem. The first is the positioning of the language source. The second definition of the boundaries of the linguistic parameters of the individual in various psychophysical states. The third definition of the psychophysical state of the operator by the discrete components of his linguistic spectrum. Obtaining this model of obtaining this model is achieved by determining the psychophysiological state of the operator. The information-analytical model of the psychophysiological state of the operator of the main control panel of the critical infrastructure facility is a system of three dependencies. The first of them describes the psychophysiological state of the operator, they change during the performance of his functional duties. The second describes the i-th element of the current psychophysiological state of the operator, changes in time, and the third describes the development of anomalies in the i-th element of the psychophysiological state of the operator, making it difficult for him to perform his duties.

Application of Special Knowledge in the Investigation of Extremist Crimes Committed on the Internet, as well as Crimes of a Terrorist Nature in the Practice of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation

The paper examines topical issues of countering extremist and terrorist crimes. An analysis of terrorist activity was carried out in accordance with the available statistics for the past five years. It was noted that it is necessary to intensify preventive work to identify recruiters and accomplices of terrorists, to cut off the channels for the supply of weapons and money, to suppress the propaganda activities of radicals and extremists on the Internet. A brief forensic characteristic of extremist crimes committed using the Internet is given. Some features of the disclosure and investigation of such criminal acts are highlighted, a number of examples from the practice of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation are given. The types of forensic examinations that can be assigned for these categories of cases were considered, the main of which are computer (computer-technical), linguistic examinations. It is emphasized that an effective investigation of extremist crimes committed using the Internet is unthinkable without the implementation of the possibilities of using special knowledge during the investigation.

О преступлениях террористического характера и экстремистской направленности, совершаемых с использованием сферы телекоммуникаций и компьютерной информации

The article provides a brief analysis of extremist and terrorist crimes committed using the field of telecommunications and computer information. Specific examples are given, taken from the daily practical activities of the staff of the units to combat extremism and terrorism. Reveals: subjective characterological peculiarity of the personality of the suspect; some modern methods used to timely obtain the necessary information and disclose crimes of a terrorist nature and extremist orientation; forensic features of the considered types of crimes. The relationship between the crimes included in Ch. 28 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, with other types of crimes. The statistics presented in the collections of the PKU ‘The Main Information and Analytical Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia’. ‘The state of crime in Russia’ for 2016–2019 and nine months of 2020.

Policja w działaniach antyterrorystycznych

Artykuł jest poświęcony funkcjonowaniu Policji w systemie bezpieczeństwa państwa w kontekście zagrożenia terroryzmem. Opisuje podstawowe zadania tej grupy dyspozycyjnej w zakresie zapobiegania, przeciwdziałania i neutralizowania skutków działań o charakterze terrorystycznym. Analizie podlega także zakres uprawnień ustawowych Policji w związku z wejściem w życie z dniem 2 lipca 2016 r. tzw. ustawy antyterrorystycznej.

Правосознание как фактор снижения экстремистских настроений у молодежи в России

The study aims to determine the influence that the level of legal awareness has on extremist sentiment among the Russian youth. The work is novel in that it proves that legal awareness as an invariant of reducing nihilism will be able to influence the younger generation’s tendency to join organisations of extremist and terrorist nature. As a result of the study, the author has justified the need to improve the level of legal culture, since it is a necessary condition for education of an individual as a full participant in social relations. All of this will contribute not only to development of legislation, social stability but also to fulfilment of civil rights and liberties. However, all the social institutions - family, school, university, public organisations and associations, state authorities, etc. - should take part in this process.

International responsibility for the actions of militant armed groups and Children’s Role in Armed Conflicts, with an emphasis on the crises of Iraq and Syria

One of the most important questions that may arise in connection with the role of governments in wars and internal armed conflicts created by the actions of armed groups is the extent to which governments are responsible for supporting these groups.The international responsibility of governments should be distinguished from the international responsibility of militia groups themselves and the criminal responsibility of their members. The most important question of the present study is to investigate the extent of the responsibility of the governments supporting the militia groups in Iraq and Syria according to the international rules and recognizing that the children, as a vulnerable segment of society, also thrives in times of crisis and emergency, legal protection is enshrined in international instruments, mainly in human rights and humanitarian law which is the duty of governments to provide special protection to children, including the prohibition of employing and employing children in the armed forces, maintaining the physical and mental health of children, the right to security and protection from arrest and detention,family rights,educational and cultural rights, and related rights with refugee and displaced children, special and fair trial, citizenship, the prohibition of slavery, and forced labor are mandatory. Regarding the impact of the actions of militia groups such as ISIS and Al-Nusra and other terrorist groups on Iraqi and Syrian territory, it should be noted that their terrorist nature has been identified since the formation of these groups. The responsibility of the states that support these groups, although not in accordance with the laws of the International Law Commission on Government Responsibility,can be established and recognized in accordance with customary international rules

Doctrinal comprehension of cyber terrorism in the context of intensive development of information and communication technologies in the modern world

The paper examines the doctrinal aspects of understanding cyber terrorism as an atypical manifestation (form) of traditional terrorism updated in light of the intensive development and widespread dissemination of information and communication technologies (ICT) in the modern world. The conclusion is substantiated that cyber terrorism is a conceptually relevant concept, which is perceived either as a method of committing a terrorist act (reduced understanding), or as any crimes of a terrorist nature that are committed using information and communication technologies (broad understanding). Analysis and generalization of scientific positions allowed us to define this phenomenon of social reality as the illegal use of information and communication technologies in relation to computer information, computer systems and networks in critical segments of the state and in the private sector, which pose a risk of death, causing significant property damage or the onset of other socially dangerous consequences, with the aim of whipping up fear and tension, as well as influencing the authorities for political or other motives characteristic of the ideology of terrorism.

Le Service de Santé des Armées face aux risques sanitaires majeurs d’origine infectieuse. Une mise en œuvre de l’éthique de responsabilité

En 2020, la pandémie de COVID-19 a sollicité en France le Service de Santé des Armées (SSA) pour le soutien de la population sur son territoire national mais aussi outre-mer, à Mayotte et en Guyane. Chargé du soutien sanitaire des forces, le SSA évolue depuis le XVIIIe siècle selon le format des Armées mais aussi selon la nature des conflits, ces changements s’accompagnant de questions éthiques et morales. Si des règles de déontologie médicale s’appliquent aux praticiens, ces derniers sont aussi militaires : dans ce contexte, les notions d’éthique de responsabilité et d’éthique de conviction interrogent. Ses questions sont plus complexes encore lorsque ces militaires sont projetés en opérations extérieures où les conflits actuels, à caractère terroriste, exposent particulièrement les populations locales, les femmes et les enfants spécifiquement. Néanmoins, le SSA peut aussi être projeté pour répondre à des problématiques exclusivement sanitaires (hors conflits) comme lors de l’épidémie d’Ebola en Guinée en 2014, ou plus récemment à Mulhouse avec la COVID-19. Ce dernier point fait craindre le développement du bioterrorisme où les questions d’éthique médico-militaire seraient alors bien complexes ; elles doivent donc être prises en compte et analysées, mais aussi élargies à une sensibilisation des forces combattantes.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ОТДЕЛЬНЫХ СЛЕДСТВЕННЫХ ДЕЙСТВИЙ ПРИ РАССЛЕДОВАНИИ ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЙ ЭКСТРЕМИСТКОЙ НАПРАВЛЕННОСТИ И ТЕРРОРИСТИЧЕСКОГО ХАРАКТЕРА В УСЛОВИЯХ СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ НАПРЯЖЕННОСТИ

Terrorism and extremism are closely related to social tension, on the one hand, significantly increasing its level, on the other hand, using this factor to achieve their criminal goals. The conditions of social tension are a factor that determines the need to make adjustments to typical algorithms for investigating crimes of an extremist and terrorist nature in order to build versions in a timely manner at the initial and subsequent stages of the investigation, optimize the planning process on the case, and implement investigative actions, including in conditions of opposition from stakeholders. persons. The features of the production of such investigative actions in the investigation of crimes of an extremist and terrorist nature in conditions of social tension, such as an inspection of the scene, search, interrogation, as well as some features of the appointment and production of expert examinations.

Environmental terrorism and socio-economic factors in the mechanism of countering terrorist crimes

In the modern period of the widespread processes of globalization, integration and rapid migration, complicated foreign policy relations of a number of states belonging to transnational blocs defending opposing interests, of course, the problem of effectively countering terrorist and extremist activities, as well as preventing the spread of relevant ideologies, is becoming particularly acute. The international community, realizing the danger of terrorism and striving to develop effective measures to prevent it, has adopted a number of documents, which include United Nations conventions (for example, the International Convention for the Suppression of the Taking of Hostages, the International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings, the International Convention for the Suppression of financing of terrorism). The increased importance of this type of crime is also confirmed by the consolidation in federal legislation of the relevant concepts and forms in which the considered illegal activity can be carried out, the methods of its prevention and sanctions used for committing offenses of an extremist and terrorist nature. The main normative legal acts in this area are the federal laws of July 25, 2002 No. 114-FZ “On Countering Extremist Activity” and of March 6, 2006 No. 35-FZ “On Countering Terrorism.” For the purposes of criminal law enforcement of countering terrorism and in the interests of fulfilling international obligations, the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of June 13, 1996 (as amended on November 28, 2015, hereinafter referred to as the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) establishes responsibility for the commission of crimes against international security.

Russian system of preservation of anthropological potential in the face of increasing threat of emergency situations, natural, man-made and terrorist nature

The problem of prevention and liquidation of emergency situations, including terrorist acts is investigated. The improvement of weapons and the professionalization of terrorist organizations make it difficult to determine the cause of natural and man-made emergencies. Therefore, the dominance in Russia of the territorial principle of functioning of the unified state system for the prevention and elimination of emergency situations meets the challenges of time less and less. The urgency of mechanisms of extraterritorial mobilization of forces and means of prevention and liquidation of emergency situations is proved. The existing system of prevention and liquidation of emergency situations of natural and man-made character is connected with the key role of the Ministry of emergency situations of Russia. At the same time, the military Department is in charge of responding to emergency situations determined by military threats. It is proposed to change this hierarchy, defining the leading role of the military Ministry.

Законодательная регламентация преступлений террористического характера в России до Октябрьской революции 1917 г.

The history of the development of legislation on criminal liability for crimes of a terrorist nature in Russia has changed. The modern perception of the criminal phenomenon under consideration, as we note, is reduced to the ideology of violence, the motivation and goals of which depend on what is at its core, for example, politics, religion, racism, and so on. The analysis of legislative acts before the October revolution of 1917 allows us to identify the objects of terrorist influence (representatives of the authorities, the gov-ernment, the head of state) and the methods of committing such criminal at-tacks (deliberate arson, explosion), which in practice had a certain criminal legal significance for the qualification and appointment of punishment. The work focuses on the fact that only some provisions of the articles of the Rus-sian Pravda, the Sudebnik of 1497 and 1550, the Pskov and Novgorod Court Documents, the Cathedral Code of 1649, the Military Code of 1715, the Code on Criminal and Correctional Punishments of 1845 contained signs of terrorist actions. In the course of the study, we conclude that no legislative act of the pre-Soviet period contained a terminological base that defines terrorist crimes as such. The wave of terror in the 19th–20th centuries. it resulted in the mass death of people and the commission of a number of other acts. Deliberate arson and explosions cause intimidation and cause significant damage to the interests of the individual, society and the State. The research in the scientific work shows that terrorism as an independent type of crime has been legally regulated since 1992.

Mechanisms for freezing terrorist assets and their using within the operational-search activity

One of the areas of focus of counterterrorism efforts is eliminating the financial capabilities of terrorism. It is performed using different mechanisms which include tools of freezing property used for acts of a terrorist nature or their financing. The results of the application of the above-mentioned mechanisms allow making a supposition of the lack of efficacy of their use. As can be seen from the above, a need for scientific studies of problems related to using tools of freezing terrorists’ assets arises in order to increase its efficiency. The purpose of this study is to identify problems arising in the field of using tools of freezing property belonging to persons involved in acts of a terrorist nature. The empirical foundation of the study was the information concerning the activity progress in the area of combating the financing of terrorism, as well as the legal instruments that regulate this work. As part of the study, the methods of theoretical modeling, analysis and synthesis of principles of law and legal interpretation were applied. The study performed allowed coming to some results not previously presented in the scientific literature. Thus, the authors drafted proposals of affording a legal opportunity for all authorities authorized to perform operational-search activity, of submitting in a proactive manner at the Rosfinmonitoring (the Federal Financial Monitoring Service of the Russian Federation) the documents containing foundations for the insertion in the List of Individuals and Groups, in respect of which there is information about their involvement in extremist activities or terrorism, as well as of introducing changes in Art. 11 of the Federal Law “Concerning operational-search activity”, which allow using the results of operational-search activity for making decisions on freezing assets belonging to persons involved in acts of a terrorist nature or its financing.

О некоторых проблемах и перспективах противодействия экстремизму и терроризму в уголовно-исполнительной системе

The article deals with some issues related to the detention of persons sentenced to imprisonment for crimes of a terrorist nature and extremist orientation. The authors, based on the analysis of departmental instructions, instructions, reports on countering extremism and terrorism in the criminal executive system of Russia, the practical activities of institutions and bodies executing criminal penalties, outlined the most important problems in this direction. In addition, the paper considers the main measures of preventive work of terrorist and extremist manifestations, based on the provisions of the Comprehensive Plan for Countering the Ideology of Terrorism in the Russian Federation for 2019-2023.