Temporal Clauses Research Articles

한국 영어학습자들의 before절과 after절의 문장 내 위치에 대한 분석

This paper examines how Korean EFL learners position temporal before-clauses and after-clauses in relation to main clauses in English sentences. The previous studies show that English native speakers tend to postpose before-clauses and after-clauses and that they prepose after-clauses denoting a prior event more often than before-clauses in line with the principle of iconicity. In this study, 231 before- and after-clauses in 65 college students’ English writings were analysed in terms of clause ordering. The results showed that 135 before- and after-clauses (58.4%) preceded the main clause while 96 (41.6%) followed the main clause. This suggests that Korean EFL learners tend to prepose these two temporal clauses, which can be interpreted to be the effect of L1 transfer. Sixty-eight before-clauses (56.2%) preceded the main clause in a total of 121 before-clauses, and 67 after-clauses (60.9%) preceded the main clause in 110 after-clauses. This implies that Korean learners of English may apply the principle of iconicity to their use of before- and after-clauses.

Cracking Antiochus’ Riddle: Caracalla and Apollonius King of Tyre

SummaryThe treatment of the consonant ‘T’ in the names Tharsus and Thartarus and some temporal clauses shows that theHistoria Apollonii regis Tyriwas written by a Phoenician native speaker. Comparisons with both coins and laws issued under Caracalla suggest that this work has been written at Tarsus under this emperor. The author’s major aim was that of maintaining that both the Tyche of the city (Tharsia) and its new founder (Caracalla) were Tyrians. He wanted to argue against the contemporary ambition of his fellow citizens to be Greek.

The (en)rich(ed) meaning of expletive negation

Abstract This contribution addresses the issue of one of the instances of non-standard negation, the so-called expletive negation (EN). Though it discusses data from a variety of languages, it mainly concentrates on Italian, proposing that the behavior of EN in comparative, exclamative and temporal clauses warrants an analysis of EN in terms of an operator of implicature denial. This approach derives the fact that EN is truth-conditionally irrelevant from the fact that the semantics of negation as a truth-value reversal operator is shifted, in the case of EN, to the layer of implicated meaning. The analysis has a number of interesting consequences for the notion of metalinguistic negation. It further derives many of the interpretive effects normally linked to the so-called evaluative analysis of EN, and is compatible with a new set of data showing that EN scopally interacts with other negative elements. Finally, the proposal advanced here has a number of non-trivial implications regarding the relation between morphosyntax and the systems of interpretation, potentially affecting the standard view of language within cognition.

相対名詞の語彙的なアスペクトの関係 －韓国語の｢전｣と日本語の｢前(マエ／ゼン)｣をめぐって－

This paper, based on synchronic and diachronic studies on systems of the temporal relational nouns in Korean and Japanese temporal relative clauses, describes and identifies correspondence of the systems of temporal relative nouns in terms of facts and observation. On this paper, corresponding relation and lexical association(on Chinese words/Haneo) of Koran “전” and Japanese “前(マエ／ゼン)” are classified as 4 types and considered. as a reviewing method, based on dictionaries published in Korea and Japan, all vocabularies are extracted and reviewed. Each heading vocabulary extracted from each dictionary for each type is described; ① beyond the standards, and “前·後” is lexically corresponding. ② beyond the standards, and “前” is lexically not corresponding. ③ beyond the standards, and “後” is lexically not corresponding. ④ “前”,which is beyond the temporal standards, means a temporal relational noun in the standards. As a result of consideration, temporal directional functions in Korean and Japanese temporal relative nouns do not coincide. In other words, when we think about when the generality inherent in each temporal relative noun is actually realized in language, we find that their specificity is part of the universality, not an exception, but a process of grammaticalization.

'As long as’, ‘until’ and ‘before’ clauses

This paper investigates ‘before’, ‘until’ and ‘as long as’ clauses in the Baltic languages in their wider areal and genealogical context in a sample of 72 modern and ancient doculects of European and Indo-European languages. In a bottom-up construction of the semantic map of ‘before’, ‘until’ and ‘as long as’ connectors from parallel text data, a fourth cluster intermediate between ‘before’ and ‘until’ with negative main clauses is identified. The typology resulting from the different overlaps of clusters locates Baltic languages in an intermediate zone between Western, Eastern, and Northern European languages. This goes hand-in-hand with a high diversity of Baltic languages in their typology of ‘before’, ‘until’ and ‘as long as’ clauses. The temporal connectors found in Baltic varieties can be classified according to whether they originate from strategies expressing temporal identity (simultaneity) or non-identity (non-simultaneity). Many connectors in Baltic derive from correlative constructions and originally express identity, but can then shift from simultaneity towards posteriority as they gradually lose their association with correlative constructions. Since temporal clauses are never atemporal and are hence incompatible with permanent states and since negation often expresses permanent states, negation—a marker of non-identity—is prone to develop non-polarity functions in ‘before’ and ‘until’ clauses. The Baltic and Slavic languages are rich in various kinds of expanded negation (translation equivalents in other languages lack negation) and expletive negation (negation does not have the function of expressing negative polarity) in ‘before’ and ‘until’ clauses. However, indefinite negative pronouns often retain their negative semantic value when standard negation in temporal clauses is expanded and semantically bleached.

Presupposition in the Movie "Pitch Perfect"

This research attempts to classify the type and analyze the function of presupposition in the movie Pitch Perfect. According to Yule’s theory of presupposition type (1996), 114 presuppositions are found: existential triggered by definite description and possessive construction (22.06%), factive triggered by factiveverb/predicate; temporal clause; the word thank,lexical triggered by implicative predicate; change of state verb; iterative; cleft sentence; comparisons; adverbs; superlative construction (24.83%), structural triggered by WH-question (11.72%), non-factive (7.58%), and counterfactual if- clause (7.58%). Based Jakobson’s theory (1960), there are 4 functions of presupposition in the movie: referential (35.10%), emotive (42.10%), conative (10.52%), and phatic (12.28%).

Syntax from and for discourse II: More on complex sentences as meso-constructions

Abstract This paper presents a direct continuation of preceding corpus-linguistic research on complex sentence constructions with temporal adverbial clauses in a cognitive and usage-based framework (Diessel 2008; Hampe 2015). Working towards a more systematic construction-based account of complex sentences with before-, after-, until- and once-clauses in spontaneously spoken English, Hampe (2015) hypothesised that the morpho-syntactic realisations of configurations with initial adverbial clauses systematically diverge from those of configurations with final ones as a reflection of the specific functionality of each and that usage properties that are found across instantiations with a coherent functional load are retained in the schematisations creating constructions. This paper employs a multinomial regression in order to test to which extent each of eight closely related complex-sentence constructions with either initial or final before-, after-, until- and once-clauses can be predicted from the realisation of a few key morpho-syntactic properties of the respective adverbial and matrix clauses involved. The results support an analysis of complex-sentence constructions as meso-constructions that are not only specific about the subordinator and the positioning of the adverbial clause, but also retain “traces” of characteristic usage properties.

Influence of Malayalam on temporal clauses in Malabar Indo-Portuguese

AbstractTemporal clauses with the subordinatorskandə(< Portuguesequando) andk(w)ain Malabar Indo-Portuguese creole (MIP) are used to express any kind of temporal relation between two clauses, typically sequence or simultaneity. These temporal clauses are ubiquitous in contexts in which Portuguese, the lexifier of MIP, could not employ temporalquandoclauses. In this paper, I show that the morphosyntax and semantics of temporal clauses withkandəandk(w)ain MIP differ from corresponding Portuguese strategies, and that these differences can be explained by the influence of Malayalam (Dravidian), the substrate and adstrate language of MIP. One of the most salient properties of Malayalam adverbial subordination present in MIP is clause chaining. I position this study within the debate on creole exceptionalism, and show that the South Asian typological profile of MIP can only be explained within the view that language ecology determines the typology of a creole (Ansaldo 2009).

Orações temporais com o valor condicional na linguagem legal (estudo contrastivo)

O presente estudo apresenta os principais resultados de uma análise linguística quanti-qualitativa dos Códigos Penais de Portugal e do Brasil, relativos às orações temporais introduzidas por quando utilizadas nos seus textos. O alvo do nosso interesse são as propriedades condicionais destas construções hipotáticas, que sugerimos serem denominadas como pseudo-temporais. Ao mesmo tempo, observamos a relação existente entre a seleção dos modos verbais dos seus predicados e a sua interpretação semântica. O nosso estudo mostrou que ambos os textos coincidem no sentido de as orações temporais introduzidas por quando possuírem um evidente valor condicional. Por outro lado, no entanto, verificou-se haver tendências divergentes no que à seleção dos modos verbais diz respeito, sendo no Código Penal de Portugal, preferido, univocamente, o uso do modo conjuntivo e, no Código Penal do Brasil, ao contrário, o indicativo. Propomos explicar esta divergência por fatores semântico-pragmáticos.

Análise das orações temporais reduzidas em espanhol pelo viés do princípio de marcação

Este trabalho objetiva analisar as orações temporais reduzidas em espanhol, sob a ótica do princípio de marcação (GIVÓN, 1995; 2001). Nos 44 dados analisados, provenientes de 36 entrevistas do Corpus Sociolinguístico de la ciudad de México, destacam-se os seguintes traços em relação às desenvolvidas: baixa frequência (7.3%), complexidade cognitiva e complexidade estrutural (ausência de conectivo; sujeito, tempo e aspecto contextuais; ambiguidades de leitura e ruptura de ordem linear).
 
 
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 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/cadletrasuff.2017n55a504

"Before" and "after": Investigating the relationship between temporal connectives and chronological ordering using event-related potentials.

Sentence-initial temporal clauses headed by before, as in "Before the scientist submitted the paper, the journal changed its policy", have been shown to elicit sustained negative-going brain potentials compared to maximally similar clauses headed by after, as in "After the scientist submitted the paper, the journal changed its policy". Such effects may be due to either one of two potential causes: before clauses may be more difficult than after clauses because they cause the two events in the sentence to be mentioned in an order opposite the order in which they actually occurred, or they may be more difficult because they are ambiguous with regard to whether the event described in the clause actually happened. The present study examined the effect of before and after clauses on sentence processing in both sentence-initial contexts, like those above, and in sentence-final contexts ("The journal changed its policy before/after the scientist submitted the paper"), where an order-of-mention account of the sustained negativity predicts a negativity for after relative to before. There was indeed such a reversal, with before eliciting more negative brain potentials than after in sentence-initial clauses but more positive in sentence-final clauses. The results suggest that the sustained negativity indexes processing costs related to comprehending events that were mentioned out of order.

The complexity of the Spanish subjunctive in bilingual children with SLI

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the use of the Spanish subjunctive in bilingual children with and without specific language impairments (SLI). Using an elicitation task, we examine: (i) the potential of the subjunctive as a grammatical marker of SLI in Spanish-English bilingual children, (ii) the extent to which degree of bilingualism affects performance, and (iii) the specific patterns of errors across groups. The participants in this study include 16 children with SLI and 16 typically developing children (TD) matched on age, English language proficiency, and mother’s education level. Bilingual children are classified either as Spanish-dominant children with intermediate English proficiency (asymmetrical bilinguals, AsyBi) or near-balanced bilinguals (BalBi). The experimental task consists of a sentence-completion exercise eliciting the subjunctive in complement, purpose, and temporal clauses. Results suggest that (i) level of bilingual proficiency, language clinical status, and age predicts the accurate production of the subjunctive; and (ii) temporal clauses might have a better potential to discriminate between TD children and children with SLI in bilingual settings. This study provides general support for grammatically targeted approaches to assessment in bilingual populations.

Presupposition Triggers in Editorials of the Jakarta Post

The objectives of the study were to find out: (1) the realization of presupposition triggers in editorials of The Jakarta Post (2) the reasons for using presupposition triggers. The study was descriptive qualitative. The source of data was The Jakarta Post online website. The data of the study were the sentences or clause which triggered the presupposed meaning in editorials. The data were identified, analyzed, and categorized based on Levinson’s theory. The findings of the study showed that: (1) 12 from 13 presupposition triggers were found namely: definite description, factive verb, implicative verb, change of state verbs, judging verbs, iterative item, cleft sentences, questions, temporal clause, comparison clause, counterfactual conditional sentence and non-restrictive relative clause, while implicit cleft with stressed constituents was not found. (2) The reasons were a) commonly to present the background information which is assumed to be true, b) to recall the readers toward the information of the event that they have not unintentionally acknowledged, c) to interpret the editorialists’ attitude on the fact of the event and d) to awaken the readers’ curiosity to the questioning things. Keywords: Editorials, Presupposition Triggers, Levinson theory.

Evaluation of the Production of the Intonation of Adverb Clauses with Time by Turkish English Teachers: A Demonstration by Computer Application

Adverb clauses can provide additional information about how something is done in relation to time; these clauses are often called “time clauses” or temporal clauses in English grammar books and fol...

Syntax from and for Discourse: Adverbial Clauses as Item-Specific Constructions in Spontaneous Spoken English

AbstractThis paper seeks to contribute to a usage- and construction-based approach to the complex sentence. Studying temporal adverbial clauses withbefore,after,untilandoncein spontaneous spoken English, it diverges from previous work [Diessel, Holger (2008). “The Iconicity of Sequence. A Multifactorial Analysis of Clause Order in Complex Sentences.”Cognitive Linguistics19.3, 465–490.] by focussing especially on the functions and usage characteristics of configurations that are highly marked, i.e. on complex sentences in which the respective adverbial clause precedes its matrix and expresses an event-sequence in a non-iconic ordering (before, until). The paper is inspired by two longstanding claims from functionalist syntax and discourse analysis, viz. that discourse should be the starting point for any study of syntax and that initial adverbial clauses present constructions in their own right. It reports the first results of a corpus study (based on the BNC files with spontaneous spoken language) which substantiate the latter claim and also discusses some of the wider implications of these results for construction-based models of the complex sentence.

Exploring Interpretation and Misinterpretation of Garden-Path Sentences in Polish

The paper reports on an experiment designed to investigate the interpretation and misinterpretation of Polish sentences such as Gdy Jan pisał list spadł z biurka (e.g. “While John was writing the letter fell off a desk”), paralleling English garden path sentences such as While John hunted the deer ran into the woods. The locally ambiguous NP-V-NP region in sentences of this sort may result in the key noun phrase being incorrectly interpreted as the object in the fronted temporal clause. The experiment was conducted using E-Prime software and involved comparing the participants’ comprehension of garden path sentences in three different conditions with their comprehension of equivalent non-garden path sentences. This was achieved by examining the participants’ performance on comprehension questions probing the interpretation of the subordinate clauses, establishing the times they needed to answer the questions and checking the level of their confidence in their responses. The goals of the experiment were to establish whether the Polish sentences in question force the comprehender to form erroneous interpretations which persist in his mind and to determine to what extent the persistence of the initial incorrect interpretation is influenced by the morphosyntactic properties peculiar to Polish. The results of the experiment indicate that though the Polish sentences under investigation do not trigger a particularly strong garden path effect, the information carried by the case endings and the thematic roles nouns are likely to have in specific contexts affect the way locally ambiguous sentences are analysed.

From sentence negation to connective. Old Lithuanian nei(gi) 'and not; nor; than; before'

This paper aims to show the sources of the Lithuanian conjunction nei(gi) ‘than’ and its later development. The most archaic function of nei that can be found in Old Lithuanian texts is nei ‘and not’ as a type of sentence negation in a clause following another clause that does not contain a negation, with both clauses combined asyndetically. Examples can be divided into two subtypes, defined as unordered addition and temporal succession clauses in Dixon’s terms (Dixon 2009). The counterparts of nei are Latin ne-que and German und nicht. The next stage in the development of coordinate sentences with nei was correlative sentences of the type ne- ... nei(gi) ‘not ... nor’, which were very common in the 16th century. The correlative construction ne- ... nei(gi) ‘not ... nor’ traces back to juxtaposed clauses with narrow-scope negation, viz. p & q (‘We didn’t meet Marvin, and we didn’t meet Joan either’)—Haspelmath (2007, 16). Negative coordination of the type ne- ... nei(gi) underlies reduplicated connectives nei ... nei ‘neither ... nor’, which are widespread in modern Lithuanian. ne- ... nei(gi) also gave rise to the conjunction of comparative clauses nei(gi) ‘than’. (Pirm) nei(g) ‘before’, as a conjunction of temporal clauses, belongs to the latest chronological layer.

Ultimate attainment of anaphora resolution in L2 Chinese

The current study tests the Interface Hypothesis through forward and backward anaphora in complex sentences with temporal subordinate clauses in highly proficient English-speaking learners’ second-language (L2) Chinese. Forward anaphora is involved when the overt pronoun ta ‘he/she’ or a null element appears in the subject position of the main clause, whereas backward anaphora is involved when it is in the subject position of the temporal clause, because the main clause always follows the temporal clause in Chinese. Specifically, the article tests the syntactic and discourse constraints in the interpretation and representation of ta and the null element in complex sentences. Ta is constrained by the syntactic cyclic-c-command condition. Thus it is possible for ta to refer to the other sentential subject in forward anaphora, but not in backward anaphora in Chinese. Unlike English, Chinese allows a null element in subject positions of finite subordinate and main clauses. It is proposed in the article that the null element in these positions is a Øtopic, a syntax–discourse interface category. Results from an acceptability judgement task and a picture judgment task indicate that Øtopic at the external interface has been acquired, whereas the cyclic-c-command condition within narrow syntax is fossilized in L2 Chinese.

Estonian conditional clauses: The degree of hypotheticality and the link to temporal and concessive clauses

Estonian conditional clauses have previously been divided into two clear-cut groups: real and unreal, with indicative and conditional main verbs of conditional clauses, respectively. This article defends the view that it is a question of the degree of hypotheticality that a sentence conveys, and it treats hypotheticality as a continuum that includes groups of linguistic forms, which have a relatively clear core and are separated by fuzzy transition areas. Secondly, the article concentrates on the relationship between Estonian conditional clauses and temporal clauses. As these clause types have the same marker (kui), the article discusses whether it is always possible to distinguish between these two clauses and which factors are relevant for determining whether the clause is a temporal or conditional one. Thirdly, the relationship between Estonian conditional and concessive clauses is under consideration, focusing particularly on Estonian scalar concessive conditional clauses.

Some modifications of temporal relation in the sentence with the temporal clause

The subject matter of this paper is the modification of temporal relation in the complex sentence with the temporal clause. At the functional different Serbian language corpus the author notices the next types of modified temporality: excepted locational simultaneity complete or partial, and excepted locationalorientational posteriority formalized by the structure V SAMO/JEDINO/OSIM/SEM/IZUZEV(ONDA) KAD VSub, and excepted locational simultaneity/excepted terminativity formalized by the structure V SAMO DOK (Neg) VSub; sutuational locational simultaneity complete or partial formalized by the structure V U SITUACIJI / U SLUCAJU KAD VSub, with the posibility to be exceptivly modified in the structure V IZUZEV U SITUACIJI / U SLUCAJU KAD VSub; situational-concessive locational simultaneity complete or partial formalized by the structure V (CAK) I (ONDA) KAD VSub; situational-conditional locational-orientational posteriority formalized by the structure V TEK (ONDA) KAD VSub, and situational-conditional orientational posteriority formalized by the structure V TEK POSTO VSub or V TEK NAKON STO VSub and situational-conditional orientational quantified posteriority formalized by the structure V Quant TEK POSTO VSub, and finaly situational-conditional terminativity formalized by the structure (Neg) V SVE DOK Neg VSub. It can ocure sporadically supstitutiv temporality formalized by the structure V DetTemp (U)MESTO KAD VSub, and consecutive-adversative temporality formalized by the structure KAD VSub A (ONDA) V.