Nanofluid Temperature Research Articles

Combined septum and chamfer fins on threated stretching surface under the influence of nanofluid and the magnetic parameters for rotary seals in computer hardware

In this paper, variation of temperature and velocity in the x-direction and the angular velocity of the nanofluids flow through triangular and rectangular and chamfer fins are investigated in the existence of a uniform magnetic field. The innovation of this paper is to investigate parameters of Mwcnt and TiO2 nanofluids passing from the different fins and blades on the stretching surface and compare their results together. Also by using FlexPDE and Design software, we were able to show all temperature and angular velocity counters in the form of diagrams and 3D images. The finite Element Method is selected for solving governing equations. The second part of the description relates to the use RSM method in the Design-Expert software. In this paper by using the RSM method, optimized the nanofluid velocity and heat transfer passing from the stretching sheet. Based on the results obtained from the angular velocity graphs and the heat transfer cantors in the Design-Expert software, the best optimization occurred for nanofluid velocity and nanofluid temperature, and angular velocity with u = 1.19 and T = 21.15 and N = 117.28. By comparison between the passing of MWCNT and TiO2 nanofluids flow on the different fins and blades, the results show that the temperature of MWCNT nanofluid around the fins has a greater value than the TiO2 nanofluids. The maximum heat transfer and temperature occurs near the rectangular fins for TiO2, and is 0.14% bigger than triangular and chamfer fins.

Entropy Generation of Electrothermal Nanofluid Flow Between Two Permeable Walls Under Injection Process

This paper aims to study the electroosmotic nanofluid flow and heat transfer phenomena in a microchannel with porous walls by paying due attention to the interaction of the injected fluid velocity and the net charge density in the base fluid on the development of zeta potential and electroosmotic slip velocity. The novelty of this study is to obtain the integral expression for electroosmotic slip velocity which is found to converge to Smoluchowski velocity when the injected fluid velocity is low and porous permeability of channel wall becomes negligible. Under a weak electric field condition, the enhancement of pressure gradient is found to increase the normalized temperature and decrease the normalized nanoparticle concentration. The bulk nanofluid temperature is found to follow an almost quadratic relationship with applied pressure gradient. Additionally, in the absence of injection velocity, we observed a new expression for Soret number as a ratio of the cross sectional nanoparticle concentration to Joule heating parameter. Finally, a comparative study on the total entropy generation is carried out to minimize the loss of thermal energy due to irreversible physical mechanisms such as heat transfer, viscous dissipation and Joule heating effects that take place during the fluid flow process in a microchannel. It is thereby observed that the total entropy generation follows a quadratic relation with the Joule heating parameter in the absence of both injection and viscous dissipation. The increment in diffusive Reynolds number reduces EDL thickness near the upper channel bed. With an increment in the applied pressure gradient, the normalized temperature increases whereas the normalized nanoparticle concentration reduces.

Radiative heat transfer due to solar radiation in MHD Sisko nanofluid flow

AbstractIn the present work, the mathematical model for the solar thermal collectors is considered in the form of a nonlinearly stretching sheet. The radiative heat transfer due to solar radiation in magnetohydrodynamic Sisko nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet in the presence of variable thermal conductivity and a heat source is analyzed effectively. The Sisko fluid has been used as a working fluid in the solar collector. The governing boundary value problem is transformed into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations using the similarity transformation technique, which is then solved numerically using the finite difference method combined with the quasilinearization technique. The results shown graphically are discussed for the effects of the thermal conductivity parameter, radiation parameter, and heat source parameter on the flow regime. It is observed that increasing values of radiation parameters imply greater thermal conduction and less thermal radiation, as a result of which the nanofluid temperature in the fluid regime will decrease.

Entropy Generation on Pulsatile Hydromagnetic Flow of Jeffrey Nanofluid in a Porous Channel with Brownian Motion, Thermophoresis, and Heat Source/Sink Using Cattaneo-Christov Heat Flux

In this work, the entropy generation on MHD pulsatile flow of Jeffrey nanofluid in a porous channel with Cattaneo-Christov theory is investigated. Buongiorno nanofluid model is utilized to see the impact of thermophoresis and Brownian motion. The consequences of thermal radiation, heat source/sink, viscous dissipation, and Ohmic heating are considered. The governing equations are transformed to a system of ordinary differential equations by applying the perturbation procedure then numerically tackled with fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme aided by shooting technique. The influences of different emerging parameters and variables on velocity, temperature, nanoparticles concentration, entropy generation, and Bejan number are presented graphically. The influence of emerging parameters on heat and mass transfer rates are prearranged in table. The temperature of nanofluid increases with an enhancement in Eckert number, thermophoretic, and Brownian movements, whereas it decelerates for the rising values of cross flow Reynolds number. The concentration of nanoparticles diminishes with an increment in the Lewis number, chemical reaction parameter, and Brownian motion parameter whereas it improves with a rise in thermophoresis parameter. The entropy generation is an increasing function of Eckert number and radiation parameter. Further, the Bejan number is enhanced for increasing the values of Hartmann number.

Towards the dynamics of a radiative-reactive magnetized viscoelastic nanofluid involving gyrotactic microorganisms and flowing over a vertical stretching sheet under multiple convective and stratification constraints

Due to the impressive industrial applications and continuous progress in the bio-nano-technological sector, the survey of MHD bioconvective flows in non-Newtonian nanofluids become nowadays the main subject of interest as this topic requires a wide range of physical importance in biofuel, bioengineering, and biomedical investigations. Motivated by the aforesaid applications, the present examination has been accomplished numerically to explore the interesting aspects of two-dimensional Walters-B nanofluid flows past a vertical elongating sheet, in which motile microorganisms swim within the medium. Herein, Buongiorno's nanofluid model has been extended realistically by adopting the modified version of Fourier’s and Fick's theories to evidence the significant roles of the haphazard motion/thermo-migration of the solid nanoparticles, the bioconvection phenomenon, the radiative heat transfer processes, and the activation energy on the flow problem under consideration. Further, the monitoring conservation equations were altered into a set of simplified differential equations via various mathematical transformations. By applying special differential quadrature schemes, the obtained nonlinear problem was tackled numerically in MATLAB software. Dynamically, it was proved that the viscoelastic parameter has a slow-down effect on the nanofluid motion, but its velocity can be speeded up enormously by upsurging the velocity ratio parameter. As other findings, it was found that the involved Biot numbers exhibit an enhancing effect on the sketches of the nanofluid temperature, the nanoparticles’ concentration, and the motile microorganisms’ concentration, whilst a reverse trend was revealed for the relaxation parameters against the thermal and nanoparticles’ concentration profiles.

Thermal performance of lithium-ion battery thermal management system based on nanofluid

As the power source of EVs (Electric Vehicles), lithium-ion power batteries have severe requirements for the temperature of the working environment, which makes BTMS (Battery Thermal Management System) very important. A liquid cooling BTMS for 18,650 lithium-ion batteries is established. In order to improve the thermal performance, nanofluids with high thermal conductivity are introduced as coolants, and various kinds of nanofluids are compared with water in terms of their cooling effects on batteries. The best performing is Cu water-based nanofluid, which decreases by 12.6% relative to water in terms of maximum temperature difference of the battery pack, and by 1.066 K in terms of maximum temperature. Then, the influence of various parameters of nanofluids on the thermal performance of BTMS has been studied. The results show that the maximum temperature difference and maximum temperature of the battery pack decrease with the increase of volume fraction and flow velocity of nanofluids, but the pressure drop increases accordingly. The decrease of nanofluid temperature can reduce the maximum temperature of battery pack by 10 K, and the effect is remarkable. But in the same way, it also destroyed the temperature uniformity of the battery pack, and the maximum temperature difference once reached 8.333 K. The influence of cooling channel structure parameters on the thermal performance of BTMS has also been studied. Under the same condition of nanofluid flow velocity, the increase in contact angle at the folded back of the cooling channel can improve space utilization, but will reduce the minimum temperature of the battery pack and disrupt the temperature uniformity.

Analysis of energy and momentum transport for Casson nanofluid in a microchannel with radiation and chemical reaction effects

ABSTRACT The study of Casson nanofluid plays a prominent role in biomedicine, magnetic resonance imaging and thermal enhancement of energy system due to the eminence of its thermophysical properties. By considering various practical applications, in this article the steady, laminar, electromagnetohydrodynamic flow of Casson nanofluid across parallel plates with the effect of Hall current, chemical reaction, modified Darcy's law and Joule heating have been taken into consideration. Gold and Silver nanoparticles of sphere shape are considered in blood taken as conventional base fluid with volume fraction of 1%. However, for comparison, other shapes of nanoparticles are also considered. The system of dimensional governing equations of nanofluid are converted to dimensionless set of equations using pertinent non-dimensional quantities. The analytical solutions are presented for the system of equations. The obtained exact solution for nanofluid velocity, nanofluid temperature, nanofluid concentration, Sherwood number, Nusselt number and shear stress are displayed graphically to see the effectiveness of sundry parameters. It is found that the velocity and temperature decreases, while concentration of Ag-blood and Au-blood rises with increased values of nanoparticle volume fraction. Performance of nanoparticle of sphere shape is lowest and lamina shape is highest in terms of heat and mass transfer. The present study may be useful in further studies of tumour therapy, biomedical imaging and cancer therapy.

Dynamics of ternary-hybrid nanofluids due to dual stretching on wedge surfaces when volume of nanoparticles is small and large: forced convection of water at different temperatures

Management of heat energy and control of temperature distribution are major problems in the industry. With emphasis on the heat and mass transfer when the volume of nanoparticles is small and large, nothing is known on forced convection flow of water at different temperatures conveying platelet aluminum nanoparticles, cylindrical magnesium oxide nanoparticles, and titanium dioxide nanoparticles due to dual stretching on wedge surfaces. The mathematical model for the problem mentioned above is presented in this report, transformed using similarity variables, and solved numerically using the approach of shooting technique together with fourth order Runge-Kutta integration scheme. The analysis of results, justification, and discussion of results was established after the positive outcome of the reliability and validity. It is worth concluding that as time goes on in all the four cases of water at different temperature as in the case of four ternary-hybrid nanofluid flows, the local skin friction coefficients increases at the rate of 0.07 when the volume of nanoparticles is small and at a most minimum rate of 0.008 when the volume of nanoparticles is large. At 80°C temperature of water-based ternary hybrid nanofluid, as time grows large, the heat transfer decreases at the optimal rate of −0.354681119 when the volume of nanoparticles is small but the same heat transfer increases at the minima rate of 0.159722534 when the volume of nanoparticles is large.

Unsteady hybrid nanofluid flow over a convectively heated cylinder with inclined magnetic field and viscous dissipation: A multiple regression analysis

The current study explores the aspects of unsteady stagnation point flow of hybrid nanofluid (Cu-Al2O3/H2O) over a continuously moving and convectively heated stretching cylinder under the influence of oblique Lorentz force. The impacts of velocity slip, Joule dissipation, thermal radiation, viscous dissipation and internal heat generation are also incorporated into this study. Appropriate thermo-physical relations for the hybrid nanofluid are accomplished by following the Xue model. With the use of suitable similarity transformations, the governing dimensional mathematical equations are converted into dimensionless forms. Numerical solutions are obtained for the velocity and energy fields with the help of a shooting technique based on the Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method of 5-th order and secant iteration. Graphical and tabular representations of numerical data are used to explore the physical impacts of various pertinent parameters on the hybrid nanofluid velocity and temperature. The stability of this approach and the validity of the obtained results are illustrated by comparing the current findings to previously reported data for a specific case. Further, the multiple (quadratic) regression analysis is performed to show the dominance of physical parameters on local skin-friction coefficient and Nusselt number. The thermal buoyancy force boosts the fluid flow while a reverse trend is observed for the magnetic and the velocity slip parameters. Heat transfer rate at the surface is improved with the enhancement in Biot number, thermal radiation and unsteadiness parameters.

Numerical Simulation of Boundary Layer Flow Over a Moving Plate in The Presence of Magnetic Field and Slip Conditions

This study demonstrates the viscous flow of nanofluids under the influence of magnetic field and slip conditions over the boundary layer in a moving plate. By applying appropriate similarity variables to the governing partial differential equations, a similarity transformation is implemented to obtain the same as non-linear ordinary differential equations. The Transformed equations are then numerically solved by the finite difference method. Various parameters such as plate velocity parameter, slip parameters, thermophoresis parameter and Brownian motion parameter, Eckert number, Prandtl number and Lewis number are examined to study the properties of flow and heat transfer. The coefficient of skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood numbers for selected parameters are numerically presented. Impact of MHD, slip conditions and viscous dissipation on nanofluid temperature, concentration and velocity profiles are determined and analyzed via graphs. This research reveals that the presence of magnetic field and viscous dissipation contributes to increase in temperature profile. Moreover, it is found that, when velocity slip increases, the temperature profile increases while the velocity profile decreases. It thickens the concentration boundary layer as well. This work may find its significant applications in high temperature and cooling processes, space technology, paints, medicines, conductive coatings, cosmetics and bio-sensors.

Role of copper and alumina for heat transfer in hybrid nanofluid by using Fourier sine transform

The convection, thermal conductivity, and heat transfer of hybrid nanofluid through nanoparticles has become integral part of several natural and industrial processes. In this manuscript, a new fractionalized model based on hybrid nanofluid is proposed and investigated by employing singular verses and non-singular kernels. The mathematical modeling of hybrid nanofluid is handled via modern fractional definitions of differentiations. The combined Laplace and Fourier Sine transforms have been configurated on the governing equations of hybrid nanofluid. The analytical expression of the governing temperature and velocity equations of hybrid nanofluid have been solved via special functions. For the sake of thermal performance, dimensional analysis of governing equations and suitable boundary conditions based on Mittage-Leffler function have been invoked for the first time in literature. The comparative analysis of heat transfer from hybrid nanofluid has been observed through Caputo-Fabrizio and Atangana-Baleanu differential operators. Finally, our results suggest that volume fraction has the decelerated and accelerated trends of temperature distribution and inclined and declined profile of heat transfer is observed copper and alumina nanoparticles.

Significance of magnetic field and stratification effects on the bioconvective stagnation-point flow of ferro-nanofluid over a rotating stretchable disk: Four-factor response surface methodology

Owing to its practical application in pharmaceuticals, biosensors, medical instruments, bio-chromatography, microchip pump, biomedical science, micro-actuators, and aerodynamics, the bioconvective stagnation-point flow over a whirling extendible disk is investigated. The nanomaterial flow has been modeled using the modified Buongiorno nanofluid model. The impact of the stratification constraints and magnetic field are also accounted. Von Kármán's similarity transformations are employed and the transmuted nonlinear ODEs are resolved using the finite-difference based bvp5c routine. MATLAB generated flow profiles have been analyzed for augmentations in the influential parameter values. It is found that the nanofluid temperature elevates with an augmentation in the volume fraction of magnetite nanoparticles and depletes with an augmentation in the thermal stratification parameter. The highest mass transfer rate is experienced for smaller values of solutal stratification parameter. The influence of magnetic field parameter (0.2≤M≤1.8), thermal stratification parameter (0.1≤S1≤0.5), volume fraction of magnetite nanoparticles 0.01≤ϕ≤0.09, and velocity ratio parameter (0.1≤S≤0.5) on the heat transfer rate has been scrutinized statistically using a five-level four-factor response surface optimized model. A maximum error of 0.08% and the estimated coefficient of determination (99.99%) adjudge the correctness of the model. The heat transfer rate is observed to be negatively correlated with the thermal stratification parameter and the magnetic field parameter.

Design and performance analysis of a novel solar photovoltaic/thermal system using compact linear Fresnel reflector and nanofluids beam splitting device

The current study conducts the performance estimate of a new photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) system using compact linear Fresnel reflector (CLFR) and Ag/CoSO 4 -PG nanofluids beam splitting device (BSD). Design method and working flow of the PV/T system are introduced. The absorption rate of the nanofluids BSD is 58.6% in the full spectral range. The optical behaviour evaluation results reveal a relatively high uniform sunlight irradiance distribution on the nanofluids BSD bottom and a single-peak shape sunlight irradiance distribution on the PV module. The optical efficiency of the PV/T system is 91.5% with a sun-tracking error of 0.2°. The operation behaviour of the PV/T system is analyzed by using the Computational Fluid Dynamics method. The analysis results indicate that the photoelectric efficiency of the PV module and thermal efficiency of the PV/T system are 30.2% and 49.3%. The thermal efficiency will increase when the inlet nanofluids flow velocity augments, or when the inlet nanofluids temperature decreases.

Bio-Convection Effects on Prandtl Hybrid Nanofluid Flow with Chemical Reaction and Motile Microorganism over a Stretching Sheet.

This study aims to determine the heat transfer properties of a magnetohydrodynamic Prandtl hybrid nanofluid over a stretched surface in the presence of bioconvection and chemical reaction effects. This article investigates the bio-convection, inclined magnetohydrodynamic, thermal linear radiations, and chemical reaction of hybrid nanofluid across stretching sheets. Also, the results are compared with the nanofluid flow. Moreover, the non-Newtonian fluid named Prandtl fluid is considered. Microfluidics, industry, transportation, the military, and medicine are just a few of the real-world applications of hybrid nanofluids. Due to the nonlinear and convoluted nature of the governing equations for the problem, similarity transformations are used to develop a simplified mathematical model with all differential equations being ordinary and asymmetric. The reduced mathematical model is computationally analyzed using the MATLAB software package’s boundary value problem solver, Runge-Kutta-fourth-fifth Fehlberg’s order method. When compared to previously published studies, it is observed that the acquired results exhibited a high degree of symmetry and accuracy. The velocity profiles of basic nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid are increased by increasing the Prandtl parameters’ values, which is consistent with prior observations. Additionally, the concentration and temperature of simple and hybrid nanofluids increase with the magnetic parameter values.

Exploration of Darcy–Forchheimer Flows of Non-Newtonian Casson and Williamson Conveying Tiny Particles Experiencing Binary Chemical Reaction and Thermal Radiation: Comparative Analysis

This discussion intends to scrutinize the Darcy–Forchheimer flow of Casson–Williamson nanofluid in a stretching surface with non-linear thermal radiation, suction and heat consumption. In addition, this investigation assimilates the influence of the Brownian motion, thermophoresis, activation energy and binary chemical reaction effects. Cattaneo–Christov heat-mass flux theory is used to frame the energy and nanoparticle concentration equations. The suitable transformation is used to remodel the governing PDE model into an ODE model. The remodeled flow problems are numerically solved via the BVP4C scheme. The effects of various material characteristics on nanofluid velocity, nanofluid temperature and nanofluid concentration, as well as connected engineering aspects such as drag force, heat, and mass transfer gradients, are also calculated and displayed through tables, charts and figures. It is noticed that the nanofluid velocity upsurges when improving the quantity of Richardson number, and it downfalls for larger magnitudes of magnetic field and porosity parameters. The nanofluid temperature grows when enhancing the radiation parameter and Eckert number. The nanoparticle concentration upgrades for larger values of activation energy parameter while it slumps against the reaction rate parameter. The surface shear stress for the Williamson nanofluid is greater than the Casson nanofluid. There are more heat transfer gradient losses the greater the heat generation/absorption parameter and Eckert number. In addition, the local Sherwood number grows when strengthening the Forchheimer number and fitted rate parameter.

Experimental Study of a Hybrid Solar Collector Using TiO2/Water Nanofluids

A case study of solar collector outdoor test of the experimental technique conducted at Avadi, Chennai. To lower the temperature of solar PV panels, water, and water-based nanofluids were utilized concurrently. Higher cell temperatures restrict the effectiveness of solar PV systems since only a minor amount of power from the sun is gathered as electricity from the energy conversion, and the remaining energy is squandered as heat. The study aimed to develop and build a hybrid collector while also analyzing its electrical and thermal energy performance. The effort was invested in improving the system’s performance; the PVT collector was tested at volume concentrations of two, such as 0.5 and 1.0 L per minute (LPM). The PV/T collector determined thermal efficiency as highest was 48.38 percent and 54.03 percent, respectively, at 0.5 LPM and 1.0 LPM of volume flow rates. The PV/T collector’s highest electrical efficiency was 18.32 percent and 19.35 percent, respectively, for 0.5 LPM and 1.0 LPM of volume flow rates. The results demonstrate that nanofluid has more excellent thermal conductivity than a base fluid with a little change in the fluid viscosity and density.

Three-dimensional numerical analysis of flow and heat transfer of bi-directional stretched nanofluid film exposed to an exponential heat generation using modified Buongiorno model

The heat transfer characteristics of copper/water nanofluid flow over a bi-directional stretched film are theoretically studied. The used mathematical model accounts for nanofluid effective dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity. The model of the current study utilizes the modified Buongiorno model to scrutinize the effect of haphazard motion, nanoparticles' thermo-migration, and effective nanofluid properties. 3D flow is driven by having the nanofluid film elongation in two directions. The thermal analysis of the problem considers the nonlinear internal heat source and Newton heating conditions. In modeling the problem, the Prandtl boundary layer approximations are employed. Moreover, the nonlinear problem set of governing equations for investigating the transport of water conveying copper nanoparticles was non-dimensionalized before being treated numerically. The current parametric study investigates the impact of governing parameters on nanoparticles velocities, temperature, and concentration distributions. The presence of copper nanoparticles leads to a higher nanofluid temperature upon heating. The temperature enhances with the nanoparticles Brownian movement and thermo-migration aspects. Furthermore, involving a heat source phenomenon augments the magnitude of the heat transfer rate. Moreover, the velocity ratio factor exhibits decreasing behavior for x-component velocity and increasing behavior for y-component velocity. In conclusion, the study results proved that for larger values of Nb and Nt the temperature is higher. In addition, it is clear from the investigations that the Lewis number and Brownian motion factor decline the nanoparticle concentration field.

A Hydrodynamic–Elastic Numerical Case Study of a Solar Collector with a Double Enclosure Filled with Air and Fe3O4/Water Nanofluid

This work deals with a numerical investigation of a hydrodynamic–elastic problem within the framework of a double enclosure solar collector technological configuration. The solar collector presents two enclosures separated by an elastic absorber wall. The upper enclosure is filled with air, whereas the lower one is filled with Fe3O4/water nanofluid. The mathematical model governing the thermal and flow behaviors of the considered nanofluid is elaborated. The effects of imposed hot temperatures, the Rayleigh number and air pressure on the nanofluid’s temperature contours, velocity magnitude distribution, temperature evolution, velocity magnitude evolution and Nusselt number evolutions are numerically investigated. The numerical results show and assess how the increase in the Rayleigh number affects convective heat transfer at the expense of the conductive one, as well as how much the Nusselt number and the nanofluid velocity magnitude and temperature are affected in a function of the imposed hot temperature type (uniformly or right-triangular distributed on the elastic absorber wall). Moreover, the results evaluate how increases in the air pressure applied on the elastic absorber wall affects the nanofluid’s temperature distribution.

Insights into the Estimation of the Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Phase Change Material-Containing Oxide Nanoparticles using Gaussian Process Regression Method

Thermal conductivity (TC) of a phase change material (PCM) may be enhanced by distributing nanostructured materials (NSMs) termed nano-PCM. It is critical to accurately estimate the TC of nano-PCM to assess heat transfer during phase transition processes, namely, solidification and melting. Here, we propose Gaussian process regression (GPR) strategies involving four various kernel functions (KFs) (including exponential (E), squared exponential (SE), rational quadratic (RQ), and matern (M)) to predict TC of n-octadecane as a PCM. The accessible computational techniques indicate the accuracy of our proposed GPR model compared to the previously proposed methods. In this research, the foremost forecasting strategy has been considered as a GPR method. This model consists of the matern KF whose R2 values of training and testing phases are 1 and 1, respectively. In the following, a sensitivity analysis (SA) is used to explore the effectiveness of variables in terms of outputs and shows that the temperature (T) of nanofluid (NF) is the most efficient input parameter. The work describes the physical properties of NFs and the parameters that should be determined to optimize their efficiency.

Simultaneous numerical investigation of the passive use of phase-change materials and the active use of a nanofluid inside a rectangular duct in the thermal management of lithium-ion batteries

This paper numerically investigates cooling of a cubic pack of nine cylindrical type lithium-ion batteries. The pack is first equipped with three separate ducts to convey alumina (Al2O3)/water nanofluids (NFs), and all the assembly of battery cells and ducts are then dipped in a phase-change material (PCM). Simulations are carried out to investigate the effects of parameters including the volume fraction of nanoparticles (NPs) and the height of the ducts. The study is transiently performed in the time course of 0–60000 s to scrutinize the temperature of batteries and the nanofluid, the volume of molten PCM, and the heat transfer coefficient (U-value) in both PCM and nanofluid. Within the time courses studied, a maximum of 67.5% of PCM is transformed into the liquid. An increase in the height of the ducts diminishes the maximum temperature and the average temperature of the battery cells and inflated the temperature of the output nanofluid. The maximum heat transfer coefficient in the nanofluid is observed at the 20 mm height at 47th min, followed by the 12 mm height of the ducts. A raise in the duct height increases the U-value in the PCM in a continuous manner.