Effect Of Temperature Control Research Articles

Numerical Simulation on Thermoelectric Cooling of Core Power Devices in Air Conditioning

Air conditioning has become a necessity in people’s daily life. The performance of the compressor determines the energy efficiency ratio of this electrical equipment, but the heat generated during the operation of its internal core power components will greatly limit its performance release, so it is urgent to carry out research on the heat dissipation of power devices. In this work, we explore the application of thermoelectric coolers (TECs) in the field of power device heat dissipation through finite element simulation. First, we geometrically modeled the structure and typical operating conditions of core power devices in air conditioners. We compared the temperature fields in air-cooling and TEC active cooling modes for high-power-consumption power devices in a 319 K operating environment. The simulation results show that in the single air-cooling mode, the maximum temperature of the 173.8 W power device reached 394.4 K, and the average temperature reached 373.9 K, which exceeds its rated operating temperature of 368.1 K. However, the maximum and average temperature of the power device dropped to 331.8 K and 326.5 K, respectively, at an operating current of 7.5 A after adding TECs, which indicates that TEC active cooling has a significant effect on the temperature control of the power device. Furthermore, we studied the effect of the TEC working current on the temperature control effect of power devices to better understand the reliability of the TECs. The results show that TECs have a minimum working current of 5 A, which means it has no significant cooling effect when the working current is less than 5 A, and when increasing the current to 10 A, the average temperature of the power device can be reduced to 292.9 K. This study provides a meaningful exploration of the application of TECs in chip temperature control and heat dissipation, providing a new solution for chip thermal management and accurate temperature control.

Experimental and Numerical Study of the Influence of Solar Radiation on the Surface Temperature Field of Low-Heat Concrete in a Pouring Block

With the influence of intense solar radiation heat and the greater temperature difference between day and night, surface concrete with a drastic temperature change can easily experience a great nonlinear temperature difference, which increases the risk of early-age concrete cracking. In this study, a distributed optical fiber temperature sensing (DTS) system is used to monitor the surface temperature gradient of concrete in real time, and a solar radiation heat monitoring test is also carried out based on the Baihetan project. Based on this, a solar radiation loading model and a finite element model of a typical pouring block considering solar radiation are established. Combined with the measured temperature data and different calculation conditions, the surface temperature changes of medium-heat and low-heat concrete experiencing solar radiation are analyzed, and the temperature control effect of surface concrete with different surface insulation measures is further analyzed. The results show that the temperature variation of medium-heat concrete at the same depth is more obvious than that of low-heat concrete. Additionally, the temperature variation of low-heat concrete is noticeable within 20 cm of the top surface. In addition, in an intense solar radiation environment, covering the concrete with a 4- or 5-centimeter-thick polyethylene coil can effectively control the surface temperature gradient and maximum daily amplitude of low-heat concrete, and surface concrete cured by running water has a significant temperature control effect. Therefore, it is suggested that 22–24 °C water temperatures be used for water curing during periods of intense solar radiation during the day and a 4-centimeter-thick polyethylene coil be used for coverage at night. These study results have been employed in the Baihetan project to optimize the temperature control scheme of the pouring blocks.

Design and Performance Evaluation of Liquid-Cooled Heat Dissipation Structure for Lithium Battery Module

The current global resource shortage and environmental pollution are becoming increasingly serious, and the development of the new energy vehicle industry has become one of the important issues of the times. In this paper, a nickel–cobalt lithium manganate (NCM) battery for a pure electric vehicle is taken as the research object, a heat dissipation design simulation is carried out using COMSOL software, and a charging heat generation model of the battery pack is established. Combined with the related research on the thermal management technology of the lithium-ion battery, five liquid-cooled temperature control models are designed for thermal management, and their temperature control simulation and effect analysis are carried out. Finally, the performance evaluation system of the thermal management scheme of the lithium-ion battery pack is established based on the analytic network process (ANP) and system dynamics (SD), and the performance of the above five thermal management design models is comprehensively scored and analyzed. The results show that liquid-cooled Models 1 (86.7075) and 5 (89.1055) have the highest overall scores, meeting both the temperature control requirements and the overall thermal management performance, and it is recommended to apply the working condition settings for which they are evaluated as Level I.

Study on the Effect of External Air Supply and Temperature Control on Coal Spontaneous Combustion Characteristics

Coal spontaneous combustion in underground mine goaf has a great impact on coal mining. The temperature-programmed experiment is a commonly used and effective method for studying the characteristics of coal spontaneous combustion. Aiming at the problem that the numerical simulation of coal spontaneous combustion characteristics under the condition of external air supply and temperature control in a temperature-programmed experiment is insufficient, a multi-physical field coupling numerical model of coal spontaneous combustion in the temperature-programmed experiment is established. The variation characteristics of coal temperature, oxygen, and oxidation products under external air supply and temperature control were studied. The results show that the numerical simulation results are consistent with the experimental results. With the increase in temperature, the volume fractions of oxygen and carbon dioxide decrease and increase, respectively. As the air supply volume increases, the oxygen volume fraction at the outlet increases, and the peak value of the oxygen volume fraction change rate exhibits a “hysteresis” feature, and the time corresponding to the peak value increases. Moreover, the temperature change rate increases. With the increase in the heating rate, the peak value of the oxygen volume fraction change rate increases and shows an “early appearance” characteristic, at the same time, the maximum coal temperature displays a linear increase trend.

Thermal-hydraulic study of the Primary Heat Transport System of the DEMO Divertor Cassette Body

The EU-DEMO reactor is supposed to undergo a pulsed duty cycle under normal conditions, which might challenge the qualified lifetime of the main equipment inducing undue thermal and mechanical cycling loads. Moreover, during power operation it is not possible to exclude the occurrence plasma overpower transients that might jeopardize the structural integrity of the plasma-facing components. In this context, the University of Palermo in cooperation with ENEA has launched a research campaign within the framework of the EUROfusion action to investigate the thermal-hydraulic behaviour of the Primary Heat Transport System (PHTS) of the EU-DEMO Divertor (DIV) Cassette Body (CB) during the typical DEMO duty cycle. The study was primarily intended to start the definition of the strategies to be followed to minimize thermal fluctuations due to the pulsed operation. In particular, the attention has been focussed on the assessment of the DIV CB PHTS temperature behaviour during the pulse-dwell transition so to check the potential effectiveness of a direct coolant temperature control by properly tuning the feedwater mass flow rate. The activity has been led following a computational approach based on the adoption of the TRACE thermal-hydraulic system code. Models, assumptions, and outcomes of the analyses are herewith reported and critically discussed.

Dynamic thermal model and control performance analysis over frequency domain of temperature control unit

The temperature control unit (TCU) is widely used in lithography tools or other precision equipment to achieve a high level of temperature stability. Still, there is no systematic analysis of the thermal model in the present study about how to build a precise TCU. In this paper, we provide a new perspective for analyzing the outlet temperature performance of TCU. We analyzed the thermal model of TCU’s sub-devices and thermal model of environmental disturbance over the frequency domain, then obtained the influence of different processes on the TCU output temperature at different frequencies. The above thermal models are brought into two commonly used process control frameworks to comprehensively consider the temperature control effect under the combination of control and hardware. The relationship expressions from the temperature spectrum performance to the fluctuation index are derived to obtain the quantitative TCU temperature performance. We built a TCU experimental platform with the water medium and verified the accuracy of TCU thermal models, thermal disturbance models, and the accuracy of temperature fluctuation index derivation, all within a 5% error. The TCU temperature accuracy reaches ± 1mk under one sigma statistics as a thermal engineering application case.

Wastewater treatment using microbial enzymatic mixture

The effectiveness of the use of microbial enzymes as a wastewater treatment method depends on factors such as temperature, pressure, and oxygenation level, among others. However, very few scientific studies have provided real data regarding the evaluation of the applicability of this type of treatment. This research was therefore carried out to evaluate the effect of temperature and aerobic treatment time on the level of treatment of wastewater pollutants, with a mixture composed of enzymes and aerobic microorganisms under environmental conditions in the city of Huancayo, Peru. For this purpose, synthetic wastewater samples were prepared, considering a value of CODinitial= 800 mg L-1. One group of experiments was conducted at a 20°C controlled temperature and another group without control. The following average kinetic constants were obtained as results (Ko= 1.662 d-1, Kc=2.53 mg COD mg-1 VSS) when the T°= 20°C. For the experiments where the T° was not controlled, the average constants were: Ko= 1.217 d-1, Kc=1.24 mg COD mg-1 SSV. We observed from the measurements that the pollutant removal was adjusted to the kinetic model proposed by Orozco, and the biomass production was adjusted to the stoichiometric equation of biomass production with endogenous respiration. Therefore, we concluded that the effect of temperature control and treatment time on the level of purification caused by the microbial enzymatic product is significant at a 95% confidence level.
 Keywords: aerobic purification, biomass, digesting bacteria, kinetics, microorganisms.

Wide range temperature thermal performance of power battery module with double-sided thermoelectric device system with high energy efficiency

In this work, a high energy efficiency double-sided thermoelectric device system for wide range temperature control of cylindrical battery modules is proposed. The heat dissipation and temperature control effects of the double-sided TED device are first evaluated by the experiment and then the cooling and heating performances of TED are analyzed using analytical models. The optimal current is 8.22 A at ambient temperature from −20 °C to 40 °C to balance thermal performances and efficiencies. Experimental research shows that the double-sided TED cooling system reduced the maximum temperature by 35.6 ∼ 15.3 °C, under the heating power of 3 ∼ 5 W for battery cell, which is superior to the pure liquid cooling system. Meanwhile, the maximum temperature and temperature difference of the battery module remain within 25.0 °C and 4.7 °C, respectively, with the battery cell power of 5 W. The two-way switching between cooling and heating of the battery module is realized by changing the direction of the TED current. In the heating mode, the heating efficiency is always greater than 1.24, which is superior to other external heating techniques. Battery temperature fluctuation was well minimized by introducing a temperature controller. This research demonstrates the effectiveness of TED integrated thermal management system for battery modules.

Influence of temperature rising inhibitor on temperature and stress field of mass concrete

As a new type of concrete admixture, concrete temperature rising inhibitor (TRI) can slow down the heat release rate of the initial hydration reaction of concrete. However, due to the lack of a clear feasibility analysis, its application in engineering is limited. In this paper, the thermodynamic parameters of concrete with different TRI are obtained by fitting the experimental data. At the same time, taking the sluice as an example, the influence of TRI on the temperature and stress field of mass concrete is studied by numerical simulation. The results show that when the content of TRI reaches 0.6% of the cementitious material, the temperature and stress peak value are obviously reduced, and the temperature control effect is obvious. Furthermore, the effect of TRI is inversely proportional to structure thickness, and its temperature control effect is more noticeable for mass thin-walled concrete structures. Compared with other temperature control measures, such as lowering the peak value of adiabatic temperature rise and the pouring temperature, the effect of TRI is more effective. It can be used as a means of temperature control in engineering and combined with other measures to put forward a more reasonable and economical temperature control scheme.

Preparation of n-Octadecane@MF resin microPCMs and its application in temperature control of esterification reactions

Reaction thermal runaway accidents occur frequently and occupy a high proportion in chemical accidents. Reducing accidents by controlling reaction temperature is of great implication to enhance the safety level of chemical processes. Phase change materials (PCMs) have a good energy storage potential, which can rapidly convert the reaction exotherm in the reaction process into its own phase change latent heat, urgently control the reaction temperature, and enhance the process thermal safety level. In this study, using n-octadecane as the core and melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resin as the shell, microencapsulated phase change materials (microPCMs) was made, which has a smooth spherical shape, good thermal stability, and a phase change enthalpy up to 162.87 J/g. The homogeneous esterification reaction of 2-butanol (2 B) and propionic anhydride (PA) was selected as the target reaction, and then the reaction was scaled up equivalently to investigate the effect of amplification to the reaction system. The results indicated that the temperature control of the esterification reaction system by microPCMs is the synergy between physical inhibition and chemical inhibition. The reaction temperature could be controlled by adding microPCMs, and the temperature control effect improved with the increase of microPCMs addition. In large scale reactors, microPCMs still has certain temperature control ability after being added.

Optimization of heat transfer and temperature control of battery thermal management system based on composite phase change materials

Different configurations of PCM have significant impact on the performance and efficiency of the thermal management system. In order to obtain a comprehensive analysis, a three-dimensional heat production model of lithium iron phosphate square battery is established in this paper. The model is verified by comparing the experimental and simulation results of the surface temperature of the battery. The study investigates the effect and regularity of temperature control of the battery module by the variation of phase change material combination method, phase change interval and material thickness. The results showed that the internal anisotropic characteristics of the prismatic batteries have a significant effect on the heat transfer and thermal performance of the configuration. Increasing the contact area is beneficial to reduce the high temperature region inside the battery module. At 1200 s, compared to the NO PCM method, the maximum temperature of Case 3 was reduced by 4.95 K. When the interval of phase change temperature of PCM is 311.15–313.15 K with the thickness of 6–8 mm, it can fulfill the demand of heat dissipation of the system and show the best heat transfer efficiency.

Effects of temperature control on hyperthermia-related cardiac dysfunction in a porcine model of cardiac arrest

The outcome of cardiac arrest is worse when there is fever after spontaneous circulation is restored (ROSC). The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of post-ROSC cardiac dysfunction after hyperthermia treatment and the effects of temperature control. Twenty-four male Bama minipigs were randomized into 3 groups (8 per group): CPR + controlled normothermia (CN), CPR + hyperthermia (HT), and CPR + therapeutic mild hypothermia (TMH). Defibrillation was given to pigs with ventricular fibrillation after 8 min of untreated fibrillation. Subsequently, these animals received the post-ROSC treatments of hyperthermia (38 °C), controlled normothermia (37 °C) or hypothermia (33 °C) according to the groups. Hemodynamic parameters, left ventricular ejection fraction, blood samples and myocardial tissues were assessed. At 24 h after the post-ROSC treatments, the pigs treated with hyperthermia showed increments in heart rate and plasma cardiac troponin I, and decreases in mean arterial pressure, cardiac index, and left ventricular ejection fraction, compared to those with the controlled normothermia pigs. However, the deterioration of the above parameters can be attenuated by TMH. The pigs in the TMH group also had a reduced percentage of apoptotic cardiomyocytes, an increased anti-apoptotic Bcl-2/Bax ratio and a decreased caspase-3 activity in myocardium, as compared with both controlled normothermia and hyperthermia pigs. In conclusion, hyperthermia is associated with a worse myocardial dysfunction. TMH improves hyperthermia-induced myocardial dysfunction by attenuating apoptosis in a porcine model of cardiac arrest.

External Liquid Cooling Method for Lithium-Ion Battery Modules Under Ultra-Fast Charging

Electric vehicles (EVs) are booming all over the world for a low carbon emission and greener environment. The fast charging is an urgent demand for consumers. However, the dramatic temperature rising during high-power charging has a high risk of trigging thermal runaway and other safety issues. This article proposes an external liquid cooling method for lithium-ion battery module with cooling plates and circulating cool equipment. A comprehensive experiment study is carried out on a battery module with up to 4C fast charging, the results show that the three-side cooling plates layout with low coolant temperature provides better temperature control effect, while the coolant velocity and type have very weak impact. Then the simulation model with high precision is built for ultra-fast charging, and a safe charging range under 5C charging is proposed. The safe charging range under 5C can be increased by 50.1%. The environment close to the room temperature demonstrates the best effects of external cooling. For actual applications in the EVs, the circulating cooling equipment outside EVs can be integrated with high-power charging infrastructure and provide a 117 km improvement in mileage under 5C safe charging which indicates a tremendous application prospect.

Study on the rheological properties and phase-change temperature regulation of asphalt modified by high/low-temperature phase change material particles

The temperature sensitivity of asphalt can be improved by blending phase change materials into asphalt through the effect of phase change temperature control. In this study, two types of phase change material particles with excellent heat resistance were prepared by vacuum adsorption method. Based on material preparation, phase change material particles with different phase change temperature intervals were blended into asphalt to prepare a composite modified asphalt. Furthermore, the composite modified asphalt's rheological properties and temperature regulation effects were analyzed. The results showed that the incorporation of phase change material particles improved the rutting factor of the composite modified asphalt. The aging resistance of the composite modified asphalt increased significantly with the increase of the proportion of low-temperature phase change material particles. Bending beam rheometer (BBR) test results showed that incorporating high/low-temperature phase change material particles did not significantly affect the low-temperature rheological properties. According to temperature regulation simulation, it was found that the temperature change rate affects the temperature regulation effect of the composite modified asphalt. With increasing the temperature change rate, the maximum temperature difference increases, the latent heat accumulation temperature value (LHATV) decreases, and the latent heat temperature regulation index (LHTI) increases.

Periodic energy transmission and regulation of photovoltaic-phase change material-thermoelectric coupled system under space conditions

Phase change material (PCM) as highly efficient temperature control material has been used in photovoltaic-thermoelectric (PV-TE) coupling system to achieve higher power generation efficiency. The periodic energy balance and PCM regeneration are the key factors that affect the temperature control effect and system total performance. In present paper, a numerical model for space PV-PCM-TE system was established with the composite of paraffin and aluminum foam as PCM. Firstly, the impact of periodic energy imbalance on PCM regeneration characteristics and system overall performance was investigated under space conditions. Then, to regulate the periodic energy transmission of the coupling system, a global structural parameters optimization was performed, and the optimal parameter combination was derived and validated, where porosity of aluminum foam, thickness of PCM layer, thermal concentration factor, length of TE legs, and surface area ratio are 0.94, 4.08 mm, 25.83, 1.09 mm and 1.80, respectively. The validation results show that after optimization, the periodic energy balance and PCM full utilization and regeneration can be achieved. The average total efficiency of optimal case is 30.72%, which is a little lower than that with the surface area ratio of 7.0 (31.77%), but the average power density is 49.64% higher. The present work validates that periodic energy balance design is important for space PV-PCM-TE system and the global parameter optimization method is an effective optimization method, which is significant for the design and optimization of PCM based temperature control system.

Influence of low-temperature polyurethane solid-solid PCMs particles on the pavement performance of asphalt mixtures

In order to slow down the cooling rate of the mixture and reduce the low temperature cracking of asphalt pavement in large temperature difference areas, low-temperature polyurethane solid-solid phase change materials (LPSPCMs) were prepared by prepolymer method. The researches show that LPSPCMs have good phase change heat storage performance and thermal stability performance, and can be applied to hot mix asphalt mixtures. The LPSPCMs particles were incorporated into the asphalt mixture, and the road performance of the LPSPCMs particulate asphalt mixture was tested and analyzed and found: as LPSPCMs particles change the abrasion resistance and embedded effect between asphalt mixes, with the increase of LPSPCMs particles, the high-temperature performance of asphalt mixes first increased and then decreased. The water stability of asphalt mixtures gradually decreases with the increase of LPSPCMs particles content because relative to limestone aggregates, LPSPCMs particles adhere poorly to asphalt. The thermal stress restrained specimen test (TSRST) showed that the cracking temperature of the asphalt mixture gradually decreased with the increase of LPSPCMs particles contents because of the phase change temperature control effect of LPSPCMs particles indicated that LPSPCMs particles improve the low-temperature performance of asphalt mixtures. On this basis, the correlation between the evaluation index of the phase change temperature adjustment effect and the improvement effect of the low-temperature performance of the mixture was established.

Application of the high-pressure water mist system in a railway tunnel rescue station

• Full-scale fire suppression experiments and numerical simulations in a rescue station were performed. • Suppression effect inside and outside train increased with increasing droplet size. • Convective cooling was the main controlling mechanism on suppressing a train fire. • Radiation heat flux received by the floor exponentially decayed with the distance from fire. • Longitudinal ventilation could effectively improve the suppression effect of water mist system. The fire safety of the rescue station as an important issue has not been well concerned. This study investigated the suppression performance of the high-pressure water mist system in a railway tunnel rescue station through CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation and full-scale experiments. Eleven groups of numerical simulations and full-scale experiments were designed with various working pressures (5 and 8 MPa), mist droplet diameters (173.2, 178, and 192.9 μm), and longitudinal ventilation velocities (0, 1.5, and 2.5 m/s), in which the simulations were carried out by employing SIMTEC (Simulation of Thermal Engineering Complex) software. Results show that the temperature control effect both in the carriage and above the platform increases along with a bigger mist droplet diameter, in which convective cooling is found to be the main controlling mechanism. However, with increasing mist droplet diameter, smoke concentration increases, and oxygen concentration decreases. Moreover, the radiant heat flux received by the floor presents an increasing first and then decreasing tendency with the increase of distance away from the fire source (denoted by l ). Furthermore, in the region of l ≥ 2.5 m, radiant heat flux has an exponential attenuation with l . In addition, it is also found that the longitudinal ventilation system can effectively improve the suppression performance of the water mist system on a shielded fire. With increasing ventilation velocity, smoke temperature and radiant heat flux in the region of l ≥ 2.5 m decrease. In all cases, numerical results match well with experimental results, which validates the effectiveness of the CFD simulation. This study provides a significant reference for the fire safety design of the railway tunnel rescue station.

Preparation and characterization of paraffin/expanded graphite composite phase change materials with high thermal conductivity

Paraffin/expanded graphite (PCM/EG) composite phase change material was prepared. The microstructure, thermal properties and cycle stability of PCM/EG were characterized. The results show that the thermal conductivity of PCM/EG increases with EG content and block density increasing. When EG content is 20%, paraffin can be adsorbed completely and there is no obvious leakage during 60 melting and solidification cycles. EG lamella structure is formed during compression process of PCM/EG, which is perpendicular to pressure direction and beneficial to enhance the directional thermal conductivity. The thermal conductivity of PCM/EG20%-800(b) along EG lamellar structure direction is 7.82 W m−1 k−1, which is 47.8% higher than that perpendicular to EG lamellar direction. In addition, experimental studies were carried out on PCM/EG melting process to reveal the effects of EG content, block density and EG lamellar direction on temperature control performance. The results show that the average temperature of heating surface in melting process of PCM/EG20%-800 is 46.2 °C, which is 4.0% lower than PCM/EG16%-800. In addition, when heat flow direction is parallel to EG lamellar structure direction, the average surface temperature is 44.8 °C, which means a better temperature control effect. The present work provides an efficient method to enhance PCM/EG heat storage and temperature control performance under fixed latent heat.

Heat transfer performance by forced convection of microencapsulated phase change material-latent functional thermal fluid flowing in a mini-channels heat sink

Conventional single-phase coolants have not been able to meet the high cooling requirements of electronic devices. Microencapsulated phase change material-latent functional thermal fluid (MPCM-LFTF), a solid–liquid two-phase cooling medium, has the dual advantages of active liquid cooling and passive phase change material cooling. However, it also increases the power consumption in the mini-channels, and the cooling efficiency of MPCM-LFTF in practical applications needs to be further studied. A new MPCM-LFTF was prepared by paraffin melamine resin MPCM and base fluid (absolute ethanol and deionized water) in this work. The heat transfer performance and hydrodynamic properties were investigated using the dimensionless wall temperature and friction factor, respectively. The efficiency factor was introduced to evaluate the cooling efficiency of MPCM-LFTF in mini-channels. The experimental results showed that the addition of MPCM increased the viscosity of MPCM-LFTF, which increased the friction factor. MPCM-LFTF with a mass fraction of 15 % had the best effect of temperature control and reduced the dimensionless wall temperature by 40.5 %. However, considering the characteristics of flow resistance and improved heat transfer, MPCM-LFTF with a mass fraction of 10 % had the highest cooling efficiency and the efficiency factor was 57.0 % higher than that of the base fluid.

Multi-scale simulation study on the heat transfer characteristics of phase-change walls

The establishment of a multi-scale heat transfer model of the wall containing phase-change thermal insulation mortar (PCTIM) can clearly reflect the actual distribution of the phase change material in the PCTIM and the effect of the phase change components on the heat transfer characteristics of the wall. In this study, firstly, a mesoscopic two-phase stochastic composite model of PCTIM was established to calculate the effective thermal performance. The results showed that the thermal conductivity of PCTIM decreased with an increase of shaped-stabilized phase-change material (SSPCM) content. Then a multi-scale heat transfer model was used to study the influence of the content and the thermal property parameters of the phase-change material in PCTIM on the heat transfer characteristics of the outer wall. The results exhibited that the PCTIM with a phase-change temperature of 25–27 °C could play the role of increasing indoor thermal comfort in transition season and reducing building energy consumption in summer. In addition, with the increase of the latent heat and content of SSPCM, the temperature fluctuation of the phase change wall in the transition season was reduced by 31.1% and 30.6%, respectively, and the cumulative heat gain in summer was reduced by 8.8% and 16.8%, respectively, which effectively improved the temperature control effect of the phase-change wall in the transition season and the energy-saving effect in summer. However, with the increase of the thermal conductivity of SSPCM, the thermal regulation ability of the phase change wall in the transition season increased (the temperature fluctuation reduced by 6.7%), but the energy saving effect in summer decreased (the cumulative heat gain increased by 10.4%).