Translation Of Terminology Research Articles

О переводе лексических единиц социальной сферы (семейные пособия)

The article provides a comparative analysis of some lexical units used in the social service. The focus is on the vocabulary of family support (both terms and common lexical units). The social sphere in some countries is connected with the legal system, includes many services, various structures, as well as all kinds of measures and offers. For this reason, when translating specialized texts, it is not only important to know how to translate (translation technique), but also to be aware of extra-linguistic factors, because the translation is not only a language transfer, but also the translation of realities, necessary information, and terminology. The article emphasizes the importance of intercultural aspects when analysing vocabulary through the comparison of social law systems of three German-speaking countries - Germany, Austria, and Switzerland -with those of the Slavic world (Slovakia, Russia, Czech Republic). The research reveals significant differences in the terminology of the countries with German as their official language, especially between Germany and Switzerland, and a high degree of similarity between Slovak and Czech terminology.

Difficulties in translation of English economic terminology

Difficulties in translation of English economic terminology

Clinical veterinary terminology: specificities of formation and translation difficulties

The article describes the specifics of the formation, systematization, and translation of clinical veterinary terminology. The aim of the study is to analyze the lexical and structural features of clinical veterinary terminology, to determine the main ways of its reproduction in English-Ukrainian translations. The research results highlight the specifics of formation and lexical/semantic properties of clinical veterinary terminology. It has been established that the formation of clinical veterinary terminology is accomplished using term elements of Greek-Latin origin, which is the basis for the development of the term system of veterinary medicine. In addition, a phenomenon of replacing terms generated on the basis of other languages with English borrowings, and borrowings from other languages has recently been observed. It has been determined that the basis for the formation of clinical veterinary terms is the prefix method, in which the most commonly used prefixes are contra, anti-, in-(im), en-, ante-, pro-, ad-, de- , hyper-, hypo-, post-, meta-, con-, de- (des-), dis-, epi-, extra-, inter-, intra-, per-, re-, sub-, super-, supra-, trans-, ultra-, mono-, bi-, oligo -, para; a suffix method in which the most commonly used suffixes are-ac, -al , -an , -ar , -ary , -eal, -ic, -ine, -ous, -tic, -ectomy, –pexy, -plasty -stomy, -tomy, -centesis, -gram, -graph, -graphy, -lysis, -scope, -scopy, –therapy, -rrhagia or –rrhage, -rrhaphy, -rrhea, -rrhexis, -algia, -dynia, -itis, malacia, -megaly, -osis, -pathy, -sclerosis, -um; aswell as – root method, preferably using a combination of vowel sound and form combinations. The role of abbreviations and shortenings in clinical terminology and ways of their reproduction in the translation have been systematized and analyzed. Lexical, grammatical, and lexical-grammatical ways of translating clinical veterinary terminology into Ukrainian have been indicated. The necessity of a detailed study of clinical terminology for the development of adequate translation skills has been grounded.

Formation of information competence with the help of automated systems for linguists-translators

Introduction. The rapid increase in the volume of information, the expansion of international contacts, the emergence of new branches of science and technology pose new challenges to modern translators. In this regard, computerization of the translation process is an integral part of the translation sphere. The purpose of the presented article is to analyze cloud translation systems, determine their advantages and disadvantages with the subsequent possibility of their application in the educational process of translator training. Research methods. The empirical study involved 60 respondents – undergraduate students of Vyatka State University, Kirov (Russian Federation). The main research methods are observation (project creation practices, setting up project parameters, connecting terminological databases and translation memory databases, checking the quality of the translation performed), questioning (identifying the attitude of students to the use of a particular cloud system, generalized assessment of the functionality of desktop and cloud CAT systems, etc.) and interpretation of the results (implementation features students of translation projects using CAT cloud systems, a comparative analysis of the functional parameters of these systems, identification of the feasibility of including the cloud systems used in the translator training program). Research results. As a result of the consideration of the modern process of teaching translation students, the role and importance of studying and mastering automated and cloud translation systems for the formation of professional information competence are established. According to surveys, 74% of respondents approve of the expediency of studying CAT systems. 92% of students understand the need to master CAT cloud systems at the current stage for successful further professional activity. The analyzed CAT cloud systems (MemSource, Wordfast, XTM Cloud) were positively evaluated in terms of interface clarity (50%), ease of creating a translation project (54%), support for the translation process (44%) and presented as an important tool for preparing and executing translation projects, which is confirmed by the results of automatic data calculation – Pearson's chi-squared test. In the course of the work, the factors that form the professional information competence of VYATSU students were also identified: the functionality and parameters of the system versions, continuity in training, skills needed to work with databases, the creation of specialized translation tools. Conclusions. An important aspect of the process of forming an information competence of a translator is to determine the list and type of basic translation tools that should be mastered in the learning process. The introduction of CAT cloud systems into the content of the training of future translators is one of the urgent problems at the present stage of the development of the translation industry.

Terminology Work in the Translation Project Process. The Hungarian Perspective

    The goal of this paper is to examine the place and role of terminology and terminology work in the translation project process and, based on literature and everyday practice, to examine the changes relevant to terminology work that have taken place in Hungary in recent years. The method of analysis is a comparative content analysis and descriptive method.    Terminology management, document management, and translation (project) management are all interrelated as are all forms of content management, and terminology has a key role in all of them. The quality of the source text is fundamental for the quality of the translation, therefore high-quality translation begins at content creation. Starting with drafting the documentation, the translation project process is a fourteen-step project process. Terminology work is present in most steps of the translation project process in some way, and even plays an important role in step zero, the creation of the source text. Terminology work, both in the translation project process and in the writing of documentation, has a number of regulated processes and steps, some of which are laid down in standards and are also discussed in the international literature on terminology, translation, and technical communication. In daily practice, translation agencies are increasingly commissioned to carry out documentation work in addition to translation, editing, and proofreading tasks. Nevertheless, it was found that in Hungary, in the operation of translation agencies and during the process of technical documentation, terminology workflows are not always coordinated, terminology databases are not always used, and terminology specialists are rarely employed.

ПЕРЕВОД ТЕРМИНОЛОГИИ НАУЧНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО ДИСКУРСА (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ИНСТРУКЦИЙ ПО ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЙ ТЕХНИКИ)

This article is devoted to the analysis of techniques and methods of terminological units translation on the material of scientific and technical discourse texts. The rapid development of scientific and technological progress determines the practical need for the translation of scientific and technical documentation. Translation of texts and documents in scientific and technical discourse is an integral part of international economic relations and processes and is one of the factors of successful intercultural communication. In this case an important condition is compliance of the translated texts with the requirements of equivalence and adequacy. Scientific and technical texts, such as instruction manuals for agricultural machinery, are characterized by their rigor, logic, precision, conciseness, brevity, unambiguity and completeness, which all have an in-fluence on the translation of these texts. The increased density of information, as the most important feature of the texts of scientific and technical discourse, is achieved at the expense of a considerable number of terminological lexical units. The research shows that the lexical specificities of German and Russian and in particular the specificity of the terminological units are not identical and require special translation methods to be employed by the translator. This article examines the two main situations that arise when terminology is translated into a target language when an equivalent or equivalents are found in the respective dictionaries, and when no such equivalent is found. The analysis of translation techniques in the situation when there is no appropriate equivalent in the language to translate the term operating instructions has shown that the terminological units formed by hybrid type or using descriptive translation have been used most often.

ON C-E TRANSLATION OF TCM TERMINOLOGY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CHINESE CULTURE GOING-OUT POLICY

With the propaganda and promotion of Chinese medicine culture during the Olympic Winter Games Beijing 2022, Chinese medicine has once again entered the international vision. And yet, in the process of TCM’s foreign publicity, different factors hinder the better diffusion of TCM culture. This paper objectively analyzes the current problems existing in TCM terminology translation and then focuses on different characteristics of local Chinese medicine culture for target groups under the Chinese culture going-out perspective. In the end, we are trying to come up with four translation strategies to improve the quality and accuracy of the translation of traditional Chinese medicine terms. We hope to take this opportunity to achieve TCM culture going-out.

FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF MILITARY TERMINOLOGY IN ROMAN LANGUAGES (ITALIAN AND FRENCH)

Statement of the problem. In recent decades, linguistics has seen a significant increase in interest in the study of special vocabulary. When preparing military translators, the task is to teach special vocabulary as part of the military sublanguage. This article is devoted to the consideration of the issue concerning the features of the formation of military terminology. Accuracy in the translation of military terminology is of paramount importance, since strategic decisions depend on it, the error in the adoption of which can be fatal. Knowledge of military terminology is the main component of training a military translator, which is reflected in the qualification requirements for training specialists in the field of "Linguistic support of military activities" and the corresponding professional competencies. Consideration of the features of the formation of military terminology in Italian and French from the point of view of an analytical comparison of methods of education in closely related languages is aimed at identifying both general trends and specific features due to cultural, historical and intra-linguistic reasons. Results. As the practice of training translators at the Military Training Center of Voronezh State University in 2008 - 2020 shows, training in the military language and special military terminology is at the heart of the training methodology for military translators. The search for solutions and methodology for the semantization of military vocabulary is designed to facilitate its assimilation and adequate translation. Since the development of military affairs in all countries is more or less the same, then military terminology is largely unified in different languages. An analysis of the methods of forming the military terminology of the Italian and French languages revealed their general properties and methods that do not depend on the language, as well as specific national features that are reflected in the military vocabulary. This study is based on official military-related materials issued by the Ministry of Defense of the French Republic, which are used in military translation classes, as well as materials from the Italian Ministry of Defense, electronic media related to military cooperation and international security. Conclusion. Summing up, it can be argued that overcoming difficulties in the assimilation and translation of military terminology can be achieved through regular practice and exercises developed in the form of a methodological guide - a logical continuation of this study. Professional military translation is impossible without mastering special vocabulary. The development of military terminology can take place, among other things, by studying the features of its education in different languages. The common characteristic features of the formation of military terminology in Italian and French are the original lexical fund, the frequent use of various abbreviations and a small number of foreign borrowings. In the compared military terminological systems of the Italian and French languages, there are also cases of discrepancies in the degree of detailing of military concepts. There are discrepancies in the terminological nomination, which are associated with belonging to the branch of the army, the peculiarities of the conduct of hostilities, etc. Thus, the French military vocabulary is full of eponyms of French origin, while the Italian language prefers borrowed ones.

Book Review. A New Contribution to the Treasury of Translation Theory

Book Review. A New Contribution to the Treasury of Translation Theory

Translating best practice into real practice: Methods, results and lessons from a project to translate an English sexual health survey into four Asian languages.

Migrants are underrepresented in population health surveys. Offering translated survey instruments has been shown to increase migrant representation. While 'team translation' represents current best practice, there are relatively few published examples describing how it has been implemented. The purpose of this paper is to document the process, results and lessons from a project to translate an English-language sexual health and blood-borne virus survey into Khmer, Karen, Vietnamese and Traditional Chinese. The approach to translation was based on the TRAPD (Translation, Review, Adjudication, Pretesting, and Documentation) model. The English-language survey was sent to two accredited, independent translators. At least one bilingual person was chosen to review and compare the translations and preferred translations were selected through consensus. Agreed translations were pretested with small samples of individuals fluent in the survey language and further revisions made. Of the 51 survey questions, only nine resulted in identical independent translations in at least one language. Material differences between the translations related to: (1) the translation of technical terms and medical terminology (e.g. HIV); (2) variations in dialect; and (3) differences in cultural understandings of survey concepts (e.g. committed relationships). Survey translation is time-consuming and costly and, as a result, deviations from TRAPD 'best practice' occurred. It is not possible to determine whether closer adherence to TRAPD 'best practice' would have improved the quality of the resulting translations. However, our study does demonstrate that even adaptations of the TRAPD method can identify issues that may not have been apparent had non-team-based or single-round translation approaches been adopted. Given the dearth of clear empirical evidence about the most accurate and feasible method of undertaking translations, we encourage future researchers to follow our example of making translation data publicly available to enhance transparency and enable critical appraisal.

Polish-English Basic Dictionary of Archaeological Terminology of Modern Tobacco Pipe Findings with Elements of Pipe Production and Tobacco Smoking in the Modern Period

The aim of this work is to present the translation of professional terminology concerning tobacco pipes acquired by excavation methods, supplementing the already existing term base of concepts with a Polish-English translation, important in the context of the current research on this subject. This dictionary is a translation of the basic terms used in English-language works (also used in works of researchers from Central and Eastern Europe) concerning descriptions of tobacco pipe remains (based on finds of stub-stemmed pipes, one-piece clay pipes and porcelain pipes) in archaeological research, the production of such paraphernalia and elements of history of tobacco smoking, which were additionally supplemented with terms currently used in Polish archaeological literature. This dictionary should be treated as a contribution to further work on standardisation of European archaeological terminology, which should provide an aid for both specialists and enthusiasts reaching for professional literature on antique pipes.

The Problem of Natiolect in Connection with the Language Interference and the Specifics of Terminology Translation

Abstract This paper is devoted to the explored aspects of the functioning of the different varieties of modern standard languages (here German in Austria and Russian in Belarus) as well as to the rather distinct terminology in this area. In this connection authors consider the terms “natiolect” and “regiolect” in comparison with the pluricentric languages theory. A special attention is paid to the problems of the translation specifics occurred in natiolect, especially to the problem of terminology and culture concepts translation. The problem of interlingual interference has also been taken into account. Authors emphasize the need to include these issues in the curriculum of translation and interpreting studies.

Terminology as a source of difficulty in translating international legal discourses: an empirical cross-genre study

Abstract Despite the persistent focus on terminology in legal translation studies, to date, no large-scale research has empirically explored the difficulty of terminology in translating legal genres. Approaches to translation difficulty in translation studies more broadly remain limited in scope. To fill this gap, a study was conducted to measure the difficulty associated with the translation of legal terminology and phraseology, as well as with terminology of other domains, in the LETRINT 1+ corpus, including nine representative genres of three institutional settings (the European Union, the United Nations and the World Trade Organization). For comparative purposes, four levels of translation difficulty were assigned to multiple terminological features by a group of specialized translators through a consensus-building process of annotation based on the cognitive effort estimated for translation decision-making. The difficulty scores obtained confirm the correlation between legal singularity and higher translation difficulty, as well as the connection of more commonly used legal terms and phrasemes, and core economic terms, with lower difficulty levels. The findings also provide evidence of the prominence of non-legal specialized terminology in institutional legal discourses, and the aggregate terminological difficulty levels of each genre examined, which can be particularly useful for informing translation quality assurance, project management and translator training.

Аналіз структурно семантичних характеристик термінів аграрного спрямування в перекладацькому аспекті

Abstract. The article summarizes the theoretical experience of studying the structural and semantic characteristics of scientific and technical terms and agricultural terms in particular. It has substantiated the fact that the agrarian sphere is experiencing a rapid emergence of terms-innovations that are quickly passing all stages of structural-semantic assimilation. A significant percentage of terms are formed as a result of rethinking their previous meanings, which leads to the emergence of so-called semantic terms. Analysis of structural and semantic features of agricultural terms showed that their formation occurs through derivation, terminologization of common vocabulary and assimilation of borrowings. The paper also analyzes examples of the functioning of English-language multicomponent clusters and the peculiarities of their translation. The purpose of research is to clarify the structural and semantic features of agricultural terminology, to identify and describe the processes of formation of one- and multi-component agricultural terms, to determine the main word-forming types of agricultural terminology. Results of research. Agrarian terminology, which is a set of words and stable phrases corresponding to the concepts functioning in this area (objects, phenomena and actions), is a mobile and flexible part of common vocabulary, and therefore requires systematization. The main carriers of these concepts are nouns, a certain number of verbs and adjectives which most serve as definitions in multicomponent clusters and are not independent. Word-forming means are mainly Latin-Greek morphemes, word stems and phrases. Depending on the participation of language in term formation, the terms of the agricultural sector are divided into three types: simple terms or word-terms; complex terms; terms-phrases or multicomponent clusters Agrarian terminology uses such ways of word formation as lexical-semantic, lexical-syntactic, morphological, abbreviation, and morphological-syntactic. Many commonly used lexical items acquire meanings inherent in the agricultural sector, becoming terms with a narrower meaning. Modern scientific literature on agricultural topics contains terms that have two or more meanings in this area, the clarification of which is only disclosed by the context. In translation, such ambiguity causes blurring of meaning, vagueness, substitution of terms and ultimately distortion of the content as a whole. It is important to consider the lexical and grammatical environment of the term. Due to the context, the following translation issues can be addressed: a) the word is used in its common or special narrow meaning; b) the choice of one of several meanings of a polysemous term in a particular context. From agrarian vocabulary, terminological units move into colloquial language, sometimes becoming jargons or terminoids that function in limited areas of engineering and technology, forming a layer of stylized new scientific and technical terms. Professional slang is usually short, expressive and to some extent stylistically colored. The most successful of them are fixed in the terminology system over time and receive official recognition in a certain subject area, being fixed in dictionaries, and some pass to other areas and into the common language. Specifics of functioning the terminological combinations require appropriate methods of their translation, among which there are a few main ones: literal translation of lexical units is carried out with the help of calque; replacement of parts of speech; explanatory translation of terms; translation with word order changes, primarily in attributive group. Conclusions. Agro-biological terminology tends to be poly-variant in translation, polysemy and homonymy. In order to overcome the difficulties in translating professional texts, it is necessary to work more actively with special vocabulary, thoroughly study the issues of ambiguity, synonyms and antonyms, word formation and methods of translation. The above considerations open opportunities for the practical application of these methods of translation of agro-biological terminology, and for further creative search for the correct perception of professionally oriented texts.

A Comparative Study on the Translation of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Terminology in Korea and China

A Comparative Study on the Translation of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Terminology in Korea and China

An Empirical Study of Online Terminology Translation Retrieval:Using Search Engines as a Tool

Online search engines and other computer-aided tools are playing an increasingly important role in technical translation, especially in the translation of out-of-vocabulary new terms. Dictionaries, at times, prove to be of little help to term translation where out-of-vocabulary terms rely on polysemy for heuristic effects. This paper explores the role of online search engines in terminology translation by analyzing the effectiveness of four terminology translation extraction methods which utilize online search engines as search tools, thereby generating suggestions on how to use search result for reference. An experiment with some new terms was conducted to examine the effectiveness of each method. This study revealed that template-based term translation extraction and dictionary-based translation extraction have the highest accuracy rate of 86% and 89% respectively while semantic prediction search method is the most flexible method with the highest retrieval rate of 95% although its results are not always accurate. Therefore, a verification model was proposed, which utilizes quantitative-and-qualitative context analysis to verify the accuracy of translation results obtained from a search engine.

Translating Terminology of Media Texts Dealing with Art and Culture (in German-Russian Texts)

This article discusses the problems of translating Russian-German media texts related to culture and art. In the descriptions of artistic works and their impact, we find a large amount of emotional-expressive vocabulary, adjectives, extended metaphors and comparisons, and on the level of syntax-a large number of parallelisms or emotional reversals, which cause certain difficulties in the process of translation. However, sometimes translating special terminology is no less difficult, specially when terms are new and do not have established equivalents recognized by the scholarly community or even when, rarely though, terms are used with ironic nuances. In this case translators resort to transliteration or borrowing. However, the use of calques in the translation of new terminology leads to violations of the norms of the target language and inaccuracies in the transfer of meaning.Professional jargon acquires additional contextual meaning, which is not always detected and appropriately rendered by the translator. Translation of texts containing terms in culture and art requires consult with a specialist in the field, who will be able to interpret the terminological meaning of the lexical unit and help translate it accurately.

Automatic Generation of German Translation Candidates for SNOMED CT Textual Descriptions.

We present an approach called MTP (multiple translation paths) aiming at assisting human translation in SNOMED CT localisation projects based on free, web-based machine translation tools. For a chosen target language, MTP generates a scored output of translation candidates (TCs) for each input concept. This paper describes the basic idea of MTP, the distribution of its output TCs and discusses typical examples with German as target language. The MTP approach capitalises on combinatorial growth by the combination of input languages, support languages, and translation engines. We applied MTP on the SNOMED CT Starter Set, using Google Translator, DeepL and Systran, together with the four source languages English, Spanish, Swedish and French, and Danish, Dutch, Norwegian, Italian, Portuguese, Polish and Russian as support languages. The descriptive assessment of TC variety, together with an analysis of typical results is the focus of this paper. MTP defines, for each input concept, TPs by the combination of input languages, support languages and translation engines, resulting in 91 translation results with various degrees of co-incidence (cardinality). The most configurations produce an average number of TCs indicating that the same TC is often derived via different translation paths. Combinations of translation engines result in distributions with a higher number of distinct TCs per concept. We present work in progress on using machine translation (MT) for terminology translation, by leveraging several free MT tools fed by different languages and language combinations. A first qualitative analysis was promising and supports our hypothesis that a majority voting applied to many translation candidates yields higher quality results than from one single engine and input language.

Errors of Machine Translation of terminology in the patent text from English into Chinese

This paper summarizes eight types of error of terminology in the patent text in the output of Machine Translation from English into Chinese, including term being mistranslated as a verb, term being mistranslated as a common noun, term being redundantly translated, term being mistranslated as a homophone, term being mistranslated as a wrong term, term being mistranslated due to Chinese expression, term being mistranslated without initial, and term being mistranslated due to wrong acronym. These errors can be solved by the translator before Machine Translation and the translator can identify and correct these errors by pre-editing of the source text.

Variability in the Use of Audiovisual Translation Terminology

The growing supply of audiovisual products is closely linked to their translation to the target audience. In Lithuania, as well as in other countries, various modes of audiovisual translation are applied: some audiovisual works are dubbed, some are translated using voice-over, and still others are subtitled or surtitled. Deaf and hard of hearing viewers have access to the audiovisual content with the help of specialized subtitles; whereas the blind and partially sighted gain access via audio description. Each mode of audiovisual translation is defined by particular terms and specific characteristics, the variety of which may frequently seem like a kind of terminological maze for their users. This article aims at defining terms related to both the field of audiovisual translation and its modes by examining their differences and similarities to provide a structured classification of these terms. The paper also presents the insights and results of the survey, which reveals consumers’ ambiguities about the perception of audiovisual products and the application of audiovisual translation terminology.