Terminological Word Combination Research Articles

Words with the root <i>жи(ть)</i> in biological and medical lexicon

The article describes and analyzes words with the ancient root жи(ть), which have undergone terminologicalisation. Nowadays, the focus of the research is the issue of the terminological vocabulary influence on the development of language as a whole. In order to reveal the semantic potential of the words with the root жи(ть), we studied these words in biological and medical terminology. The subject of our study is focused on the semantics of these words, since biology studies different aspects of life of living beings, medicine is concerned with healing people, and the words we are interested in denote signs, actions and processes related to all animate things. The research material is based on dictionaries of biological (botanical, zoological) and medical terms, explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, which reveal the semantic scope of the words of interest and provide interpretations of their meanings. The research was carried out using the descriptive method and the method of dictionary definitions. We considered the word-forming and semantic features of the words with the root жи(ть) serving as names of different scientific objects (plants and animals), phenomena, features, properties, methods, actions and processes using the material of biological and medical terminology. The article describes the interaction and interpenetration of common and terminological words and identifies two-component terminological word-combinations, in which words with the given root are used, to define objects at the level of species nomination. As a result of the study, we found more than one hundred medical and biological terms with the root жи(ть); determined terminological word-formation chains; highlighted the terminological homonymy and sub-spheres in biological and medical terminology (botanical, zoological, entomological and pharmaceutical), in forensic medicine, space medicine, etc. We have come to the conclusion that the words with the root жи(ть) are used to nominate plants, living organisms, processes in living organisms, biological formations, abilities of living organisms and diseases.

КАТЕГОРИЯ «ОППОЗИЦИЯ» В ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЧЕСКОМ ПОЛЕ «ХИРУРГИЧЕСКИЙ ИНСТРУМЕНТАРИЙ» (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ТЕРМИНОВ НЕМЕЦКОГО ЯЗЫКА)

In this article, the category “opposition” in the terminological field “surgical instruments” of the German language is examined by cognitive approach. Antonyms are analyzed in accordance with the semantic and structural classification developed by L.A. Novikov. The purpose of this work is to analyze and describe the terms of the studied terminological field, in the semantics of which there are indications of the category “opposition”. The materials for the study were compound terms (774 terms) and terminological word-combinations (524 terms) in the German language. The results of the analysis showed that the category “opposition” is characteristic for the analyzed terminological field. Using semantic classification contrarian, complementary and vector antonyms were identified in the studied terminological field. According to their structure antonyms of the terminological field “surgical instruments” in the German language are represented by compound terms and terminological word-combinations.

Approaching Metaphorical Terms in Subject-specific Terminologies (Geologic and Geodetic): Semantic and Structural Aspects

Terminological metaphors appear as a result of terminologisation, the process when commonly used words acquire special meaning, specific to a certain area of science. The mechanism of metaphoric representation of subject-specific concepts is based on certain associations (form, shape, function, structure, etc.). Terminological metaphors constitute an essential part of professional vocabulary being the means that help to facilitate nomination and understanding of subject-specific concepts, objects and processes for both specialists and non-professionals. This paper examines metaphorical terms in the domain of two subject-specific terminologies – geodetic and geological. The main objective of the research is to analyze terminological units of metaphorical character extracted from dictionaries and related reference literature in geodesy and geology, to determine their structural and semantic peculiarities, as well as their productivity. Metaphors under study have been investigated in accordance with semantic, structural and morphological approaches. The quantative analysis and the method of calculations have been applied to establish the productivity of different semantic and structural models of the terms. It has been found out that anthropological metaphorical terms prevail in geodetic and geologic terminologies. The vocabulary under study comprises one-stem terms, compound terms and terminological word combinations of metaphorical character. The latter ones turned out to be dominant. The results of the data analysis indicate that the number of noun models exceeds in both terminological systems.

Структурные схемы терминов комбинаторной лингвистики в английском языке

The aim of the study is to identify the structural features of terms of combinatorial linguistics, which studies the syntagmatic relations of linguistic units and their combinatorial potential. The article deals with the structural methods of forming the terms of the studied field of knowledge. The scientific novelty lies in the presentation of the structural characteristics of the English terminology of combinatorial linguistics and the description of its structural schemes. As a result of the study, the ways of forming terminological units of combinatorial linguistics in the English language have been identified. The syntactic way of forming terms is the most common - it forms from two-component to six-component terminological word combinations.

Structural Models of English Terms of Automated Processing of Scientific and Technical Texts Corpora

The article is devoted to the structural models of English multi-component terms from the subject area Welding types as a basis for marking the corpora of scientific and technical texts. The place of corpora of scientific and technical texts in corpus linguistics and prospects of further scientific research based on them are marked. Relevance of the research is conditioned by the necessity to create the corpus of scientific and technical texts, in general, and means of automatic marking of terms, in particular. It has been substantiated that the main problem in creating the corpus of scientific and technical texts is automatic marking of terminological word combinations. The analysis of the current state of the terminology system of the subject area Welding types has been carried out. The formal structure of elements of the Welding types terminology system is considered. The results of the analysis of two, three, four-component English terminological word combinations of the Welding types subject area and their structural models are presented. All structural models of English terminology combinations are illustrated with examples. The most productive models of English terms word combinations are highlighted. It is shown that the most productive model - the combination of a nucleus element with a noun or an adjective in the function of the prepositional definition - can be traced in two-component word combinations, but the analysis of more complex formations shows that the model of left definition attached to the term kernel is also present in them, demonstrating generic features. The necessity of enumerating all possible structural models of terminological combinations in the subject area Welding types has been substantiated. The novelty of the study is seen in the formation of a database of structural models of terminological combinations as the basis of a superstructure database on the structure of terms to improve the quality of automatic marking of the bodies of scientific and technical texts and processing of terms-candidates in the conduct of body studies.

Structural and Semantic Features of Business English Terminological Word Combinations

Structural and Semantic Features of Business English Terminological Word Combinations

Метод извлечения русскоязычных многокомпонентных терминов из научно-технических текстов

The article presents a method for extracting Russian-language multicomponent terms from scientific and technical texts based on structural models of terminological collocations. The existing approaches to term extraction on the basis of the method of stable word combination extraction, statistical and hybrid methods are described, and the linguistic aspects of terminology, not covered by the listed methods, are noted. The lexical composition of scientific and technical texts is characterized, the classification of special vocabulary in scientific and technical texts is given. The structural features of terminological vocabulary have been studied. The most productive models of multi-component terminological word combinations in Russian are presented. A method for extracting Russian-language multicomponent terms from scientific and technical texts is offered, and its stages are described. It is shown that the first stage involves morphological and syntactic analysis of the text by attributing to each word its grammatical characteristics. Then there is the exclusion of parts of speech, which can not be part of the Russian multisyllabic terms, as well as stop-words, which together with the term form free word combinations. The resulting word chains are further correlated with the templates of terminological word combinations available in the database of structural models of terms, as well as the terminological dictionary for the presence of the studied candidate term. The necessity of involving a terminologist to resolve ambiguous cases is substantiated. Each step of the method for extracting Russian-language multicomponent terms in scientific and technical texts is illustrated by examples. Further research perspectives are listed, and the necessity of complicating the methods of text extraction, by further classification of terminological vocabulary according to formal and semantic structures, types of anthropomorphic terms, nomenclatural names, normativity/non-normativity of terminological units is substantiated.

Semantic features of architectural eponymic terms

The study is aimed at a complex analysis of cognitive factors that influence the meaning and functional features of the eponym. To determine the specific characteristics of eponymic terms, the authors carry out a diachronic analysis of eponymic vocabulary and analyze the evolutionary changes in the components of the term. The authors establish the significance of the influence that ideosemantics of proper nouns has over the meaning and functioning of terminological units and the sources of proper nouns. In linguistics, eponym means a terminological word combination where a proper noun is a component. It can be concluded that terms stem also from geographical names, mythological and biblical characters.

Structural Models of Terminological Word Combinations for Marking up a Corpus of Scientific and Technical Texts

The article presents structural models of terminological phrases from the subject area “Welding” as the basis for creating automated tools to mark up the corpus of scientific and technical texts. The place of scientific and technical corpora in corpus linguistics and the prospects for their further research are outlined. The relevance of the research stems from the need to create corpora of scientific and technical texts in general and to provide tools for automatic detection of terms in particular. It is substantiated that the main problem in designing such corpora is the automatic markup of terminological phrases. The analysis of the current state of the term system of the subject area “Welding” has been carried out. The results of the analysis of two-, three-, four- and five-component terminological phrases of “Welding” and their structural models are presented and illustrated by examples. The necessity of listing all possible structural models of terminological combinations has been substantiated too. It has been established that the addition of a new component to the basic terminological combination most often occurs with introduction of one more postpositional at-tribute whose function is to add some specific feature to the basic meaning. The novelty of the study is seen in providing a theoretical approach for the formation of a database of structural models of terminological phrases which may be used as a core of a supersource database on the structure of the multicomponent scientific and technical terms. An approach to automatic markup of multicomponent terms is proposed too. It will be also helpful in future corpus research for identification of candidate word combinations as scientific and technical terms.

Artificial “Intelligence” and the Human Mind: Futuristic Synecdoche and Reality (Linguistic and Linguomental Aspects)

The study aims to make a model of the semantic processes taking place during hermeneutic interpretation of the Russian terminological word-combination искусственный интеллект ( artificial intelligence ) in comparison with the noun ум ( mind ). The relevance of the work is due to the fact that nave (i.e., who does not have special knowledge) native speakers tend to identify (1) mind, (2) intelligence, (3) those imitations of human cognitive activities that are associated with the use of automata and computer equipment. The semantics of the noun ум ( mind ) refers to everything that is connected with consciousness in all its manifestations; in this sense, the concept of mind is among the primary concepts that cannot be correctly defined. The word интеллект (intelligence) captures only a certain part of the mind, namely, the cognitive abilities. The human mind, consciousness is beyond the capabilities of computer imitation; intelligence, understood as cognitive abilities, is partially amenable to techno-electronic modeling. The term искусственный интеллект ( artificial intelligence ) is constructed as a double synecdoche: 1) a part instead of a whole (intelligence as a part - mind as a whole); 2) a whole instead of a part (intelligence as a whole - representing this whole set of electrical impulses in the computer - a mechanism for working with data). The semantic result is the basis of the transhuman ideology, which is based on the identification of the mind, intelligence, and computer simulations. The term artificial intelligence in stylistic and cultural aspects: 1) personification of the mechanism (robot, automaton, computer), 2) depersonification of the person (human); in general - depersonificational travesty. The personification of virtual simulation intelligence and depersonification of real, authentic intelligence / mind are interpreted as the neutralization of privative antonymic opposition, as the formation of a virtual middle element, which is related to the dehumanization of human race as a fundamental problem of our time.

Terminological Nomination in English and Ukrainian Dental Terminology

The present article deals with the study of structural peculiarities of dental terms in English and Ukrainian. The emergence of new scientific notions raises the requirements for implementation of the nominative function of natural languages. Contemporary dental terminological system is an example of rapid development of a special language. Within the past years, due to the introduction of new technologies and methods of treating patients, the English and Ukrainian dental terminologies have become replenished with new terms. A lot of them have penetrated into the international glossary of dental terminological system, but, due to their specific structural characteristics, in the majority of cases they remain intelligible to the dentists throughout the globe. The relevance of our research is determined by insufficient study of dental terminological system, which, being in constant development, undergoes structural and semantic transformations in order to adapt to the demands of the contemporary world. The comparative approach to the study of term formation is an extremely important aspect of our study. The objective of our investigation is to conduct a comparative analysis of structural means of terminological nomination in English and Ukrainian dental terminological system. The material for the research is represented by the selection of terminological units extracted from contemporary English and Ukrainian dental dictionaries. In our research we focus on morphological and syntactic ways of terminological nomination in modern English and Ukrainian dental terminology. The article is aimed at the study of the types of affixation in the terminology of dentistry of two languages. The investigation of the syntactic method of term formation is carried out by analyzing terminological word-combinations in the studied languages. The obtained results are compared in order to establish dominant tendencies in dental terminology.Keywords: term, terminological system, morphological way of term formation, syntactic way of term formation, dentistry, affixation, terminological word combination.

«Цифровая экономика»: лингвистический и лингвоментальный аспекты

The study aims to make a model of the semantic processes taking place during hermeneutic interpretation of the Russian terminological word-combination “digital economy”. Scientific novelty of the research lies in conducting an analysis of the notion “digital economy” from the standpoint of cognitive linguistics and philological hermeneutics. The attained results have shown that semantics of the word-combination “digital economy” is based on metonymic transformation of the terms “digit” and “digital”. The lexeme “digit” and the word-combination “digital economy” function in the context of “naïve” consciousness as synonyms of the lexeme “computer” and the word-combination “computer economy”, in the modern public discourse they are considered means of verbal manipulation.

Многокомпонентное терминологическое словосочетание как смысловая доминанта англоязычного технического текста

The article aims to describe a multi-component terminological word-combination as a meaningful dominant of the English-language technical text. Originality of the paper lies in the fact that the word-combinations under study are considered as autonomous units of meaning whose key function includes representing intra-structural conceptual relations. The findings indicate that using the definitional analysis method and the method of logical-gnoseological classification at the pre-translation stage makes it possible to extract implicit meaning of highly specialized multi-component terminological word-combinations and, consequently, to achieve their adequate translation from English into Russian.

Word-formative Nomination in the English Terminology of the Mixed Martial Arts

The research featured the English terms related to the sphere of mixed martial arts (MMA) and their word-formation. A detailed analysis of the structure of MMA terms made it possible to distinguish one-, two-, three-, four-, and polycomponential terminological units. One-componential terms were represented by linguistic units expressed by a word with different morphemic composition. Two-componential terms were represented by word-combinations with a noun, an adjective, or a verb (or its forms) as their core elements. Via complex contraction, three- and four-componential terminological units could be transformed into abbreviations. The polycomponential terminological units were few and expressed by gerund word-combinations. The research also revealed related principles of nomination and formation: semantic, morphological, and syntactical. The semantic way was realized via indirect nomination, i.e. metaphor and metonymy. The morphological way was represented by affixation, compounding, and abbreviation. The syntactic way was used to coin the MMA terms expressed by word combinations and gerund word-combinations. The paper focuses on the dominant models and the key types of terminological word-combination, e.g. substantive and attributive

ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ ОФТАЛЬМОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ТЕРМИНОВ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

The article aims to analyse the means of forming the English ophthalmological terms and to identify their main features. The research objectives are as follows: to examine the basic means of term formation in the English language; to identify the peculiarities of forming the English ophthalmological terms; to describe the most frequent word-formative models in the sublanguage of ophthalmology. The findings indicate the prevalence of substantive terminological word combinations. Non-prepositional two-component terms prevail. The analysis has allowed identifying eponyms mostly formed according to the word-formative model Pr. N +’s + N. Scientific originality of the paper involves the systemic approach to studying the means of term formation and the analysis of the means of the English ophthalmological terms formation.

ENGLISH DENTAL TERMINOLOGY: FUNCTIONAL ASPECT

The article deals with the study of dental terms in the English language. The final aim of the work is to study and analyze morphological features of the given group of medical terms. The research has been done on the basis of several dictionaries, namely Dental Dictionary, New Webster’s Dictionary and Thesaurus of the English Language, The Oxford English Reference Dictionary. The volume of investigated material is 200 terms, obtained by consecutive selection. Terminology constitutes the greatest part of every language vocabulary. It is also its most intensely developing part, the class giving the largest number of new formations. The following structural subgroups of the analyzed terms have been singled out: simple terms, compound terms, terminological word combinations. The vast majority of simple terms are expressed by nouns - 120, and only 10 are adjectives, such as buccal, lingual, mesial. Such grammatical expressiveness of the studied terms confirms the opinion of the researchers that the noun is a universal means for the transfer of all categories of terminological concepts, since this part of speech has a high degree of abstraction, which expresses technical objects, qualities and actions. The most common terminological phrases are two-word phrases, expressed by the combination of an adjective with a noun and two nouns. As for the semantic expression of components of terminological phrases, they are represented as combinations of the common word with the term (Local anesthetic); two terms (Periodontal pocket) or two common words (Bad Breath) that, in the context of a phrase, have the meaning of a term. Several areas of dentistry have emerged relatively recently and are actively developing now, contributing to the emergence of new terms. We see the prospect of further research in considering the structural parameters of dental terminology in English.

МЕТАФОРИЗАЦИЯ КАК ОДИН ИЗ СПОСОБОВ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ АНГЛОЯЗЫЧНЫХ МЕДИЦИНСКИХ ТЕРМИНОВ

The paper aims to identify metaphorical models of medical terms’ formation. Scientific originality of the study involves the classification of productive metaphorical models of medical terms’ formation. The findings indicate that sometimes metaphorical transfer is due to the breach of semantic relations. The authors identify groups of terms and terminological word-combinations (dependent and independent), which are formed on the basis of metaphorical transfer. International terms formed according to the metaphorical model are provided.

THE PECULIARITIES OF UKRAINIAN TRANSLATION OF LANGUAGE EDUCATION TERMINOLOGY WORD COMBINATIONS

The article presents the results of an original research into a hypothetical dependence of translation techniques selection on the term structure in the target text. The data was obtained following the analysis of translation techniques applied to render into Ukrainian 932 English terminological word combinations related to Teaching Foreign Languages and Applied Linguistics. It was established that word combinations constitute the most numerous category in the English terminology corpus selected for the analysis. It was also found that the share of two-component terminological word combinations considerably supersedes the share of lexical units with a larger amount of words. Adjective-Noun and Noun-Noun models turned out to be the most frequent models the two-component word combinations are based on in the said sphere. In the category of the two-component word combinations, the share of adjective-headed lexical units amounts to 52%, while the Adjective-Noun model accounts for half (49%) of them. The share of the noun-headed word combinations, where the Noun-Noun model predominates, is 37%. The rest of the models have a tendency to follow the adjective-headed word combinations in their behaviour. The analysis of the correlation of translation techniques selected to render into Ukrainian the Language Pedagogy English terminological word combinations allowed to assume that the choice of the techniques is dependent on their structure. The two-component adjective-headed word combinations tend to be translated by means of calque. However, in rendering the two-component noun-headed word combinations the share of calque diminishes by half. The increase of the amount of components in a word combination is accompanied by a sharp fall in the share of calque and the simultaneous rise in the proportion of transformations, dominated by transposition, often in combination with word addition or deletion. The research results do not give any ground to assume that the selection of translation techniques in rendering English terminological word combinations related to Teaching Foreign Languages and Applied Linguistics into Ukrainian has any specific features as compared to other specialized areas, because the said results are quite similar to those observed in other spheres of human activity. Like in those spheres, calquing is used if the principles of the word combination structure in English and Ukrainian coincide, while transformations occur in case of their discrepancies. Words are added into the target text to ensure a greater degree of rendering the meaning of the term from the source text, while the reason for the word deletion is the redundancy of the word combination in the source text, i.e. the possibility to render its meaning in the target text with fewer words. Transposition is applied to meet the target language norms, and the simultaneous use of several types of transformation is explained by the desire to comply with several requirements mentioned above.

SEMANTIC DERIVATION OF CONSUBSTANTIAL TERMS OF THE HUMANITIES, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES

The article deals with the semantic changes of the terms of the Humanities and those of social and political sciences, the majority of which are consubstantial. It is universally acknowledged that a lexical-semantic way of coining new terms is the most productive one, which makes the majority of terms consubstantial.
 Words borrowed from the general literary language more often than not undergo the process of terminologisation and turns into terms proper whose meaning becomes more precise and narrow. Besides the process of terminologisation the article also considers the processes of determinologisation and reterminologisation. The research has also shown that the meaning of the term changes due to its transition from the category of the author original terms to international ones. These conclusions are also applicable to metaphor-based terms and terms coined on the basis of proper nouns. Having become part of terminological word combinations, proper nouns lose the meanings common for all participants of the speech community.
 The growing level of terminologisation results in the change of meaning of the term to such an extent that it becomes understandable only to professionals. The common seme which the term shares with the word of the general language disappears.
 The material for the research includes terminological dictionaries of various fields of the humanities and social and political sciences (economics, politics, law, art criticism). The authors have tried to present the studied material as a whole, to address certain problem caused by the change of meaning and to identify regularities of terminological meaning change.

Нормализация порядка слов в топонимах-словосочетаниях

The article is devoted to the study of the standardization of the order of words in the attribute toponyms - word combinations with the type of concord connection. The relevance of the study is due to the need to understand the results of the standardization of toponyms in Russia in order to create linguistic foundations for its improvement. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that the study of the results of the standardization of toponyms is carried out for the first time on the basis of the variation of the word order in toponyms and word combinations. Using statistical analysis, it is shown that simple toponyms-word combinations are the nuclear type of toponyms-word combinations in Russian toponymy. Examples of variation of the direct and reverse order of words in toponyms-word combinations are presented. The most frequent post-positive definitions in toponyms-word combinations with inverse word order are revealed. Parallels are drawn between terminological word combination and toponyms-word combinations with inverse word order. Special attention is paid to the analysis of toponyms-word combinations normalized in recent years with varying word order. The author makes the assumption that the use of ordinal numbers in toponyms-word combinations in an inverted form is supported by the rules of writing toponyms on maps. The connection between the choice of codified variant and the features of the regional toponymic system is established. The necessity of continuing observations on the process of the standardization of toponyms to confirm the results obtained is emphasized.