Technical Ripeness Research Articles

Comparative characteristics of the biochemical composition of VIR eggplant collection in a greenhouse

Relevance.The presence of valuable biologically active substances, carbohydrates, organic acids and others in the eggplant fruits makes the culture one of the vegetables with the highest antioxidant activity. The VIR collection of eggplant includes 830 accessions from 70 countries of the world. The study of new acquisitions in the VIR collection presupposes a comprehensive assessment of the received material according to morphological, biological and economically valuable characteristics. The main objective of the study was to assess the variability of the biochemical parameters of egg-plant fruits in technical ripeness; as well as determination of the best accessions by the chemical composition of fruits and the content of biologically active substances.Materials and methods.The study of 19 accessions of eggplant accessions was carried out in 2020 in a winter greenhouse in Pushkin and Pavlovsk Laboratories of VIR (St. Petersburg). The morphological description of the accessions and the assessment for biological and economically valuable traits were carried out in accordance with the methodological guidelines and the VIR classifier. Biochemical analysis was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of VIR in the phase of technical ripeness of fruits in terms of: dry matter content, sugars, total acidity, ascorbic acid, pigments and anthocyanins.Results.As a result of this study, the amplitude of variability in the content of dry matter (6.44- 8.68%), sugars (1.78-3.72%), ascorbic acid (5.92-21.08 mg/100 g), titrated acidity (0.10-0.31%), chlorophylls (0.52-15.13 mg/100 g), carotenoids (1.19-6.99 mg/100 g), β-carotene (0.11-0.52 mg/100 g) and anthocyanins (12.94-1031.40 mg/100 g) in eggplant fruits. Accessions with a high content of biologically active substances in fruits in technical ripeness were identified: Russian hybrids Bourgeois F1, Azhur F1; local accessions from Armenia: k-3156, k-3159, k-3161.

Signal coloration of young leaves of zucchini in the selection of plants with bi-colored fruit

Relevance.In accordance with the needs of the market, in 2008, a variety of zucchini Russian spaghetti with two-colored fruits was created. We faced difficulties in maintaining a high percentage of two-color forms in the variety population. To solve this problem, we studied the possibility of using markers of young zucchini leaves in the selection of forms with different fruit colors in technical ripeness.Material and conditions. The experience was started in 2005 to 2018 in the open ground on the basis of FSBSI FSVC. In the breeding nursery, research was conducted annually on 30 plants. The color of the fruit was taken into account only in the phase of technical ripeness. The best plants were propagated by incest. In the nursery breeding varieties of Russian spaghetti were sown by family. During 4 years in each family, at different stages of development, 50-100 plants were studied according to the color of the fruit and other economically useful characteristics.Results.For eleven years, incuchination and selection were carried out on two-color forms of zucchini Russian spaghetti to achieve homozygosity and, accordingly, to align the material with the color of the fruit. Some regularities of the influence of the number of integrirovanii on the color of the fruit has not been observed. Continuing to observe the plants, it was possible to establish a relationship between the color of the fruit in technical ripeness and the pattern on the lower (first) leaves. On plants with a marble pattern, the leaves were mostly green (reticulated); with yellow spots on the leaves – two-colored and with completely yellow leaves – yellow fruits. By selecting plants with yellow spots on the leaves in the early stages, in the phase of the 3-4-th real leaves, we were able to increase the percentage of plants with two-colored fruits in the population of the variety to 95.5-100%. All this greatly simplified the original seed production of zucchini Russian spaghetti.

Влияние сроков посева моркови на формирование урожая в условиях мерзлотных почв Якутии

In the Nyurbinsky Districtof Yakutia, on permafrost-taiga pale-yellow soil, the experiments were carried out to study the influence of carrot sowing dates on its yieldsand weed infestation. The experimental design included 4 vari-ants with different sowing dates: 1) May 22-25 -control; 2) May 15-18; 3) May 22-25; 4) May 29-31. The carrot sow-ing rate was 4 kg ha; the accounting area of the experi-mental plot was 22.4 m2; there were four replications; the placement of variants was systematic. The research target was the carrot variety Nantskaya released for the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The soil of the experimental plot was permafrost-taiga pale-yellow transitional old-arable soil, medium loamy in its particle-size distribution. The experi-ments showedthat early shoots and yield formation result-ed from early spring and under-winter sowing dates (by 6 and 9 days earlier than the control sowing dates, respec-tively); a significant yield gain of root crops as compared to the control variant resulted from the early spring sowing dates (May 15-18) -by 1.27 t ha, or 114% of the yield. The studies allowed concluding that the best sowing dates of carrots in permafrost soils of the cryolithic zone is the early spring period (May 15-18) which ensures the early tech-nical ripeness of root crops (by 9 days earlier than the con-trol), the least weed infestation and high yields (30.2 t ha

The combining ability of new lines of cucumber for the main economically valuable traits

Relevance.To create heterotic cucumber hybrids, it is important to have a high general and specificcombining ability of the initial material, which makes it possible to select valuable genotypes at anearly stage of selection.Material and methods.The research was carried out in 2018-2020. at the Research Institute ofVegetable, Melon Crops and Potatoes, located in the Tashkent region of Uzbekistan (SRIVMC&P).Studied 6 accessions of cucumber. As a result of diallelic crosses, 36 hybrid combinations wereobtained (p2). Hybridological analysis was carried out according to the first Griffing's method, including forward and backcrossing and the use of parental forms (p2). To determine the combining ability,conventional methodologies were used (1,15). Genetic-statistical analyzes were carried out usingthe MS Excel application package.Results.Studies have established that according to the traits "the number of days from seed germination to the opening of female flowers" and "the number of days until the technical ripeness offruits" in all studied cucumber accessions, the ratio (σ2ĝi<σ2si) is observed, where the dominant rolein the inheritance of this trait also belongs to genes with dominant and epistatic effects. The trait“number of fruits per plant” is controlled by dominant and epistatic gene effects (σ2ĝi<σ2si) in almostall cucumber accessions, and in the accession A-6 - by additive gene effects (σ2ĝi<σ2si). Thephenomenon (σ2ĝi<σ2si) was noted for the trait "average fruit weight", where the expression of thetrait is controlled by the dominant and epistatic effects of genes (σ2ĝi<σ2si) in three studied cucumber accessions (C-25/1, A-6 and A-9), and in the other three accessions, additive gene effects (σ2ĝi<σ2si) are more important in inheritance. The trait "productivity of one plant" is controlled by the dominant and epistatic effects of genes (σ2ĝi<σ2si) in the three studied cucumber accessions, and in theother three accessions (C-25/1, A-6 and A-9), genes play a special role for the expression of the traitwith additive effects. Promising hybrid combinations with the best performance for their use as a initial material for breeding have been revealed.

Ethanol Production Potential of Sweet Sorghum in North and Central Ukraine

Background: Sweet sorghum (Sorghum saccharatum (L.) Moench) is a unique crop with great potential to serve both the food and energy industries. It is due to the possibility of (bio)ethanol production both from the juice and biomass of this crop. The sorghum stems juice contains sugar in the levels similar to that of sugarcane. Besides, low cultivation requirements for the sweet sorghum make this crop even more attractive for sugar and ethanol production. In terms of technology, sweet sorghum is seen as a transitional feedstock for the first to the second generation bioethanol production. However, effective technological development of the plant cultivation and processing in the Northern and Central Ukraine is restrained by the lack of a collection of sweet sorghum genotypes and adapted varieties for its large-scale cultivation. Additionally, no evaluations of potential (bio)ethanol productivity have been performed for this region, which is important for efficient implementation of novel biofuel-producing technologies and for successful development of a green economy. Objective: This research was aimed to create a pool of sweet sorghum genotypes with the involvement of worldwide germplasm, analyze their morphology and breed high-yielding plant lines for the efficient production of liquid biofuels for second-generation bioenergy. Based on that, we also aimed to explore the prospects regarding the efficiency of sweet sorghum cultivation for (bio)ethanol production in the Northern and Central Ukraine. Methods and Materials: A valuable gene pool of S. saccharatum (L.) Moench (41 samples) was created; in particular, high-performance genotypes were created for cultivation under the soil-climatic conditions of Ukraine. The bio-morphological features and the yield potential of the plants were determined and the biochemical composition of the phyto-raw materials was determined in different periods of vegetation, in particular, during the technical ripeness of the above-ground mass of plants. The more productive forms and varieties of sugar sorghum in terms of yield, dry matter content, sugar, and energy value of biomass during flowering and waxy ripeness are highlighted. The technological properties of plant biomass for the production of alternative liquid fuels (in particular, bioethanol) have been analyzed. Importantly, optimal cultivation conditions have been elaborated for the newly created sweet sorghum genotypes, and their productivity has also been evaluated. Moreover, for the first time, a detailed study on potential ethanol yield has been conducted. Results: Sweet sorghum has considerable potential in Ukraine as a new sugar-producing energy crop. The germplasm collection of this crop has been created (41 accessions), including introduced and acclimated genotypes and newly bred lines and varieties. The biological performance of sorghum in Ukraine and plant morphology have been analyzed. The most promising genotypes were used for breeding of new high-productive sweet sorghum varieties. The potential (bio)ethanol yield for different sugar feedstocks (juice, grain bagasse) can reach up to 11423 L/ha in total from juice, grain and bagasse. Conclusion: The estimated values of ethanol productivity are comparable to the results of other similar investigations. In conclusion, a high performance of sweet sorghum in Ukraine can be suggested.

STUDY OF PLANT DENSITY AND DURATION OF THE VEGETATION PERIOD OF VEGETABLE PEAS DEPENDING ON TECHNOLOGICAL METHODS OF GROWING

The best variant of the experiment is the application of lime (1 norm per year), mineral fertilizers with pre-sowing treatment of seeds with rhizotorphin and microfertilizer Vuxal Extra CoMo, foliar fertilization in the budding phase with microfertilizer Vuxal Microplant during vegetative growth and Vuxal budding, which provided the density of standing in vegetable varieties Skinado and Somerwood at 1179.8 and 1183.1 thousand / ha. This is higher than the control by 91.3 and 90.8 thousand / ha. Field germination of seeds was higher in the variant, where against the background of mineral fertilizers carried out pre-sowing treatment of seeds with rhizotorphin and microfertilizer Vuxal Extra CoMo with the introduction of lime (1 norm per year) field germination was in vegetable varieties Skinado and Somerwood - 91.8 %, which is higher than in the control by 3.9 and 3.6%, respectively. The shortest duration of the period of germination-beginning of technical maturity was observed in the variants of the experiment, where against the background of mineral fertilizers N30P60K60, pre-sowing treatment of seeds with rhizotorphin was carried out and in pea varieties Skinado - 54 days and Somerwood - 57 days. Carrying out pre-sowing treatment of seeds with Vuxal Extra CoMo microfertilizer against the background of mineral fertilizer N30P60K60 and pre-sowing treatment of seeds with rhizotorphin led to prolongation of the period of germination-beginning of technical ripeness in Skinado pea varieties up to 55 days and 58 Somerwood. A longer period of seedlings-beginning of technical maturity was observed in the variants of the experiment, where mineral fertilizers, pre-sowing treatment of seeds with rhizotorphin and microfertilizer Vuxal Extra CoMo, foliar fertilization with microfertilizers Vuxal Microplant during vegetative growth, Wuxal and Skinado pea varieties - 58 days and Somerwood - 61 days. Key words: vegetable peas, variety, rhizotorphin, foliar feeding.

Acarocomplex of grape plantations of the South of Ukraine

Goal. To determine the species composition, dominant species, and territorial distribution of predatory and herbivorous ticks (phytophages) in the vineyards of southern Ukraine.
 Methods. Field — route surveys of vineyards to study the fauna, trophic links and colonization of vineyards with ticks. Laboratory — determination of the species composition of representatives of the acarofauna of vineyards.
 Results. During the study period, 17 species of ticks belonging to different trophic groups were identified, among which ticks dominate — phytophages of the Tetranychidae and Eriophyidae families. The most common among them were mites — phytophages, namely spider mites (Shhizotetranychus Oud., Tetranychus turkestanicus Ug.et Nich). Pests during the growing season go through four phases: prodromal, eruptive, gradation maximum and crisis. The graduation maximum phase, which is characterized by their greatest number, was noted during the period of intensive growth of berries and falls at the end of June — beginning of August (BBCH 71—79). The dynamics of the number of ticks by varieties is shown. The varieties most susceptible to spider mites were identified, the period of technical ripeness of which is medium, late or very late.
 Conclusions. Identified 17 species of ticks belonging to different trophic groups: phytophages, acariphages and mycophages. Based on observations of changes in the number of pests on vineyards during the growing season, four phases are distinguished. The graduation maximum phase occurs at the end of June — beginning of August (VVSN 71—79). It was established that all the studied grape varieties were populated by mites to varying degrees, the most susceptible were varieties of medium and late ripening.

Manifestation of tip burn on white cabbage hybrids of medium-late and late maturation

Relevance. The most complex and common physiological disease on the cabbage is a tip burn, associated with impaired Ca2 + transport inside the plant. Of all the ways to control this physiological disease, the most effective is the cultivation of tolerant hybrids. Material and methods.The aim of the research was to evaluate the mid-late and late ripening F1 hybrids of white cabbage for a tip burn and to determine the degree of hybrids responsiveness to calcium deficiency depending on weather conditions. The studies were carried out at breeding and experimental plot of the vegetable growing department at All-Russian Rice Research Institute in 2017-2019 on drip irrigation. Material - hybrid combinations of ARRRI breeding.Results. The manifestation of a physiological disturbance called “burn of the top of the inner leaves of the cabbage head” or “tip burn” on individual hybrids was observed during all years of cultivation, but to a different degree; The greatest damage to the heads was recorded in the years (2017 and 2019) with high productivity, which is due to the intensive assimilation ability against the background of warm sunny weather. In 2019, the manifestation of burns was noted in 25% of hybrids, which allowed them to be divided into 4 groups, depending on the degree of damage and the spread of the disease.It was established that hybrids with overmature standing for 2.5-3 weeks and also hybrids that were promptly removed at the time of mass technical ripeness had a high degree of damage. The lines that are most often found in hybrid combinations with signs of burns (269-824, Agr1321, 269Jas13, Byum112, Yas25, etc.) were identified, but it is rather difficult to assume the nature of inheritance, and, therefore, to develop the principle of pair selection when developing relatively stable hybrids also not yet possible.

A NEW PROMISING VARIETY OF BEANS OF THE SIBERIAN VEGETABLE SELECTION NURSE

A description of a promising new variety of vegetable beans suitable for cultivation in the conditions of the Siberian region is presented. Work on the evaluation of promising samples has been carried out at the Novosibirsk State Agrarian University since 2000; annually, samples are compared with the best varieties of Siberian breeding. A new promising variety F135 (Nurse) was selected, which was transferred to the state variety test. A promising variety of Nursing was bred at the Department of Selection, Genetics and Forestry of Novosibirsk State Agrarian University by individual selection from a hybrid population by crossing highly productive, adaptive, early ripening varieties of German vegetable beans Maxi and Rocquentcant. The data on the evaluation of a promising sample of vegetable beans by qualitative and quantitative parameters are presented. The assessment was carried out in accordance with the recommended methods. The advantages of the new variety Nurse by the main economically valuable characteristics are established in comparison with the standard variety. The sample belongs to the early ripeness group. The period from full germination to technical ripeness is 40 days. A promising sample of the Nurse has high indicators of manufacturability and productivity when grown in Siberian conditions. The variety is characterized by the ease of separation of the green shoulder blade during the period of technical ripeness, the friendly formation of high-quality green beans. The height of the plant reaches 45 cm, and the height of attachment of the lower bean is more than 12 cm. The green shoulder blade is characterized by good taste, parchment layer and fiber in the seam are not formed. Biochemical analysis of the green scapula showed that the promising Nurse grade exceeds the standard for the content of protein, dry matter, ascorbic acid and sugar.

Исследования в производных лесах южной тайги на объектах Северной лесной опытной станции Института лесоведения РАН

Приведена краткая история исследований на Северной ЛОС Института лесоведения РАН. Проанализированы результаты многолетних стационарных наблюдений сукцессионных процессов в типичных для южной тайги березняках с подпологовой популяцией ели. Рассмотрена динамика ценопопуляции ели по стадиям возрастного развития березняка. Изучены рост ели, динамика возрастной и парцеллярной структур фитоценоза, семеношение и возобновление ели. The directions and results of researches at the forest objects of the Institute of Forest Science RAS Northern experimental station for a 60-year period are considered. The role of various environmental factors on the development of forest phytocenoses has been determined. Peculiarities of the physicochemical properties and water regime of soils, the structure of root systems, nitrogen and carbon nutrition of phytocenosis elements in connection with forest types and cutting of stands have been revealed. As a result, a detailed characterization of the southern taiga biocenoses types was given and the soil-ecological foundations of forestry for the research region were developed. Investigations of the birch forests succession process with understorey spruce population remain relevant. This is due to insufficient knowledge of the late stages of birch forests development. The basis of forming under the canopy of birch spruce forest the first generation or, renewed during the first 25-30 years of life of birch. Succession processes in the considered phytocenoses proceed very slowly. Spruce is introduced into the first tier of the stand at the age of 7580 years in 80-90-year-old birch. However, the number and proportion of such trees is extremely small (in 115-year-old birch 60 PCs. ha-1, 17 by number of trees, 9 by stock of stem wood). By the age of natural maturity of birch (120 years) is formed by spruce forest with low completeness (0,3) and the performance of the relevant IV class. Change of birch stands at the age of natural ripeness by high-performance spruce stands is impossible. The process of natural change of birch spruce forests, given the age of technical ripeness of future spruce forests, can be delayed for at least 200 years.

Оцінка нових селекційних форм калини звичайної за екологічними і господарсько цінними ознаками

It has been shown that an alternative source of many food components are fruit plants, in particular, Sorbus aucuparia L., Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott, Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik., Hippophae rhamnoides L., Cydonia oblonga Mill., Viburnum opulus L., Cornus mas L. and others. Their raw materials are a source of vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber and other vital nutrients necessary for the normal maintenance of metabolic processes in the human body. The article focuses on the shortage of genetic resources of Viburnum opulus L., which would meet the requirements of mechanized harvesting, are characterized by high environmental adaptability, as well as meet the requirements of the processing and food industries for consumer quality for the production of functional and health products. New selection forms of Viburnum opulus L. (Strumkova, Horikhova, Krasunya) are characterized by economically valuable traits, morpho-biological traits and properties and biochemical indicators. It is shown that the new forms of guelder rose Strumkova and Krasunya, given the high yields (7.7 and 12.7 kg / plant, respectively) and consumer quality of fruits, are suitable for processing and production of functional products, and the plant form of Horikhova is suitable to the mechanized harvesting of fruits in their technical ripeness, due to low growth (1.8 m) and compactness of a bush, character of placement of fruits on a plant. Based on the successful targeted introduction during 2017–2019 in the research field of the Institute of Horticulture NAAS (Northern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine), more promising (3 samples) were transferred to the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine (NCGRRU). V. Ya. Yuriev NAAS of Ukraine, where after expert evaluation the samples were assigned a catalog number and included in the genetic bank of plants of Ukraine, including: Strumkova, Horikhova, Krasunya which are recommended for the selection process as sources of stable productivity and consumer quality fruits for processing, high resistance to adverse environmental factors.

Стабільність прояву біохімічних ознак плодів кабачка за різних умов вирощування лінійного матеріалу

In connection with the development of organic vegetable growing in Ukraine, the topical issue of courgette breeding is the creation of varieties and hybrids of F1 with maximum adaptability to soil and climatic conditions of cultivation. The purpose of research is to identify genetic sources for the breeding of courgette with a stable manifestation of biochemical characteristics of the fruit. Breeding work was carried out with 20 lines of courgette of different geographical origin. Evaluation of linear genotypes was performed on the following indicators – general (GACi) and specific adaptive capacity (SACi), relative stability (Sgi), coefficient of ecological plasticity (bi) and selection value (BVGi). Courgette lines with a high content of dry matter, total sugar and vitamin C in fruits in the phase of technical ripeness have been created. Among them, 2 highly adaptive lines, which simultaneously exceeded the standard variety Chaklun in terms of dry matter content (4.46… 4.71%) and total sugar (2.77… 2.84%). Highly adaptive lines, better than the standard grade for the manifestation of one feature - the dry matter content – 1 line (4.58%), total sugar – 3 lines (2.72… 2.77%), vitamin C – 2 lines 14.93… 15.55 mg / 100 g). Low dependence on growing conditions at the same time on the manifestation of 2 traits (dry matter content and vitamin C in the fruit) was demonstrated by 3 lines (-1 Less than bi Greater than 1). The obtained lines are a valuable source material for the creation of varieties and hybrids of courgette F1, suitable for organic cultivation technologies with high quality fruits in the phase of technical maturity.

Analysis of the Ukrainian collection of common hop varieties (Humulus lupulus L.) to highlight varieties with reference characters

Purpose. Conduct a generalized assessment of samples of the base collection of hops Humulus lupulus L. Institute of Agriculture Polissia of NAAS of Ukraine according to the level of manifestation of the main morphological characters to highlight domestic varieties with reference characters. Methods. Field, visual estimation, laboratory, analytical. Results. During 2011–2017 samples of the base collection of Humulus lupulus L. hops were evaluated in the conditions of Polissia; the level of manifestation of their main morphological characters was determined. An information base has been formed on the morphological characteristics of hop varieties with a list of foreign standard varieties and domestic applicants for standards on certain characteristics. It was revealed that breeds have varying degrees of characters manifestation. In particular, according to the intensity of the anthocyanin color of the stem from very weak – ‘Slavianka’, ‘Zahrava’ to very strong – ‘Hranit’; according to the color of the upper part of the leaf blade: from yellow-green, characteristic for the ‘Alta’ and ‘Khmeleslav’ varieties to green, for the ‘Zahrava’ and ‘Clon 18’ varieties. By flowering time and onset of technical ripeness of cones, the varie­ties are divided into groups: early – ‘Alta’, medium – ‘Clon 18’, ‘Zahrava’, later – ‘Xanta’, ‘Haidamatskyi’, ‘Hranit’. Among domestic applicants for standards in the form of a bush, the variety ‘Zmina’ – spindle-shaped, ‘Slavianka’ – cylindrical, ‘Alta’ –conical, and others; in the shape of a cone – variety ‘Clone 18’ – cylindrical, ‘Slavianka’ – narrow oval, ‘Ruslan’, ‘Alta’ – oval, ‘Zlato Polissia’ – wide oval and ‘Zhytych’ – spherical. Conclusions. Based on the results of long-term investigations, a comparative assessment of the reference varieties of foreign breeding and samples of the collection of domestic origin was carried out according to the characteristics of the vegetative (stem, leaf, bush), plant generative organs (cone) and phenological descriptions (time of flowering and cone harvesting), which allowed to determine the varieties with stable manifestation of the main identification signs of hops. Domestic varieties that are carriers of individual (‘Zlato Polissia’, ‘Zhytych’, ‘Ruslan’, ‘Poliskyi’) or several traits (‘Slavianka’, ‘Zahrava’, ‘Haidamatskyi’, ‘Clon 18’, ‘Khmeleslav’, ‘Alta’, etc.) are isolated and proposed for use as standards.

New varieties of vegetable cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i> subsp. <i>sesquipedalis </i>(L.) Verdc.) and prospects of their cultivation in southern Russia

Relevance. Currently, there is an interest in this country in vegetable varieties of Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc. However, a small number of varieties adapted to different cultivation conditions prevents a wider distribution of this crop. The present work was aimed at creating new vegetable cowpea varieties adapted to the climatic conditions of southern regions of Russia.Materials and methods. The study was carried out in 1998-2018 in the Astrakhan Province (Astrakhan Experiment Station) and in 2012-2018 in Primorsky Territory (Far East Experiment Station). Vegetable cowpea accessions from the global VIR collection were studied.Results. Many years of breeding have resulted in creation of such varieties as ‘Astrakhanskaya krasavitsa’, ‘Kaspiyskaya zarya’, ‘Zhemchyuzhina Kaspiya’ and ‘Lyanchihe’, which were included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements in 2019. All varieties are characterized by earliness, high productivity, excellent quality of vegetable pods, high protein content in pods in the technical ripeness phase (29.5-33.5%), and by low demand to the soil fertility. ‘Zhemchyuzhina Kaspiya’, ‘Astrakhanskaya krasavitsa’ and ‘Kaspiyskaya zarya’ are tolerant to high temperatures, air drought and soil salinity. The growing season for these varieties lasts 62-68 days in the Astrakhan Province under irrigation, while technical ripeness of pods occurs in 46-50 days. The green pod yield is 16.1–28.2 t/ha and the seed yield is 1.91-2.71 t/ha. The ‘Lyanchihe’ variety tolerates humidity well; its growing season in southern Primorsky Territory is 97-110 days, and pods reach technical ripeness in 61-70 days. The green pod yield is 21.0-24.0 t/ha, and that of seeds is 2.38-2.64 t/ha. The released varieties will broaden the range of vegetable crops cultivated in this country and improve the quality of nutrition of the population.

Features of forming a conveyor of commodity pro­ducts of lettuce, Lactuca sativa L., varieties in the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. To reveal the scientific bases of forming the conveyor production of commercial products of lettuce, Lactuca sativa L., varieties in the conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.Methods. Field research was conducted during 2015–2017 at the research field of the Department of Horticulture and Vegetable Growing of the Lviv National Agrarian University in accordance with the Methodology on Experimental Techniques in Vegetable and Melon Growing (2001) and Methods of Expertise of lettuce, Lactuca sativa L., varieties.Results. It is revealed that the soil and climatic conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine contri­bute to the optimal growth and development of all lettuce varieties of the corresponding types, as evidenced by the structure of conveyor receipt of fresh commodity products to the consumer (first decade of April – first decade of November). The shortest growing season was provided by lettuce varieties var. secalina ‘Zorepad, ‘Malakhit, ‘Dublianskyi’, which have the shortest period from seedlings to technical ripeness (21–42 days). Therefore, varieties of this variation occupy the lar­gest share in the conveyor production of commercial products, which, with early spring sowing in open ground (April 14–20), comes to the consumer in the first decade of May. Winter sowing (21.11) ensured the receipt of fresh produce in the first decade of April. Commercial products by mass of edible organs, shape of the rosette of leaves (heads, stems), color, consistency and taste qualities corresponds to the technical requirements for Lactuca sativa L.Conclusions. The selection of varieties of lettuce for the conveyor production of commercial products should be carried out taking into account the variety of the corresponding type, ripeness group, and timing of sowing. The receipt of fresh lettuce to the consumer is directly dependent on the timing of seeds sowing (early spring, late spring, summer-autumn and winter).

ABIOTIC STRESSORS AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE ACCUMULATION OF ASSIMILATES BY PLANTS AND THE YIELD OF VEGETABLE PEA

Background. Abiotic stressors, such as prolonged dry conditions, oversupply or lack of moisture, frost, etc., are spontaneous, and their impact causes significant damage to plants. This is also true for the common and leafless morphotypes of vegetable pea, which are most widely used in large-scale crop production.Objectives. Eleven cultivars with leaves of the usual type (common morphotype) and 6 semi-leafless ones (leafless morphotype) were studied.Materials and methods. The experiments were performed on the breeding fields of Krymsk Experiment Breeding Station of VIR (Krasnodar Territory, 2015–2016). The plot area was 10 m2. There were 3 replications. Dry matter content was measured by drying the aerial parts of plants (axial organs, foliar apparatus [leaf, stipules], flowers, unripe beans, pod valves, grain) to constant dry matter at 105°C. Dry matter contents were compared using the t-test. Multifactorial analysis of variance (MANOVA, LSD test) was used to assess the yield of vegetable pea cultivars.Results. Vegetable pea plants are subject to the negative effect of abiotic stressors. With excessive moisture in the initial period of growth, there was a decrease in the accumulation of dry matter in plants. A similar effect is exerted by long absence of precipitation during the growth period of vegetable pea plants from the phase of 2–3 leaves to technical ripeness. The effect of weather conditions during cultivation on the yield of vegetable peas was estimated at 13.3%; and the interaction of the genotype٭environment factors, at 33.3%.Conclusion. No significant differences were observed between the groups of common leafy cultivars and semi-leafless ones in the content of dry matter in the aboveground biomass of plants and the yield. During the two years of research, the cultivars that exceeded the reference in yield were identified: ‘Prima’ (i-155213, Russia) and ‘Ambassador’ (k-9946, Germany), both belonging to the common morphotype.

Seed productivity of different tomato varieties under the conditions of the Novosibirsk region

Relevance Among vegetable crops, tomato is one of the leading places. In Siberia, tomato production is currently concentrated mainly in small farms and the individual sector. The problem of expanding the assortment of this culture in connection with constantly increasing market requirements remains always relevant. Material and methods The purpose of the work is the development of tomato seed production methods of varieties of selection of SibNIIRS. The studies were carried out in 2014-2018 at the experimental vegetable section of SibNIIRS - a branch of the ICG SB RAS. Results The results of many years of work on the study of seed and marketable productivity of zoned varieties and prospective tomato samples from the Urals andSiberia are presented. It has been established that in the conditions of a short growing season, high productivity is shown by varieties from early and mid-season groups. The highest sowing qualities are formed when sowing in time, optimal for the zone – the third decade of April. Early seeding shifts the phenological phases towards their rapid passage, but this creates unfavorable conditions for setting – stress during transplants, unfavorable weather. During late sowing, seeds are formed with low sowing qualities due to insufficient heat supply, especially for varieties from late ripeness groups. Germination energy and germination are higher in seeds obtained from fruits taken in the phase of full biological ripeness in all varieties. With long-term ripening (eat fruit in the phase of technical ripeness) there is a high risk of seed germination inside the fruit on the one hand and lack of nutrients, which invariably affects sowing qualities.

INFLUENCE OF GENUS BACTERIA <i>BACILLUS</i> ON QUALITY OF <i>Lactuca sativa L.</i>

Primal problem of vegetable growing is constant supply of the population with all types of vegetables, including green cultures. Green cultures are vegetables that have high nutritional value and precocity. However they often are infected by phytopathogenic microorganisms already at initial stages of ontogenesis at cultivation in closed soil conditions. It leads to emergence of disjointed shoots, deterioration of growth and development of plants and loss of quality. Now in the Republic of Belarus a number of biological substances on the basis of bacteria Bacillus was developed. They are used against diseases of plants of mushroom and bacterial etiology. However there is not information about influence of bacteria on quality of products of green cultures. The aim of the work was studying of influence of two strains of bacteria Bacillus that were introduced in peat substrate on efficiency and quality of lettuce. Two strains of bacteria Bacillus were used in the work. They were selected from the soil. The strains are Bacillus subtilis M9/6 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 23TM that have high antagonistic activity to a wide range of phytopathogens. Cultivation of plants carried out in containers of 250 ml under light installations with illuminating intensity 13-15 thousand luxury and lasting irradiating of 14 hours before technical ripeness of lettuce. It was established that the application of strain Bacillus subtilis M9/6 (in concentration 106 cells/ml, 10 ml/l of substrate) and the strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 23TM (5 ml/l of substrate) in substrate before sowing increased nutrition value of lettuce. Dry matter content, water-soluble carbohydrates (mono - and disaccharides) content and vitamin C content increased. The bacterial strain B. amyloliquefaciens 23TM also promoted accumulation of vitamin B2. The content of nitrates in lettuce leaves decreased on 50,3% and 39,1%, respectively. It was shown that the application of bacteria in substrate before sowing of crop has a greater influence on quality of lettuce, than watering of shoots.

STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE RIPENESS DEGREE OF PARSNIP ROOTS AND STORAGE METHOD ON THEIR PRESERVATION

Sowing parsnip is recommended to be harvested in the stage of technical ripeness that takes place in 120–150 days after sprouts. A ripeness degree cannot be determined by a root size, because in this case planting conditions and agrotechnique play an important role. The aim of the research was to analyze the influence of a vegetation period duration of different sorts of sowing parsnip on formation of chemical composition components and roots preservation to determine the dependence between the content of dry soluble substances and one of dry substances, sugars, saccharose, reducing sugars, ascorbic acid. The research gives a possibility to get roots with the maximal content of chemical composition components and long storage period. There has been studied the influence of a vegetation period duration of different sorts of sowing parsnip on formation of chemical composition components and roots preservation. The dependence between the content of dry soluble substances and one of dry substances, sugars, saccharose, reducing sugars, ascorbic acid has been determined. The research has been conducted with parsnip roots of sowing sort Petrik, Student, Boris. There has been studied the influence of a ripeness degree (vegetation period duration) on a quality and preservation of parsnip roots. Parsnip roots of the sowing sorts Student and Boris are characterized by the most content of the dry substance 27,1–25,4 %, and content of the total sugar 5,7–5,4 %, high content of vitamin С 10,2–10,1 mg/100 g. It has been established, that the studied sorts are not inclined to nitrates accumulation, their content varies from 60 to 80 mg/kg and is lower than the maximally permitted level (MPL 250 mg/kg). There has been established the direct strong connection between the content of the dry substance and sugars content (r=0,98), nitrates content (r=0,80) and the middle content with the testing mark (r=–0,54) and vitamin С (r=0,57). The dry soluble substance content has the direct strong connection with the sugars content (r=0,99), nitrates content (r=0,78) and middle connection with the content of vitamin С (r=0,46) and reverse middle connection with the testing mark (r=–0,52). The reverse middle connection exists between the sugars content and the testing mark (r=–0,52) and the direct strong connection with nitrates content (r=0,84), middle connection with the content of vitamin C (r=0,48). At storage of roots the loss of the mass of dry substances is from 11,5 % at storage in an open box to 6,2 – in a polyethylene film. The most changes take place in saccharose and monosaccharides, 36,6 and 33,0 % respectively. The content of vitamin C decreases by 30 % at storage in an open box and by 10 % in a polyethylene film. The vegetation period duration as 150 days is characterized by the lower sugars content, but at that the ratio saccharose: monosacharides – the most. There has been offered the method of determining the ripeness degree of parsnip roots by the saccharose content. At the technical ripeness the amount of saccharose is 72–75 % of the total amount of sugars. The optimal ripeness is characterized by deceleration of growing processes, decrease of saccharose accumulation rates, the most ratio of the roots mass to the one of leaves and saccharose to monosugars. The method of roots storage with p. e. film decreases losses of nutrients of roots and increases the storage duration.

A hybrid precoding‐ and filtering‐based uplink MC‐LNOMA scheme for 5G cellular networks with reduced PAPR

AbstractUplink multicarrier localized nonorthogonal multiple access (MC‐LNOMA) is a variant of hybrid nonorthogonal multiple access, where subcarrier mapping is performed in localized mode. MC‐LNOMA is one of the most prominent emerging schemes and likely to be employed in the forthcoming fifth‐generation cellular networks due to its massive connectivity, spectral efficiency, better cell coverage capability, and higher data rate. It may employ orthogonal frequency‐division multiple access due to the technical ripeness. However, schemes based on orthogonal frequency‐division multiple access all suffer from the high peak‐to‐average power ratio problem. Therefore, in this paper, a new finite impulse response filter–based discrete cosine transform–precoded uplink MC‐LNOMA scheme is presented for peak‐to‐average power ratio reduction. MATLAB simulations demonstrate the performance supremacy of the proposed scheme compared to contemporary schemes such as discrete cosine transform–precoded uplink MC‐LNOMA and nonprecoded uplink MC‐LNOMA.