Drawing Technique Research Articles

EXAMINATION OF THE BUILDING SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE EDUCATION WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF ACTIVE LEARNING METHOD

This article delves into how active learning methods are integrated into architectural education, specifically focusing on the Building Science course. The Building Science course is a crucial component of architectural education and the active learning method offers a practical approach to teaching this course. The study is based on the first-year undergraduate course “M1082 Building Knowledge” at Gazi University, Department of Architecture. In this course, students passively receive information from the instructor and actively participate in learning by designing, drawing and modeling the project on specific subjects. The material of the study consists of 2D technical drawings and 3D models of the works carried out between 2021-2023 and found successful in this course. The participant observation method, one of the qualitative data research methods, was applied in this study while evaluating the selected products. Results indicate that the active learning method enables students to understand structural issues, improve their design skills and transform technical knowledge into practical applications.

Trauma

TRAUMA is a musical composition work based on the anxiety of the person closest to the composer but has an impact on the composer himself. This music composition work is made with a band format and supported by vocals and strings. The composer wants to use microphones into vocal effects, namely delay and reverb, to create an echoing sound produced from the composer's own voice that interprets the dark atmosphere experienced. TRAUMA is a musical work based on the empirical experience of the person closest to the composer. The composition of Trauma has three parts, namely: The first part that realizes the beginning of the trauma, the second part that realizes how the trauma becomes stronger until he loses his identity, and the third part that interprets how the closest person begins to slowly try to eliminate the trauma, and slowly try to find his identity again. Each section is characterized by a change of tempo. To create the composition Trauma, the composer refers to a method of creation written by SP. Gustami, namely: First, the exploration stage which includes observation, and searching for literature sources. Second, the design stage, which involves making several sketches and technical drawings. The third stage is realization, which is the forming process, followed by assessment and evaluation of the finished work.

Uniaxially drawn poly (L-lactic acid)/ poly (vinylidene fluoride) polymer blend as a promising piezoelectric material: Hysteresis and resonance spectroscopy study

This study explores the potential for piezoelectricity in a blend of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) prepared using the solution casting method. Dielectric frequency measurements across a range of 102 to 106 Hz revealed piezoelectric resonance within a broader dielectric relaxation regime. Analysis of the resonance spectra for length and width vibrational modes enabled the determination of the piezoelectric tensor components of the PVDF/PLLA blend. The blend exhibited enhanced ferroelectric polarization reversal, remnant polarization, and coercive field compared to pristine PVDF samples. The piezoelectric constants d31 and d14 (d36 of the blend) were determined. Mechanical drawing and poling techniques were employed to generate multiple piezoelectric constants, allowing for efficient energy harvesting from various directions. This flexible blend offers promising prospects for versatile energy conversion applications.

A highly sensitive, long-time stable Ag/AgCl ultra-micro sensor for in situ monitoring chloride ions inside the crevice using SECM

Tracking the variation of Cl− timely within the crevice is of great significance for comprehending the dynamic mechanism of crevice corrosion. The reported chloride ion selective electrodes are difficult to realize the long-time Cl− detection inside the confined crevice, due to their millimeter size or a relative limited lifespan. For this purpose, an Ag/AgCl ultra-micro sensor (UMS) with a radius of 12.5 μm was fabricated and optimized using laser drawing and electrodeposition techniques. Results show the AgCl film's structure is significantly impacted by the deposited current density, and further affects the linear response, life span and stability of Ag/AgCl UMS. The UMS prepared at current density of 0.1 mA/cm2 for 2 h shows a rapid response (several seconds), excellent stability and reproducibility, strong acid/alkali tolerance, sufficient linearity (R2 > 0.99), and long lifespan (86 days). Moreover, combined with the potentiometric mode of scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM), the Ag/AgCl UMS was successfully applied to monitor the in-situ radial Cl− concentration in micro-regions inside a 100 μm gap of stainless steel. The findings demonstrated that there was obvious radial difference in Cl− concentration inside the crevice, where the fastest rise in Cl− concentration was at the opening. The proposed method which combines the UMS with SECM has attractive practical applications for microzone Cl− monitoring in real time inside crevice. It may further promote the study of other localized corrosion mechanism and the development of microzone ions detection method.

Graph Neural Networks for Graph Drawing.

Graph drawing techniques have been developed in the last few years with the purpose of producing esthetically pleasing node-link layouts. Recently, the employment of differentiable loss functions has paved the road to the massive usage of gradient descent and related optimization algorithms. In this article, we propose a novel framework for the development of Graph Neural Drawers (GNDs), machines that rely on neural computation for constructing efficient and complex maps. GND is Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) whose learning process can be driven by any provided loss function, such as the ones commonly employed in Graph Drawing. Moreover, we prove that this mechanism can be guided by loss functions computed by means of feedforward neural networks, on the basis of supervision hints that express beauty properties, like the minimization of crossing edges. In this context, we show that GNNs can nicely be enriched by positional features to deal also with unlabeled vertexes. We provide a proof-of-concept by constructing a loss function for the edge crossing and provide quantitative and qualitative comparisons among different GNN models working under the proposed framework.

Thickness and Mitre Bend Calculations for Pipe : A Case Study

In various industries, such as oil and gas production, chemical processing, and water distribution, pipeline integrity and safety are of utmost importance. It is essential to ensure that pipes are thick enough to withstand internal pressures, external loads, as well as environmental conditions. The paper aims to enhance the practical skills and knowledge in computer-aided design while contributing to real-world projects within the field of engineering. We have used AutoCAD, a widely used software in the industry, to serve as the primary tool for creating precise and detailed technical drawings. Initially, thickness is calculated based on internal gauge pressure and then it is verified by different methods for different conditions. The ambient conditions play a major role in determining the pipe thickness. In this paper, we are going to discuss and get an overall observation on thickness calculation for a pipe using internal gauge pressure and also discuss the steps to perform necessary calculations to get our desired outcome. In this paper, a comprehensive analysis of pipe thickness calculations is presented to provide engineers and practitioners with a robust methodology for determining the thickness of pipes accurately.

What is technology education?

The trouble with answering the question ‘What is technology education?’ is that there is no precise and well-defined answer. This is attributable, in one important respect, to the breadth of subject domains that exist in technology education today. These vary across the world but may include woodwork, metalwork, working in plastics, technical drawing or graphic communication, CAD, electronics, pneumatics, mechanics, design or learning about the concept of becoming technologically literate. Each of these subject domains tends to be taught independently from one another and assessed likewise. You cannot teach and assess technical drawing in a woodwork or metalwork classroom setting. This particular issue has now become further confused with the introduction of STEM education.

Deconstructing the Blueprint for Infringement: Remedying Flawed Interpretations of the § 120(a) Exception to Architecture Copyrights

Deconstructing the Blueprint for Infringement: Remedying Flawed Interpretations of the § 120(a) Exception to Architecture Copyrights

Assessment of Safe Drinking Water Handling Practices in Households of Northern India: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background Waterborne diseases are the most common form of infectious disease, spreading from contaminated water, especially in a developed country. These diseases are a major concern for the environment and public health. The living conditions in developing countries like India affect the water-handling practices, which make the population vulnerable to waterborne diseases. The inability to access safe drinking water also adds to this. Water safety for a community relies on water collection, treatment, storage, and handling in the household setting.Therefore, the burden of waterborne disease can be reduced by treating point-of-use drinking water, including improving handling and transport. Objectives The aim was to assess the safe drinking water handling practices in households. The objectives were to assess the safe drinking water-handling practices, namely, treatment, storage, lid status of the storage vessel, and water drawing technique, and to estimate the sources of safe drinking water. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Etawah district on a total of 312 eldest female family membersactively working in the kitchen. Descriptive analysis and Chi-Square test were applied to the collected data and a p-value <0.05 at 95% confidence interval (CI) was taken as statistically significant. Results Overall, 135 (85.9%) households in urban areas relied on public supply. However, in rural areas mostly 130 (83%) households depended on private supply. In water-handling practices, 276 (88.4%) used some method to purify drinking water, a total of 209 (67%) households kept the lid of the storage container covered, and 249 (79.8%) households drew water either by pouring or scooping with a long handle. Conclusion The study concluded that both private and public sources were used for drinking water. Regarding water-handling practices, most households drank purified water, kept their containers covered, and drew water either by scooping or pouring from storage containers. Those who drank purified water mostly belonged to nuclear families and had private sources of drinking water.

Development of Performance Assessment Instruments for Measuring Drawing Skills in Vocational Students Competence in Mechanical Engineering Expertise

Objective: This research aims to develop a performance assessment instrument that can measure Drawing Skills in Machining Engineering Skills Competency Vocational School students, in addition to determining the feasibility and results of testing the performance assessment instrument. Method: This research is development research with a 4D Model, which consists of four stages, namely Defining, Designing, Developing, and Disseminating, and is limited to the development stage only. Results: The results of the research show that the vocational school students' drawing skills instrument for machining engineering skills competency was carried out by validating the contents of the instrument using the content validity ratio (CVR) method. Instrument trials were conducted at State Vocational School 2 Surabaya in the Machining Engineering skills program, totaling thirty-one students. Of the thirty instrument items developed, the test results referred to the CVR, total correlation, OMS, and IMS criteria; two items did not meet the requirements, so these items had to be revised or eliminated. Novelty: This research presents novelty by designing a particular Performance Assessment instrument to measure the drawing skills of vocational school students who have technical drawing competency, especially in the psychomotor aspect, so that it will make it easier for teachers to carry out assessments.

COMPUTER SUPPORT FOR THE DESIGN OF THE HOB CUTTER

The aim of the work is to create a computer program in the 3D CAD system T Flex CAD allowing the creation of parametric models for the design and construction of a modular hob cutter for the selected gearing. The thesis includes the analysis of the problem of hob cutters for the production of spur gearing with an involute profile, the analysis of the initial surface and the shape of the tool cutting edge for the involute surface, the determination of the basic profile of the cutting edge of the hob cutter (geometry of the basic worm, geometry of the cutting edge) and the calculation of the design parameters of the tool. The individual calculations will be programmed in the 3D CAD system T Flex CAD, which will allow to generate a specific 3D model of the hob cutter based on the change of input requirements for the production of a given spur gear (module, engagement angle, tooth inclination angle), with the possibility of displaying the required tool in a 2D view in its base, normal and side planes, which will be in the form of a standard technical drawing. This paper presents the preparation (unification calculations, introduction) before the final version of the computer program for the creation of the parametric tool models.

Plastic deformation and strengthening mechanism in CoNiV medium-entropy alloy fiber

High/medium-entropy alloys (H/MEAs) are regarded as a potentially viable alternative to conventional metallic fibers for the production of ductile, high-strength fibers, to resolve the inherent trade-off between strength and ductility. The present study involved the cold drawing technique to produce a CoNiV MEA fiber measuring 300 μm in diameter with a length of more than 3 m. The mechanical properties of the FCC matrix can be improved through the inclusion of an appropriate amount of the κ phase via the optimized thermal treatment process. In addition to a yield strength of 1681 MPa and a well-coordinated elongation of 13.4 %, the ideal CoNiV fiber demonstrated a substantial ultimate tensile strength of 1932 MPa. Further calculations revealed that the κ phase, which possesses a substantial Von Mises stress of approximately 2715 MPa and an area fraction of 18.2 ± 1.1 %, was observed to be a primary contributor to the strength. Deformation twins were generated in the FCC matrix as a result of the ultra-high flow stress, which provided adequate ductility. This study offers significant contributions to the understanding of the deformation mechanisms and strengthening effect of the κ phase, thereby facilitating the development of high-performance metallic fibers.

The Iceberg in the Room: A Causal Layered Analysis of Self with the Futures Sense of Yearning

This Futures focussed paper shares my creative response to a reflexive ricochet of being researcher, to unexpectedly becoming the researched and back again. I am currently using phenomenologically art-led and heuristic research methods to explore the implications of the Futures Senses in tertiary career education. The field of career theory is holistic and multidisciplinary. It draws from psychological, sociological and cultural fields to contextualise human action across the lifespan. Therefore, I work with people in transition and anticipation. This paper emerged from my immersion in the Futures Sense of Yearning and the moment I recognised the futures sense of Yearning in myself. This unexpected epiphany initiated a reflexive response as spectator of, and traveller on, my own transitional and anticipatory experience which was hovering in the spaces between the inner and outer self. Using a Jungian spontaneous drawing technique I set to give voice to what Jung noted as the ‘… two worlds: the world of the external perception and the world of the perception of the unconscious…’. This process revealed latent embodied knowing that surfaced through dialogue with the artwork. The layered emergent data of the artwork is analysed using a Causal Layered Analysis (CLA). The CLA invites diverse and layered perspectives of the subject of inquiry by examining it from the perspectives of litany, systems, worldviews and metaphor. Inayatullah uses an iceberg analogy, to illustrate the layers of an inquiry that are simultaneously exposed and discrete; known, unknown and ‘re-known’. Thus, a CLA of self is used, to reveal the ‘iceburg in the room’, with intention to explicate the meaning of the personal, as it relates to the collective.

Parametric detailing of structural walls in reinforced concrete using revit software

The use of BIM has become increasingly important in the development of civil construction and architectural projects. The methodology integrates various design stages and allows for compatibility between different software. The parameterization process in Revit, a software used for architectural design, was researched to assist professionals in creating projects using reinforced concrete structural walls. These walls are flat elements with welded screens as reinforcements to resist structural stresses. The objective of the research was to model and parameterize a wall with an opening and a monolithic model. Firstly, data about the norms and characteristics of structural walls used in Brazil was collected, and technical drawings were produced using AutoCAD. This was done to recognize the parameters that would be used in Revit while modeling. Finally, the parameterization process was initiated using Revit functionalities to model the concrete wall and insert the necessary reinforcement using the "rebar" tool that the software offers. Technical drawings such as plans and cuts were produced from these models, which showed the sections of concrete and steel elements. Automated quantitative data was also obtained.

PERAN ETIKA PROFESIONAL DALAM MEMBENTUK KUALITAS MANAJEMEN PENDIDIKAN PONDOK PESANTREN DARUL MA’ARIF KABUPATEN REJANG LEBONG

This research aims to analyze the role of educators' professional ethics. Apart from that, this research also aims to determine the quality of education management at the Darul Ma'arif Islamic Boarding School in Rejang Lebong. This research uses a qualitative research approach. Data collection uses in-depth interview techniques and documentation. The data analysis technique uses a conclusion drawing technique by identifying various special characteristics of a message in an objective, systematic and generalist manner. The research results show that the professional ethical role of educators in Islamic boarding schools has been well developed. Professional ethics have been determined based on the principal's policy when determining the curriculum and recruiting teaching staff. The boarding school leadership determines the quality components and quality of activities as well as the activity implementers who can manage the education management at the Darul Ma'arif Rejang Lebong Islamic Boarding School. This is proven to be able to apply the professional ethical role of educators well. This research also found that the quality of education management at the Darul Ma'arif Rejang Lebong Islamic Boarding School is running well, which can be seen from the activities that have been carried out. There are regulations for teaching staff and students who have good consistency and direction in carrying out professional education management.​

A two-step optimization for crankshaft counterweights

The optimization of industrial products and processes has been, since the beginning of the third industrial revolution, a fundamental aspect of the design phase as it allows, together with the testing and validation phases, the improvement of the performance or efficiency of what has been designed. Optimization is also applied to the counterweights of the crankshafts that ensure the balancing of the forces and moments generated by internal combustion engines during their regular use. Traditionally, this process is carried out, at the preliminary stage, in an analytical way, using specific formulas for each engine configuration. This approach, however, allows the identification of only the macro-parameters of the counterweight, i.e. mass and position of the center of gravity, leaving the designer the translation into technical drawing of the result of the optimization. Thanks to the increase in computational power obtained in recent decades and the interconnection of systems, typical of Industry 4.0, this work intends to propose a new methodology for optimizing counterweights, based on a two step approach, able to identify the best solution not only in terms of macro-parameters, but also of the specific dimensional parameters of the counterweight.

Effects of Zentangle on Older Adults’ Anxiety, Happiness, and Dexterity

ABSTRACT During the COVID-19 pandemics, supporting older adults living in nursing homes to engage in meaningful experiences was challenged. This study aimed to investigate the changes in anxiety, happiness, manual dexterity, and enjoyment for adults aged 72–100 after an eight-week Zentangle mindfulness-based art therapy course. The course was conducted in a regional Australian nursing home during COVID-19 visitation restrictions. Twenty participants assigned to either an experimental or control group completed the study. Experimental participants attended Zentangle sessions which incorporated instructor-led drawing and mindfulness techniques. A randomized block design was used with quantitative pre and post-assessments of anxiety, happiness, and fine motor skills, as well as demographic cognitive screening at enrollment. Attrition and session data were collected to monitor participants’ engagement and enjoyment of the course and any disruptions. Experimental participants showed significant reduction in anxiety (−7%) and increase in happiness (+26%), with 71% percent reporting they would continue attending or recommend it. A potential protective effect in manual dexterity was observed. Participants experiencing mild to moderate cognitive changes reported the most enjoyment of the course. Results suggest that Zentangle could be offered as pleasurable activity and a non-pharmacological addition to anxiety treatment.

The Role of Physiognomics in Teaching Students to Draw Portraits

In the article, it is true that a teacher of fine arts should have high technical knowledge in drawing portraits in the field of pencil drawing, and also have sufficient knowledge in the field of psychology thought about. This study investigates the role of physiognomics in the instruction of portrait drawing to students. Physiognomics, as the study of facial features and character, has long been believed to be a tool for understanding and capturing human expressions. However, its practical application in teaching portrait drawing has not been fully explored. The research employs a qualitative method, conducting in-depth interviews with art faculty members and experienced art students who are involved in teaching and learning portrait drawing techniques. The findings highlight that the application of physiognomic principles in instruction can assist students in developing a deeper understanding of facial structure and character expression. These findings suggest that integrating physiognomic concepts into the art curriculum can enhance students' portrait drawing skills and enrich their overall artistic experience. This research provides new insights into the importance of incorporating psychological and philosophical aspects into art education, offering a foundation for the development of a more holistic teaching approach in portrait drawing instruction at the higher education level.

Construction of a Gothic Church Tower: A 3D Visualisation Based on Drawn Sources and Contemporary Artefacts

The construction of Gothic church towers with carved stone spires and often with significant height required the most advanced technology and financial support of their age, and the application of advanced machines was also inevitable for it. This article is an attempt to virtually reconstruct and visualise the process of a 15th-century tower construction, including the main auxiliary structures: scaffolding and machinery. A series of 3D models is created for that purpose, using the contemporary plans of the partly realised north tower of St. Stephen’s church in Vienna, the contemporary machine drawings of the Strasbourg-based master builder Hans Hammer, and contemporary and neo-Gothic drawings of scaffoldings together with survived exemplars as sources. An important question was whether medieval technical drawings contain enough data to model the structures or devices that they depict and if the construction process could be represented using them.

MATRESHCA: Microtesla Apparatus for Transfer of Resonance Enhancement of Spin Hyperpolarization via Chemical Exchange and Addition.

We present an integrated, open-source device for parahydrogen-based hyperpolarization processes in the microtesla field regime with a cost of components of less than $7000. The device is designed to produce a batch of 13C and 15N hyperpolarized (HP) compounds via hydrogenative or non-hydrogenative parahydrogen-induced polarization methods that employ microtesla magnetic fields for efficient polarization transfer of parahydrogen-derived spin order to X-nuclei (e.g., 13C and 15N). The apparatus employs a layered structure (reminiscent of a Russian doll "Matryoshka") that includes a nonmagnetic variable-temperature sample chamber, a microtesla magnetic field coil (operating in the range of 0.02-75 microtesla), a three-layered mu-metal shield (to attenuate the ambient magnetic field), and a magnetic shield degaussing coil placed in the overall device enclosure. The gas-handling manifold allows for parahydrogen-gas flow and pressure control (up to 9.2 bar of total parahydrogen pressure). The sample temperature can be varied either using a water bath or a PID-controlled heat exchanger in the range from -12 to 80 °C. This benchtop device measures 62 cm (length) × 47 cm (width) × 47 cm (height), weighs 30 kg, and requires only connections to a high-pressure parahydrogen gas supply and a single 110/220 VAC power source. The utility of the device has been demonstrated using an example of parahydrogen pairwise addition to form HP ethyl [1-13C]acetate (P13C = 7%, [c] = 1 M). Moreover, the Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange in SHield Enables Alignment Transfer to Heteronuclei (SABRE-SHEATH) technique was employed to demonstrate efficient hyperpolarization of 13C and 15N spins in a wide range of biologically relevant molecules, including [1-13C]pyruvate (P13C = 14%, [c] = 27 mM), [1-13C]-α-ketoglutarate (P13C = 17%), [1-13C]ketoisocaproate (P13C = 18%), [15N3]metronidazole (P15N = 13%, [c] = 20 mM), and others. While the vast majority of the utility studies have been performed in standard 5 mm NMR tubes, the sample chamber of the device can accommodate a wide range of sample container sizes and geometries of up to 1 L sample volume. The device establishes an integrated, simple, inexpensive, and versatile equipment gateway needed to facilitate parahydrogen-based hyperpolarization experiments ranging from basic science to preclinical applications; indeed, detailed technical drawings and a bill of materials are provided to support the ready translation of this design to other laboratories.