Ternary System Research Articles

Coupled phase diagram study and thermodynamic modeling of the Na2O-B2O3-ZnO system

The Phase diagram of ternary Na2O-B2O3-ZnO system was investigated for the first time using the classical equilibration/quenching method and differential thermal analysis followed by the phase analysis using the Electron Probe Micro-Analysis (EPMA) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The isothermal phase diagrams of this ternary system at 900, 1000 and 1100 °C were determined, and the melting temperatures of two ternary compounds were investigated using Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA). The thermodynamic modeling of ternary Na2O-B2O3-ZnO system was carried out based on the present ternary phase diagram data and the optimized model parameters of binary systems. Thermodynamic models with optimized model parameters were used to predict the phase diagram of the ternary Na2O-B2O3-ZnO system.

Thermodynamic analysis of energy coupling by determination of the Onsager phenomenological coefficients for a 3×3 system of coupled chemical reactions and transport in ATP synthesis and its mechanistic implications

The nonequilibrium coupled processes of oxidation and ATP synthesis in the fundamental process of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) are of vital importance in biosystems. These coupled chemical reaction and transport bioenergetic processes using the OXPHOS pathway meet >90% of the ATP demand in aerobic systems. On the basis of experimentally determined thermodynamic OXPHOS flux-force relationships and biochemical data for the ternary system of oxidation, ion transport, and ATP synthesis, the Onsager phenomenological coefficients have been computed, including an estimate of error. A new biothermokinetic theory of energy coupling has been formulated and on its basis the thermodynamic parameters, such as the overall degree of coupling, q and the phenomenological stoichiometry, Z of the coupled system have been evaluated. The amount of ATP produced per oxygen consumed, i.e. the actual, operating P/O ratio in the biosystem, the thermodynamic efficiency of the coupled reactions, η, and the Gibbs free energy dissipation, Φ have been calculated and shown to be in agreement with experimental data. At the concentration gradients of ADP and ATP prevailing under state 3 physiological conditions of OXPHOS that yield Vmax rates of ATP synthesis, a maximum in Φ of ∼0.5J(hmgprotein)−1, corresponding to a thermodynamic efficiency of ∼60% for oxidation on succinate, has been obtained. Novel mechanistic insights arising from the above have been discussed. This is the first report of a 3 × 3 system of coupled chemical reactions with transport in a biological context in which the phenomenological coefficients have been evaluated from experimental data.

Ternary system rock salt Li3NbO4–Li2TiO3–MgO microwave dielectric ceramics with low loss for resonator antenna applications

A novel type of Li3NbO4–Li2TiO3-xMgO (LLMx, x = 1–5) ceramics were prepared using the solid-state reaction method. When the sintering temperature is between 1180 °C and 1300 °C, the solid solution ceramics with cubic rock salt structure are obtained. As the MgO content increases, the εr value decreases, the τf value is basically constant, and Q×f exhibits ideal dielectric properties at x = 4 (εr = 15.26, Q×f = 119,456 GHz (f = 9.97 GHz), τf = −35.9 ppm/°C). The Raman spectrum analysis was used to examine and understand the vibration mode and intrinsic mechanism of dielectric properties in ceramics. Additionally, a dielectric resonant antenna based on LLM4 ceramic is fabricated with a resonant frequency of 7.23 GHz (|S11| = −45.6 dB), a higher gain and broadband width of 501 MHz.

Diffusion coefficients and atomic mobilities in the BCC phase of the Al–Nb–V system

Diffusion coefficients in the BCC phase of the Al–Nb–V ternary system are studied for the first time, including an assessment of the atomic mobilities. Ternary interdiffusion coefficients are obtained from the intersecting diffusion paths of several sets of diffusion couples that are annealed at both 1100 °C and 1200 °C. Existing experimental data from the pertinent binary systems are also employed for the assessments of atomic mobilities using the 1-parameter Z-Z-Z binary diffusion coefficient model developed by Zhong et al [1]. Interdiffusion coefficients in the BCC region of the Al–V system are also extracted through a forward-simulation analysis and incorporated into the mobility modeling. A complete description of diffusion in the BCC phase of the Al–Nb–V system is presented following the Binary and Cross-Binary Parameters Only (BCBPO) model developed by Zhong and Zhao [2]. Our data will be valuable input to diffusion-related simulation of refractory high entropy alloys containing aluminum.

Selection of Optimum Ternary Binder Systems that Enhance the Workability and Durability of Concrete used in Marine Railways

In this study, the improvement of the compressive strength and duradbility of concrete used in marine railways by adding binding agents was investigated. The test speciments used in the study comprised developed product A (DP_A), developed product B (DP_B), Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), admixture A, and admixture B, in the study, the optimum ternary binder systems of the test specimens were identified. An optimum ternary binder system would facilitate the simultaneous enhancement of the durability and workability of concrete used on undersea tunnel linings and bridge structures. The compressive strength of each specimen tested after 16h could easily meet the specified standard target strength (> 3.0_MPa). Moreover, the 7d long term strength of each test specimen exceeded 3.0 MPa. When binders were used, the chloride penetration resistance (DP_A was exceptional)_2.741C (normal) and, 1.490C (low) following-28 and 91days. The surface diffustion coefficient of (DP_B) at 91days 9.12 (× 10-12, m<sup>2</sup>/sec) was higher than that of OPC 9.55 (× 10-12, m<sup>2</sup>/sec). However, the surface diffusion coefficient of (DP_A) was 4.15 (× 10-12, m<sup>2</sup>/sec) which was lower than OPC by approximately 57%, indicating the outstanding durability of DP_A.

Boosting organic phosphorescence in adaptive host-guest materials by hyperconjugation

Phosphorescence is ubiquitous in heavy atom-containing organic phosphors, which attracts considerable attention in optoelectronics and bioelectronics. However, heavy atom-free organic materials with efficient phosphorescence are rare under ambient conditions. Herein, we report a series of adaptive host-guest materials derived from dibenzo-heterocyclic analogues, showing host-dependent color-tunable phosphorescence with phosphorescence efficiency of up to 98.9%. The adaptive structural deformation of the guests arises from the hyperconjugation, namely the n→π* interaction, enabling them to inhabit the cavity of host crystals in synergy with steric effects. Consequently, a perfect conformation match between host and guest molecules facilitates the suppression of triplet exciton dissipation, thereby boosting the phosphorescence of these adaptive materials. Moreover, we extend this strategy to a ternary host-guest system, yielding both excitation- and time-dependent phosphorescence with a phosphorescence efficiency of 92.0%. This principle provides a concise way for obtaining efficient and color-tunable phosphorescence, making a major step toward potential applications in optoelectronics.

Structural elucidation of ternary mixtures of L‐valine/glycyl‐L‐valine and water + 1‐decyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bromide: Apparent molar properties at infinite dilution and expansivities

AbstractThis work comprises ternary systems of water + SAIL,1‐decyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bromide, and (S)‐2‐Amino‐3‐methylbutanoic acid generally identified as L‐valine/ (S)‐2‐(2‐Aminoacetamido)‐3‐methylbutanoic acid usually described as glycyl‐L‐valine, densities, and sound speed data have been computed at four operating temperatures, i.e., 288.15 to 318.15 K. Calculated density data have utilized for calculation of various thermodynamic parameters like Vϕ (apparent molar volume), (apparent molar volumes at infinite dilution), and calculated speed of sound statistics used to determine Kϕ,s (apparent molar isentropic compression), Ks (partial molar isentropic compression at infinite dilution). In our systems, the hydrophilic‐ionic interactions that are produced by co‐sphere overlap models are predominant. The Hepler's constant is used to analyze the solute's capacity to create or destroy solvent structures. The interaction parameter is computed using the McMillan‐Mayer theory. Understanding structure‐making, solvation characteristics, and numerous modifications in the ternary system of L‐valine/Glycyl‐L‐valine, water, and [C10MIm] [Br] is aided by a variety of thermodynamic factors.

Thermodynamic and quantum chemical investigation of MIBK as a liquid phase extraction solvent for separating pyridine compounds from water

Pyridine compounds play a crucial role in the synthesis of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals; however, the generation of a large amount of wastewater may pose a threat to the ecological environment and human health. Considering environmental factors and economic benefits, it is essential to explore efficient methods for separating pyridine compounds from water. In this study, pyridine compounds were separated from water by liquid–liquid extraction using MIBK as solvent. Liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data for the ternary system water + pyridine compounds(pyridine, 2-methylpyridine, 3-methylpyridine, 2,6-dimethylpyridine, and 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine) + MIBK were measured at 303.2 K and 101.3 kPa. Subsequently, the distribution coefficient (D) and separation factor (S) were calculated based on the obtained data, serving as indicators to evaluate the performance of the extractant. The LLE data were then correlated with NRTL and UNIQUAC models to obtain binary interaction parameters. The accuracy of the regressed binary interaction parameters was assessed through Gibbs energy topology analysis. To explore the intrinsic mechanism of extraction between MIBK and pyridine or alkylpyridines, the σ-profile was used to investigate the interaction form between MIBK and pyridine or alkylpyridines. Based on this, quantum chemical calculations and wave function analysis were used to reveal the molecular-level separation mechanism. The interaction behavior of the MIBK and pyridine or alkylpyridines systems was systematically investigated. The results indicate that van der Waals forces are the main intermolecular interactions, and it is through these strong forces that MIBK can efficiently separate pyridine and alkylpyridines from water.

A highly efficient ternary extraction system with tributyl phosphate/crown ether/NaNTf2 for the recovery of Li+ from low-grade salt lakes

A great challenge is to develop suitable techniques to extract Li+ resources from low-grade salt-lake brines with high Mg/Li ratios. In this study, an efficient ternary extraction system has been constructed using tributyl phosphate (TBP) and crown ether (CE) as the extractant and sodium bistrifluoromethylsulfonimide (NaNTf2) as the auxiliary extractant to extract Li+. Results showed that the single-stage ELi% and SFLi-Mg were up to 74.1 % and 757, respectively, when the O/A was 1, 0.02 mol/l Li+ and 0.232 mol/l Mg2+. It is noteworthy that the elution of Li+ was also as high as 100 % at an O/A volume ratio of 5, when 0.5 mol/l HCl was used as the counter-extractant to recovery Li+. The NMR and FTIR analysis and molecular dynamics (MD) and density functional theory (DFT) revealed that the exceptional performance of the three-component extraction system was attributed to the optimal matching between the diameter of Li+ and the cavity size of the CE, as well as the strong affinity exhibited by CE, TBP, and NTf2− towards Li+. Specifically, the 2TBP-LiNTf2-CE-LiNTf2 complex structure with the highest binding energy displayed the most structure. In summary, this work paves the way for the recovery of Li+ from low-grade salt-lake brine.

Fabrication and characterization of bifunctional PCL/chitosan scaffolds decorated with MXene nanoflakes for bone tissue engineering

The implantation of bioresorbable compositions has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy to treat damaged bone tissues. To develop versatile bone scaffolds, polycaprolactone (PCL) is known as a dominant polymeric material regarding its unique biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, using PCL in a single structure reveals insufficient mechanical properties, in tandem with poor biological activity. To modulate these features, the combination of PCL and chitosan has been broadly proposed due to the proper bioactivity behavior of the chitosan component. It is also declared that the presence of MXene elements in the bone scaffolds could enhance the osteogenic impact and modify the mechanical behavior to match the surrounding bone tissue. To explore the synergetic effect of chitosan and MXene in enhancing the features of PCL structure, the PCL/chitosan/MXene ternary system was designed in this study. Accordingly, MXene nanosheets were synthesized and incorporated with various filler contents of 1, 3, and 5 % into PCL/chitosan to boost the overall characteristics. The obtained data exhibited a rise in porosity ratio from 22 to 30 % and a decrease in contact angle from 95.45 to 79.86⁰ by embedding MXene up to 3 %. Young's modulus was enhanced from 0.4 to 1.2 MPa, corroborating the generation of scaffolds with superior mechanical strength and rigidity. The compositions containing MXene up to 3 % revealed no cytotoxicity and human osteoblast cell assay approved the cell adhesion affinity of the designed architectures. Furthermore, the presence of MXene nanosheets resulted in the promoting of antimicrobial features in the membranes as a bifunctional behavior. Correspondingly, embedding an optimized ratio of MXene nanoparticles into the PCL/chitosan scaffold could create a suitable scaffolding architecture toward the generation of new bone tissues, benefiting appropriate cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation.

Utilization of carbonated alkaline solid wastes in ordinary Portland cement-metakaolin-limestone ternary mixture: Underlying the role of low grade-sustainable calcium carbonate sources

Alkaline solid wastes are widely generated as by-products annually from construction demolition, steel making, and metal refining industries. Consequently, there is high pressure on their disposal and environmental protection. Carbonation treatment of alkaline solid wastes provides a potential way to valorize CO2 and produce low-grade artificial limestone particles. This study investigates the utilization of carbonated alkaline wastes, including recycled cement fines, steel slag, iron recycled steel slag, and magnesium slag in green ternary cement (limestone-metakaolin-cement system) production. The detailed characterization of carbonated alkaline solid wastes and the performance of metakaolin-cement based ternary systems were evaluated. The reaction mechanism of carbonated alkaline wastes in metakaokin-cement based binder is proposed. The results indicated carbonated alkaline solid waste powder containing relatively low calcite (14.4%–50.38%) and negative surface charges. In addition, the amount of reactive Si at Q3 and Q4 were observed. The precipitated calcite on the surface of particles resulted in the deterioration of the workability of ternary mixtures compared to natural limestone. However, the equivalent amount of CO3-AFm phases produced by precipitated calcium carbonate and additional hydrates from the reaction of amorphous silica in carbonated alkaline solid wastes contributed to a comparable mechanical performance (49.5 MPa–50.82 MPa) and compact microstructure of ternary binders. Carbonated alkaline solid wastes can be a sustainable component to replace natural limestone in green ternary cement production.

High-Throughput Screening for Boride Superconductors.

A high-throughput screening using density functional calculations is performed to search for stable boride superconductors from the existing materials database. The workflow employs the fast frozen-phonon method as the descriptor to evaluate the superconducting properties quickly. Twenty-three stable candidates were identified during the screening. The superconductivity was obtained earlier experimentally or computationally for almost all found binary compounds. Previous studies on ternary borides are very limited. Our extensive search among ternary systems confirmed superconductivity in known systems and found several new compounds. Among these discovered superconducting ternary borides, TaMo2B2 shows the highest superconducting temperature of ∼12 K. Most predicted compounds were synthesized previously; therefore, our predictions can be examined experimentally. Our work also demonstrates that the boride systems can have diverse structural motifs that lead to superconductivity.

Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Matter In Nuclear Waste Liquid Under Visible Light by a Ternary Thin Layer System Based on g-C3N4

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-based materials are considered promising catalysts for organic waste photodegradation due to their excellent photocatalytic activity and stability. Herein, a ternary thin layer system based on g-C3N4 was prepared by hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) deposition followed by liquid phase ultrasonic stripping and Ag deposition (marked as Ag-BCN), which increased the specific surface area of g-C3N4, expanded the corresponding range of the visible-near-infrared spectrum of g-C3N4 and promoted the photo-generated electron–hole pair separation in g-C3N4 to improve the photocatalytic efficiency of pure g-C3N4. The results showed that after deposition of h-BN and Ag into bulk g-C3N4 and liquid phase ultrasonic stripping, the efficiency of photocatalytic degradation of tannic acid (TA) was enhanced. The efficiency of photocatalytic degradation of TA by Ag-BCN-2 was 84.3% at 90 min, which was 1.6 times the efficiency of bulk g-C3N4.

A force field for the solubility of cellulose in DMSO/Ionic liquids

AbstractWe present the extension of our all-atom force field BILFF (Bio-polymers in Ionic Liquids Force Field) to the co-solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). BILFF already includes force field parameters for several imidazolium- and triazolium-based ionic liquids, water, and the bio-molecule cellulose. DMSO is known to increase the cellulose solubility of [EMIm][OAc] when applied as an additive. Our focus is on a correct reproduction of the hydrogen bonds in the ternary system of [EMIm]$$^+$$ + , [OAc]$$^-$$ - , water and DMSO compared to ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. For this purpose, the results from force field MD simulations such as radial and distance–angle distribution functions are compared with the reference AIMD simulation. Based on this, the force field parameters (starting from OPLS–AA) are iteratively adjusted. Four systems, pure and aqueous DMSO as well as DMSO in pure and aqueous [EMIm][OAc], are considered and additionally compared to DMSO-free [EMIm][OAc] systems. A very good agreement with respect to the microstructure of the quantum chemical reference simulations as well as to experimental data such as density, diffusion coefficients, enthalpy of vaporization, compressibility and thermal expansion coefficients can be observed over a wide temperature range. BILFF thus enables accurate simulations of larger systems of solvated cellulose in (aqueous) [EMIm][OAc] and the co-solvent DMSO.

Multi-scale simulation of microstructural evolution for molten U–Zr–O ternary system

The morphological evolution of the molten corium is critical to the success of the “in-vessel retention” (IVR) strategy, which is of great significance for the safety of the nuclear industry under severe accidents. However, the direct observation of microstructural evolution by experiments is impossible in extreme conditions. Herein, a multi-scale simulation approach was employed to investigate the microstructural evolution and related mechanisms for the molten U–Zr–O ternary system. First, based on the reported calculated phase diagram, a simplified free energy formula describing a phase diagram of U–Zr–O was determined, where only liquid phases are focused. Then, the atomic diffusion coefficients were calculated by ab-initio molecular dynamics simulations. Based on such information, a homemade phase-field model was developed, which was coupled with Cahn–Hillard and Navier–Stokes equations. Accordingly, the microstructural evolution of molten U–Zr–O materials was systematically investigated. The results reveal that the evolution of the molten core was driven by both the decreasing free energy and gravity potential, accessing the final morphology of the system as a two-layer structure, including a metallic layer and an oxidized layer. Moreover, diverse intermediate morphologies could be observed from different initial component distributions, although their average compositions were identical. Finally, some intermediate simulated microstructural patterns agreed well with experimental observation, demonstrating the unstable structures captured by experiments and the validity of the simulations. The present study provides an effective approach to investigate the microstructural evolution of molten core and a guideline for optimizing the IVR strategy based on different morphologies in the corium.

Physiochemical study of 1-methyl imidazole trifluoro methane sulfonate ionic liquid in aqueous and aqueous amino acid solutions at different temperatures

The experimental density and speed of sound of 1-methyl imidazole trifluoro methane sulfonate ionic liquid in aqueous binary ([MIm][OTf]+H2O) solution and aqueous ternary ([MIm][OTf] + 0.05 mol.kg−1 aqueous glycine) solution are reported in the dilute concentration range (0.06 to 0.16 mol.kg−1) at the temperature between 288.15 and 318.15 K with 5K interval and at atmospheric pressure. These density (ρ) and speed of sound (u) data are utilized to derive various significant thermophysical parameters namely apparent molar volume of solute (Vϕ), isentropic compressibility of solution (κs) and apparent molar isentropic compressibility of solute (KS,ϕ). The limiting apparent molar volume (Vϕ0) and limiting apparent molar isentropic compressibility (KS,ϕ0) of [MIm][OTf] are estimated by extrapolation methods. By using Vϕ0and KS,ϕ0data of the studied binary and ternary systems, the values of transfer volumes i.e. volume changes due to transfer (ΔtrVϕ0)and transfer compressibility i.e. compressibility changes due to transfer(ΔtrKsϕ0) from aqueous to aqueous amino acid solution are estimated. The observed ΔtrVϕ0and ΔtrKsϕ0values are temperature dependent. The outcomes of this investigation are framed within the context of solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions.

Competitive adsorption of gaseous acetic acid, ethanol and acetaldehyde onto wool powder

Natural resources are highly cost-effective adsorbents to reduce the indoor air pollution. However, there is a lack of understanding how the presence of several odor types affect their adsorption behavior. This study systematically investigates the adsorption selectivity and capacity of wool powder towards three typical odor types (acetic acid, ethanol and acetaldehyde) under single, binary and ternary systems through time-resolved spectral analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Wool powder showed different adsorption capacities for selected odor types in the single-component system. These findings were further manifested by DFT calculations to confirm the adsorption energy and surface adsorption sites between wool powder and odors. Acetic acid showed the highest competitivity among the tested odor types, followed by ethanol, which could be attributed to its high molecular weight and strong adsorption energy. This work provides new insights into adsorption mechanisms through adsorption energy analysis, promoting the application of natural proteaceous adsorbents.

In vitro study on the competitive reactions between arsenite and selenite with glutathione.

Exposure to arsenic can cause various biological effects by increasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Selenium acts as a beneficial element by regulating ROS and limiting heavy metal uptake and translocation. There are studies on the interactive effects of As and Se in plants, but the antagonistic and synergistic effects of these elements based on their binding to glutathione (GSH) molecules have not been studied yet. In this study, we aimed to investigate the antagonistic or synergistic effects of As and Se on the binding mechanism of Se and As with GSH at pH3.0, 5.0, or 6.5. The interaction of As and Se in Se(SG)2+ As(III) or As(SG)3+ Se(IV) binary systems and As(III) + Se(IV) + GSH ternary system were examined depending on their ratios via liquid chromatography diode array detector/electrospray mass spectrometry (LC-DAD/MS) and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The results showed that the formation of As(GS)3 was not detected in the As(III) + Se(SG)2 binary system, indicating that As(III) did not affect the stability of Se(SG)2 complex antagonistically. However, in the Se(IV) + As(SG)3 binary system, the addition of Se(IV) to As(SG)3 affected the stability of As(SG)3 antagonistically. Se(IV) reacted with GSH, disrupting the As(SG)3 complex, and consequently, Se(SG)2 formation was measured using LC-MS/DAD. In the Se(IV) + GSH + As(III) ternary system, Se(SG)2 formation was detected upon mixing As(III), Se(IV), and GSH. The increase in the concentration of As(III) did not influence the stability of the Se(SG)2 complex. Additionally, Se(IV) has a higher affinity than As(III) to the GSH, regardless of the pH of the solution. In both binary and ternary systems, the formation of the by-product glutathione trisulfide (GSSSG) was detected using LC-ESI-MS/MS.

Light energy utilization and microbial catalysis for enhanced biohydrogen: Ternary coupling system of triethanolamine-mediated Fe@C-Rhodobacter sphaeroides

This study investigated the mediating effect of Triethanolamine on Fe@C-Rhodobacter sphaeroides hybrid photosynthetic system to achieve efficient biohydrogen production. The biocompatible Fe@C generates excited electrons upon exposure to light, releasing ferrum for nitrogenase synthesis, and regulating the pH of the fermentation environment. Triethanolamine was introduced to optimize the electron transfer chain, thereby improving system stability, prolonging electron lifespan, and facilitating ferrum corrosion. This, in turn, stimulated the lactic acid synthetic metabolic pathway of Rhodobacter sphaeroides, resulting in increased reducing power in the biohybrid system. The ternary coupling system was analyzed through the regulation of concentration, initial pH, and light intensity. The system achieved the highest total H2 production of 5410.9 mL/L, 1.29 times higher than the control (2360.5 mL/L). This research provides a valuable strategy for constructing ferrum-carbon-based composite-cellular biohybrid systems for photo-fermentation H2 production.

Ternary Phase-Field Simulation of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Microporous Membrane Structures Prepared by Nonsolvent-Induced Phase Separation with Different Additives and Solvent Treatments.

In this study, an existing ternary membrane system based on nonsolvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) with a phase-field model was optimized. To study and analyze the effects of different additives on the formation of the skin layer and the effects of the three solvents on membrane characterization under the same conditions, two-dimensional simulations of the relevant parameters of a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membrane system were performed. The specific application of quaternary substances in ternary membrane systems was elaborated by determining the cohesive energy density between the additives and solvents, followed by the interaction parameters χ under the joint effect of the two. The results showed that the PVDF microporous membrane formed a dense surface layer at the mass transfer exchange interface, and with an increase in the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) concentration, the phase separation of the skin layer was predominantly transformed from liquid-solid partitioning to liquid-liquid partitioning; the number of membrane pores increased with increasing poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) concentration. The N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) solvent system had the most stable thermodynamic properties; the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent system had mostly large pores running through the membrane and exhibited a porous structure. Related experiments also validated the model. Therefore, this model can be applied to other PVDF ternary membrane systems to better understand the structural development of microporous PVDF membranes under different conditions.