Translation Techniques Research Articles

Translation techniques of the positive politeness utterances in the Pay It Forward movie

This descriptive qualitative research employed the methods of observation and auto-expert judgment for the data collection and applied Brown & Levinson’s politeness theory (1987) and Molina & Albir’s translation theory (2002) for the data analysis. This research focused on finding the positive politeness strategies and the translation techniques of the utterances obtained from Pay It Forward movie as the data source. Based on the findings of the research, there were 40 utterances with positive politeness strategies as the data under analysis. The research findings, among others, showed that the strategies of Intensify interest to hearer (17.50%) and Exaggerate (17.50%) were dominantly used in the Pay It Forward movie, while the translation strategy of Established equivalent (40.00%) was mostly used in the translation of positive politeness utterances in the movie. It can be concluded here that the translator translates the positive politeness utterances of the source language (English) into the target language (Indonesian) appropriately through the Established equivalent strategy without making any significant changes to maintain the meaning relatively the same in the Indonesian translation subtitles.

The Process of Absorbing Arabic Sounds into the Sounds of the Minangkabau language: Phonological Study | ʿamaliyyat imtiṣāṣ al-ʾaṣwāt al-ʿarabiyyah fī ʾaṣwāt al-lughah al-mīnānjakābūiyyah: dirāsah fūnūlūjiyyah

This research explores the absorption of Arabic into the Minangkabau language, known as Minangization, focusing on the changes in vowel and consonant sounds. Using the agih method, which analyzes language through substitution, the study detects shifts in Arabic words within the Minangkabau language. Data analysisemploys translational equivalent techniques using both primary and secondary data. The findings reveal that most Minangkabau vocabulary derived from Arabic is absorbed through four patterns: dissimilation (similar sounds becoming less similar), diphthongization (single vowel sounds becoming diphthongs), anaptic (insertion of additional sounds), and zeroization, which includes apheresis (removal of phonemes at the beginning of a word), syncope (removal of phonemes in the middle), and apocope (removal of phonemes at the end). These findings facilitate Minangkabau students' study of both their native language and the Quran.

Image-to-Image Translation-Based Deep Learning Application for Object Identification in Industrial Robot Systems

Industry 4.0 has become one of the most dominant research areas in industrial science today. Many industrial machinery units do not have modern standards that allow for the use of image analysis techniques in their commissioning. Intelligent material handling, sorting, and object recognition are not possible with the machinery we have. We therefore propose a novel deep learning approach for existing robotic devices that can be applied to future robots without modification. In the implementation, 3D CAD models of the PCB relay modules to be recognized are also designed for the implantation machine. Alternatively, we developed and manufactured parts for the assembly of aluminum profiles using FDM 3D printing technology, specifically for sorting purposes. We also apply deep learning algorithms based on the 3D CAD models to generate a dataset of objects for categorization using CGI rendering. We generate two datasets and apply image-to-image translation techniques to train deep learning algorithms. The synthesis achieved sufficient information content and quality in the synthesized images to train deep learning algorithms efficiently with them. As a result, we propose a dataset translation method that is suitable for situations in which regenerating the original dataset can be challenging. The results obtained are analyzed and evaluated for the dataset.

THE IMPORTANCE OF TRANSLATION SEMANTOGRAPHY IN INTERPRETER TRAINING

This article aims to elucidate the fundamental nature, characteristics, and practical implementation of a rapid writing technique that utilizes symbols and abbreviations. This method is intended to streamline the job of interpreters. The rapidwriting technique in translation has been extensively examined by numerous international translation scholars, leading to the development of various translation symbol systems. However, this particular topic has not been explored within the field of translation studies in our country.

Lumbar Intrathecal Injection in Adult and Neonatal Mice.

This article describes a step-by-step process of lumbar intrathecal injection of Evans blue dye and AAV9-EGFP in adult (2-month-old) and neonatal (postnatal day 10) mice. Intrathecal injection is a clinically translatable technique that has already been extensively applied in humans. In mice, intrathecal injection is considered a challenging procedure that requires a trained and experienced researcher. For both adult and neonatal mice, lumbar intrathecal injection is directed into the L5-L6 intervertebral space. Intrathecally injected material enters the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the intrathecal space from where it can directly access the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma. Simultaneously, intrathecally injected material exits the CSF with pressure gradient and enters the endoneurial fluid and ultimately the peripheral nerves. While in the CSF, the injectable material also enters the bloodstream and systemic circulation through the arachnoid villi. A successful lumbar intrathecal injection results in adequate biodistribution of the injectable material in the CNS, PNS, and peripheral organs. When correctly applied, this technique is considered as minimally invasive and non-disruptive and can be used for the lumbar delivery of any solute. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: C57BL/6 adult and P10 mice lumbar intrathecal injection Basic Protocol 2: Tissue collection and preparation for evaluating Evans blue dye diffusion Basic Protocol 3: Tissue collection and preparation for immunohistochemistry staining Basic Protocol 4: Tissue collection and vector genome copy number analysis.

A Syntactic Analysis Of The Basic Sentence Patterns In Ile Ape Dialect Of Lamaholot Language

This research examines how many basic sentence patterns there are in Ile Ape Dialect of Lamaholot Language, and what are the basic sentence patterns in Ile Ape Dialect of Lamaholot Language. The writer employed descriptive qualitative method to analyze and describe the data in this research. The data source of this research is the native speakers of Lamaholot Language, especially for Ile Ape Dialect. In this research, the writer used two research instruments to support the process of data collection they are, interview guidelines and recording device (smartphone). The data collection techniques applied in this research consist of three (3) techniques, including audio-recording, written documents collection, and elicitation. In order to analyze the data collected, the writer used technique of transcription, sentence translation, sentence selection, sentence analysis, and data description. The result of this research shows that, there are five (5) basic sentence patterns in Ile Ape Dialect of Lamaholot Language, they are: Pattern I: Subject + Verb (S + V); Pattern II: Subject + Verb + Object (S + V + O); Pattern III: Subject + Verb + Direct Object + Indirect Object (S + V + IO + DO); Pattern IV: Subject + Verb + Object + Object Complement (S + V + O + OC); and Pattern V: Subject + Subject Complement (S + SC).

What to translate and how to translate in audio description: a case study of the Oscar-winning animated film Feast

ABSTRACT Introduction: Audio description (AD) enables access to blind/low vision audiences by translating visual content into narrated descriptions. This study examines AD translation approaches for the Oscar-winning animated short Feast. Methods: Chinese and English AD scripts from Feast were analyzed to compare priorities in content selection and patterns in translation techniques. Results: Both versions prioritized graphics and dynamic symbols when deciding what to translate. Shared translation techniques included compensation, iconic description, and substitution. Differences emerged with more reduction, adaptation, and technical descriptions in the Chinese AD, versus more generalization in the English AD. Discussion: Disparities highlight the linguistic and cultural factors integral to effective AD translation. Implications: This analysis offers practical customization guidelines for AD providers and theoretical insights into intersemiotic translation complexity. Further comparative research could support tailored AD practices and accessibility for diverse global audiences.

Comparison of Translation Techniques Between Human and Microsoft Translator (Windows 11) in Translating Folklores

The purpose of this study is to describe the comparison of folklore translation techniques performed by human and Microsoft translator (windows 11). This research was conducted using Descriptive Qualitative method. The research subjects were taken from folklores titled "Ki Ageng Gribig" and "Wendit" in "Little Sunshine Bilingual Book" translated by Lestiono et al (Human translator) and Microsoft translators (Windows 11). The object of this research is the translation techniques found in the translation results between human translators and Microsoft translators (Windows 11).The result of this study is that in translating the folklores entitled "Ki Ageng Gribig" and "Wendit", human translators and Microsoft translators (Windows 11) used several translation techniques. The human translator used eleven translation techniques, namely adaptation (6 data), amplification (9 data), description (5 data), Establised equivalent (4 data), generalization (1 data), linguistic amplification (2 data), linguistic compression (3 data), literal (16 data), modulation (17 data), reduction (31 data), transposition (2 data). Meanwhile, Microsoft translator (Windows 11) used eight translation techniques, namely adaptation (4 data), borrowing (1 data), Calque (1), description (1 data), Establised equivalent (2 data), literal (86 data), modulation (3 data), reduction (1 data).

A neurophysiological profiling of the heartbeat-evoked potential in severe acquired brain injuries: A focus on unconsciousness.

Unconsciousness in severe acquired brain injury (sABI) patients occurs with different cognitive and neural profiles. Perturbational approaches, which enable the estimation of proxies for brain reorganization, have added a new avenue for investigating the non-behavioural diagnosis of consciousness. In this prospective observational study, we conducted a comparative analysis of the topological patterns of heartbeat-evoked potentials (HEP) between patients experiencing a prolonged disorder of consciousness (pDoC) and patients emerging from a minimally consciousness state (eMCS). A total of 219 sABI patients were enrolled, each undergoing a synchronous EEG-ECG resting-state recording, together with a standardized consciousness diagnosis. A number of graph metrics were computed before/after the HEP (Before/After) using the R-peak on the ECG signal. The peak value of the global field power of the HEP was found to be significantly higher in eMCS patients with no difference in latency. Power spectrum was not able to discriminate consciousness neither Before nor After. Node assortativity and global efficiency were found to vary with different trends at unconsciousness. Lastly, the Perturbational Complexity Index of the HEP was found to be significantly higher in eMCS patients compared with pDoC. Given that cortical elaboration of peripheral inputs may serve as a non-behavioural determinant of consciousness, we have devised a low-cost and translatable technique capable of estimating causal proxies of brain functionality with an endogenous, non-invasive stimulus. Thus, we present an effective means to enhance consciousness assessment by incorporating the interaction between the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and central nervous system (CNS) into the loop.

Sign Language Detection

Sign language serves as the primary mode of communication for millions of individuals worldwide with hearing impairments. Despite its importance, the availability of sign language interpretation services remains limited, contributing to significant communication barriers. To address this challenge, we propose the development of a web application leveraging state-of-the-art deep learning techniques for real-time sign language detection and translation. Key words : Sign language recognition, Gesture recognition, Machine learning algorithms, Human-computer interaction, Hand pose estimation, Image processing

Innovation within teaching (EnglishSpanish) legal translation: hypernymy as a (sub)estimated translation technique

Globally, the pursuit of translation items is a highly complex, time-consuming issue within international legal settings. It is directly linked to legal systems, with their own lexicon, and meaning. In this article, we seek to show and argue how translators of Law may also resort to a somewhat innovative translation technique, such as hypernymy, to provide a wider lexical equivalent. To achieve our objective, we will generate a list of 18 (North American and Briths) legal items defined by their Spanish translation complexity – parting from our UAM University legal translation students’ outcomes (from a teaching innovation project) – and by their relationship to tribunals and courts decisions. These terms will be looked up (and compared) in both print and online dictionaries, and we will then provide one (or more) hypernym for each of them. By researching and discussing this issue, we will illustrate how helpful hypernyms are in providing innovative translation alternatives.

Adaptation of the Student Attitudes Toward Artificial Intelligence Scale to the Turkish Context: Validity and Reliability Study

This study aimed to adapt the Student Attitudes toward Artificial Intelligence (SATAI) Scale to the Turkish Context both at secondary and high school levels. The research was conducted with two study groups: the first group of 384 secondary school students and the second group of 295 high school students. Data were collected from these participants in the 2023–2024 academic year. The scale consists of 26 items and three factors; behavioral, affective, and cognitive, and serves the purpose of measuring the students’ attitude toward artificial intelligence. The behavioral factor assesses students’ AI-related actions while the affective factor captures their emotional reactions, and the cognitive factor, in turn, evaluates their knowledge of the topic at hand. By determining students’ attitudes about AI, this measurement guides learning processes, contributes to the development of teaching materials, and increases interest in the field of AI. Language validity, construct validity, criterion validity, conceptual and experiential equivalence, and reliability studies were carried out in the process of adapting the scale to Turkish. To ensure the language validity of the Turkish form of the scale, translation back translation technique was applied and expert opinions were sought. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was applied to test the construct validity. To test the criterion validity, the correlation between the whole scale and each sub-factor was examined. Within the scope of reliability studies, Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficients of the scale, half-test reliability, item total correlations, and item discrimination values were calculated. As a result of the research, it has been determined that the Student Attitudes toward Artificial Intelligence (SATAI) Scale Turkish Form is a valid and reliable assessment tool.

Neural Machine Translation for Low-Resource Languages from a Chinese-centric Perspective: A Survey

Machine translation—the automatic transformation of one natural language (source language) into another (target language) through computational means—occupies a central role in computational linguistics and stands as a cornerstone of research within the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP). In recent years, the prominence of Neural Machine Translation (NMT) has grown exponentially, offering an advanced framework for machine translation research. It is noted for its superior translation performance, especially when tackling the challenges posed by low-resource language pairs that suffer from a limited corpus of data resources. This article offers an exhaustive exploration of the historical trajectory and advancements in NMT, accompanied by an analysis of the underlying foundational concepts. It subsequently provides a concise demarcation of the unique characteristics associated with low-resource languages and presents a succinct review of pertinent translation models and their applications, specifically within the context of languages with low-resources. Moreover, this article delves deeply into machine translation techniques, highlighting approaches tailored for Chinese-centric low-resource languages. Ultimately, it anticipates upcoming research directions in the realm of low-resource language translation.

The Translation of Body-part Rhetoric in Romeo and Juliet: Take the Example of Facial Terms

In Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, numerous references to the human body are intertwined with a rich array of rhetorical devices including personification, simile, metaphor, metonymy, and synecdoche. Metaphorical rhetoric is a hallmark of Shakespearean language, often used to depict sensory experiences, symbolize objects and emotions, and flesh out characters. However, due to cognitive disparities between Western and Chinese cultures, the same rhetorical themes may be expressed with different objects across cultures. As a result, translators must employ various strategies to bridge these gaps. This study aims to examine the cognitive differences underlying body-related rhetoric, particularly facial descriptions, in five different translations of Romeo and Juliet spanning different periods. The goal is to analyze the translation techniques and methodologies employed by translators to address these cultural disparities.

Terjemahan Ungkapan Slang dalam Novel To All The Boys I’ve Loved Before karya Jenny Han

The current issue in the translation process is the inappropriate choice of technique, which affects the accuracy and acceptability of the translation, as well as the need to identify slang expressions from the source language to the target language to ensure the style aligns with the target language's characteristics. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the techniques used to translate slang expressions from English (the source language) into Indonesian (the target language) using the theories of Butkuiviena and Petrulionē (2010), and Vinay and Darbelnet (1995) in the novel To All The Boys I've Loved Before, while also analyzing the linguistic style of the slang translation from English into Indonesian using Joos's theory (1967). The research method employed is qualitative, with document analysis for data collection. Meanwhile, the data analysis method uses thematic analysis. The results show that the most dominant technique used by translators for translating slang expressions is the literal technique. This finding suggests that the literal translation technique is generally capable of accommodating and sufficiently accurate in translating slang expressions in this novel, which features light and casual language use. Given that the novel narrates a simple teenage story, the dominant linguistic style in the translation of slang expressions is casual style. This finding reflects that the novel's style closely resembles the preferred linguistic style of young readers, who tend to be more relaxed, friendly, and open.

The Translation Techniques Analysis of Javanese Implicature in Speech Act Subtitle in Short Movie Tilik

The Translation Techniques Analysis of Javanese Implicature in Speech Act Subtitle in Short Movie Tilik

Language Barriers in Intercultural Communication and Their Translation Strategies

This research paper delves into the significant language barriers that arise in cross-cultural communication, with a particular focus on the indispensable role of translation strategies in mitigating these challenges. It scrutinizes elements such as grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, and the cultural contexts that shape interactions within various global sectors, including diplomacy, business, healthcare, and law. The paper analyzes linguistic discrepancies, cultural subtleties, and obstacles in non-verbal communication that influence understanding across cultures. It also discusses the incorporation of advanced translation techniques and the use of technology in translation practices. The goal is to enhance the academic understanding of intercultural communication barriers and provide practical solutions to improve effective global interactions.

Application of ELAN in Human-Machine Mutual Translation of English for the News

The translation of English news means the process of converting news articles published in English into another language. These articles may also be referred to as English news. This process comprises understanding the substance of the source article and accurately translating its tone and intent into the target language. A human translator or machine translation software can be used to perform the translation manually. In the disciplines of software globalization and technological translation, the Human-Machine Mutual Translation technique has grown significantly with the advancement of civilization and the quickening growth of research and innovation. Because of this practical need, translators have begun to focus more on machine translation and have conducted some productive research in this area. As a result, we suggested the EUDICO Linguistic Annotator (ELAN) in Human-Machine mutual translation of English for the news. EUDICO stands for European Distributed Corpora Project. The Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics created the EUDICO Linguistic Annotator as a software program for the linguistic annotation of language data. For this study, the English news dataset was used. The data were pre-processed by using normalization. The results were evaluated using performance metrics such as translation quality, precision, BLEU, recall, and computation time. The findings show that the recommended procedure provides an accurate translation of English news when compared to previously used methods. The results demonstrated that translation quality and computation time of proposed model are 95% and 60s respectively.

Russian and Arabic documentary tradition: syntactic aspect

The object of the study is documents of business correspondence in Russian-Arabic official communication; the subject of the study is the syntactic features of Russian and Arabic business documents, the similarities and differences between Russian and Arabic syntax in business communication. Syntactic organization is very important for business writing; it serves as the final stage of its structure. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the identification of universal and culturally determined features of the syntactic structure in relation to Russian and Arabic-language business writing. Among the universal elements are the use of sentences that convey the non-personal nature of communication, indirect expression of imperativeness (using forms of the subjunctive mood, interrogative sentences), introductory words with the semantics of politeness. Original syntactic constructions can be used to achieve a similar communicative effect. The research was carried out on the basis of methods of analysis, synthesis, observation, description. Methods of component analysis, interpretation and classification, a system-structural method, and elements of a functional approach were used. As a result of the study, it was noted that the differences in the syntactic structure of Russian- and Arabic-language business letters are culturally and historically determined. The specifics of Arabic business syntax were influenced by increased requirements for the expression of politeness in society (indication of the regalia of the addressee), the predominance of the collective over the personal in culture, the origin of the official business style from the artistic, and not from the colloquial (long sentences). It is concluded that it is necessary to take into account cultural and historical factors both in the process of constructing business letters and in the process of their mutual translation. Among the important techniques of Russian-Arabic translation are combining sentences and increasing content

Culture-specific items in the source and target literary texts: Classification of translation strategies

The study deals with the representation of culture-specific items in Jojo Moyes' novels 'Me Before You', and 'After You' and their rendering in Ukrainian translations. The article specifies the role of culture-specific vocabulary as a means that adds necessary socio-cultural details to the setting making the above mentioned novels facts of the English-language (mainly British and American) culture. The research proves that numerous in number are the following groups of culture-specific items: toponyms; types of food, drinks and places to eat; anthroponyms naming famous people, film and fairy tale characters; companies, brands and organisations; mass media. Low in number are items designating education phenomena, persons’ titles and nominations, measurement, dwelling, sports, events, toys, and currency. The research also employs the notions of translation strategy and distinguishes between domesticating and foreignising ones used in order to render culture-specific lexis in a literary translation. Translation techniques of transference (direct borrowing, transcoding, transcoded substitution) and calque are viewed as components of foreignising strategies, whereas generalisation, descriptive periphrasis, cultural equivalent alone or accompanied by a footnote are viewed as implementation of domesticating ones. The study demonstrates that translation techniques representing domesticating and foreignising strategies can be combined in order to preserve their balance in the target text.