Drawing Technique Research Articles

Refractive insensitive directional bend sensor based on specialty microstructure optical fiber with dumbbell shape core

With the development of information society, more and more special occasions are calling for a wide range of sensors with special properties. In this work, a refractive index insensitive directional bend sensor is proposed based on a specialty microstructure optical fiber with dumbbell shape core, which works as a dual core fiber (DCF). Firstly, this specialty microstructure optical fiber with dumbbell shape core has been fabricated with self-pressurised drawing technique. Then, it has been constructed as a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) sensor. Consequently, its bend sensing characteristics has been investigated from both theory and experiment. The response of the proposed sensor to the bending evidently displays the directional dependence. In the bending along x direction, the interference peak wavelength is almost insensitive to the curvature. But the transmission is sensitive, which almost obeys the exponential function. Correspondingly, in the bending along y direction the wavelength almost linearly varies with curvature, giving out an averaged sensitivity of 2.44 nm/m−1 in the curvature range of 0–3.79 m−1. But the peak transmission fluctuates without typical principle. In addition, the response of the proposed sensor to the refractive index variation has been checked. It is found that the peak wavelength is almost insensitive to the change of refractive index from 1.33 to 1.45, and the peak transmission fluctuates without clear principle. All these results demonstrate that the proposed sensor has great potential for future internet of things (IoT) applications.

A hybrid modelling approach for information processing workflow in inter-cultural heritage projects

PurposeBuilding Information Modelling in building processes brings significant efficiency gains. However, its use in restoration projects is still experimental. On the other hand, more than traditional methods are needed for communication, collaboration, and shared understanding. Hence, the main research question is how to enhance these aspects in multinational projects with information transparency challenges and the need for shared understanding among stakeholders. This research aims to develop and propose a hybrid modelling approach that integrates traditional and BIM-based information process workflows through testing and evaluating to what extent BIM can be used in restoration projects without excessive efforts.Design/methodology/approachConsidering this aim, the case study, the Mahmud Pasha Hammam as the heritage building, a 15th-century structure located in Serbia, was studied with the action research strategy to enable action-based learning by doing. Alongside the 2D documentation as the traditional method for the existing structure, restoration design proposals were also produced for the new additions to the heritage structure with BIM.FindingsA new BIM use scenario was experimented with and proposed, proving BIM implementation's potential impact on heritage restoration projects. A hybrid model was developed that meets the requirements of existing regulations and specifications, where restoration proposals were visualized quickly, quantity take-off was produced, and technical drawings were generated instantly.Originality/valueThis hybrid modelling workflow integrates HBIM with traditional methods in restoration projects to improve communication, efficiency, and collaboration in a real-time professional project.

Creation of Engineering Drawing Learning Modules Using Datum Plane Media in Improving Students' Competence in Automotive Engineering Skills at SMK Negeri 55 Jakarta

The aim of this research is to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of the engineering drawing module using datum plane media to strengthen students' knowledge about projections on objects. This research uses the 4D research method developed by S. Thiagarajan, Dorothy S. Semmel, and Melvyn I. Semmel in 1974 which consists of 4 stages, namely Define, Design, Develop and Disseminate. Data was collected through interviews, questionnaires and pre test-post test. The subjects of this research were students majoring in automotive engineering at SMKN 55 Jakarta 2023/2024 academic year class x semester 1 with a sample size of 30 students from a population of 3 classes totalling 103 students. The research began with Define, namely defining the need for difficulties in students' understanding of reading and drawing projections by observing and interviewing teachers who teach technical drawing. Furthermore, from the observation data obtained, the researchers looked for solutions to the problems faced by automotive vocational school students with modules that use datum planes, so the researchers designed the required modules and datum planes. At the Develop stage, the researcher's design is validated by material experts and media experts, their criticism and suggestions are used as input for revising the media created. Finally, the Disseminate media stage, which had been validated and revised, was used on 30 students from SMKN 55 Jakarta, carried out a pre-test-post test and obtained an average result for the entire pre-test sample of 45.33 and post-test of 68.17.

Proposal of parameter control designation system of additively manufactured parts

As additive manufacturing is getting more and more widespread, the need for a system regarding the technical documentation is getting more required. The tremendous amount of manufacturing parameters makes the performance of the part hard to assess. Same parameters are used with different names and there is no common knowledge of how these parameters affect the part precisely. We can find a serious amount of research data and results, but only a small portion of them is able to be compared because of the different measuring techniques or similar investigation of parameters. To be more effective with the data gathering, a systematic way of recording these aspects is needed. In this article we propose a robust way of recording information on technical drawings of additively manufactured parts. We also discuss the difficulties and future opportunities implemented by this method.

Exploring Preoperative Experiences and Informational Needs Among Chinese School-Age Children Undergoing Elective Surgery: A Qualitative Study

AimTo understand preoperative experiences and information needs of Chinese school-aged children undergoing elective surgery to design standardized preoperative education programs to alleviate preoperative anxiety. MethodsSemi-structured interviews combined with drawing, writing, and telling techniques were conducted in 12 children. The paintings were interpreted alongside children's verbal expressions. All data were analyzed using thematic analysis. ResultsThree themes emerged: Origins of surgical knowledge: proximity-based knowledge, media exposure, past personal medical experiences, ward-mate interactions, healthcare staff education; Pre-surgery Experiences: anticipation of pain, post-op sensations and impact on life; fantasizing about the operation; being aware of risks; demonstrating psychological resilience; being curious about anesthesia experience; enjoying a break; Preoperative Informational Needs: 55 identified. ConclusionsLack of standardized preoperative education creates a gap between children's knowledge and actual surgical experiences. Developing preoperative education tailored to individualized informational needs and developmental level helps fill their gaps, alleviate preoperative anxiety and improve health outcomes.

Analysis of Elementary School Students' Numerical Abilities in Online Learning

Mathematics is a subject that must be mastered as it indirectly influences individuals' numerical abilities at further educational levels. This research aims to analyze the numerical analysis skills of sixth-grade elementary school students in mathematics during the Covid-19 pandemic. A qualitative descriptive approach is employed in this study. The research sample is selected using purposive sampling technique, specifically targeting students with low numerical abilities. Data are collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The collected data are then analyzed using data reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing techniques. `The research findings indicate that students' learning outcomes have not yet reached an optimal level. Online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic faces various challenges. Observations and interviews reveal that online learning is not as effective as face-to-face instruction. Both teachers and students encounter limitations in implementing the learning process. Additionally, the research findings uncover errors in performing simple arithmetic operations by students. The Mid-Term Assessment results indicate that students have not achieved the maximum level of achievement. Interviews with teachers also indicate numerous barriers and difficulties in conducting effective online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic. This research holds novelty value in the context of utilizing online learning in emergency situations such as a pandemic. The research findings provide insights into the challenges and constraints faced by students and teachers in online mathematics education. To address these issues, the development of more interactive and participatory teaching strategies, as well as the utilization of diverse and engaging learning media, are necessary. Future research could explore teaching methods that enhance students' numerical abilities during online learning and develop more adaptive and innovative instructional media.

Improving Temporal Treemaps by Minimizing Crossings

AbstractTemporal trees are trees that evolve over a discrete set of time steps. Each time step is associated with a node‐weighted rooted tree and consecutive trees change by adding new nodes, removing nodes, splitting nodes, merging nodes, and changing node weights. Recently, two‐dimensional visualizations of temporal trees called temporal treemaps have been proposed, representing the temporal dimension on the x‐axis, and visualizing the tree modifications over time as temporal edges of varying thickness. The tree hierarchy at each time step is depicted as a vertical, one‐dimensional nesting relationships, similarly to standard, non‐temporal treemaps. Naturally, temporal edges can cross in the visualization, decreasing readability. Heuristics were proposed to minimize such crossings in the literature, but a formal characterization and minimization of crossings in temporal treemaps was left open. In this paper, we propose two variants of defining crossings in temporal treemaps that can be combinatorially characterized. For each variant, we propose an exact optimization algorithm based on integer linear programming and heuristics based on graph drawing techniques. In an extensive experimental evaluation, we show that on the one hand the exact algorithms reduce the number of crossings by a factor of 20 on average compared to the previous algorithms. On the other hand, our new heuristics are faster by a factor of more than 100 and still reduce the number of crossings by a factor of almost three.

Visual Language of Angling Dharma Relief at Jago Temple

The relief panels depicting the Angling Dharma story on the Jago Temple offer a valuable resource for researchers, similar to the Kresnayana story reliefs in Prambanan. These reliefs serve as visual narratives, conveying the Angling Dharma epic. The sculptors meticulously selected key scenes from the text, translating them into captivating visuals and arranging them within individual panels. These panels, when assembled, form a cohesive narrative of the Angling Dharma story. In a modern context, this sequence of panels resembles a movie, unfolding the story through a series of images. To encompass the entirety of the narrative within the confines of the relief's surface, the sculptors employed a distinct drawing method known as the "space-time-flat" system. This approach differs significantly from modern Western artistic conventions. The unfamiliar style can pose challenges in interpreting the depicted scenes. This research proposes a descriptive and qualitative analysis of the "space-time-flat" method used in the Angling Dharma reliefs. By delving into this unique drawing system, the study aims to glean valuable insights that can be applied in the creation of various visual media. The analysis can shed light on artistic practices that predate the arrival of Western drawing techniques with their emphasis on naturalism, perspective, and single-moment depiction.

APLIKASI ALAT BANTU ERGONOMIS PADA KERJA MANUAL BERDASARKAN KAJIAN ERGO-MECHANICAL UNTUK PETANI KECIL

Using traditional tools and manual work by small farmers in rural and developing areas is routine in processing agricultural land, especially planting plant seeds. This working model includes moderate to severe workload due to additional workload, namely sunlight when planting. In addition, work is carried out with non-ergonomic work postures, namely non-natural work postures. This causes musculoskeletal complaints to workers due to the non-harmonious tools with workers. Workers' productivity will decrease and have the potential to reduce the quality of life of small farmers themselves. To help the manual work of small farmers to create effective, comfortable, safe, healthy, efficient, and sustainable jobs, an ergo-mechanical application is needed to design work tools. This application is based on studies conducted on the design of work tools from several libraries or research results. The ergo-mechanical study is an integrated system that applies ergonomic and mechanical principles. The ergo-mechanical application produces ergonomic work tools that are comfortable to use by workers, and technical standards include material, product, and service requirements. Mechanically, the application through technical drawings, mechanical planning, and work tool materials to get a strong, lightweight, and safe work tool from hazardous substances, according to technical specifications. Technical standards are related to data sheets or specifications that describe the technical characteristics of a work tool. On the specifications of the work tool design, specifications can be added that the work tools are ergonomic. Ergonomic work tools can produce effective, comfortable, safe, healthy, and efficient work. This results from the compatibility between work tools and workers or the harmonious work tools with workers. Ergo-mechanical creates comfort in work that affects the increase in productivity and quality of life for workers.

Architectural Space Recognition from Blueprints Using Machine Learning-Based Semantic Segmentation

Architectural blueprints have been providing fundamental processes for urban planning, construction, and interior design for professionals. It contains a visual representation of building plans and specifications in the construction and design industry. However, for the non-expert, it is difficult to understand these complex technical drawings. This is because of the specialized language, symbols, and technical knowledge required to understand architectural blueprints. This challenge often leads to misunderstandings which can extend the construction process and escalate costs. To bridge this knowledge gap, in this research paper, I propose a machine-based blueprint interpretation method using semantic segmentation. The proposed method takes blueprints as input and generates semantic segmentation maps. These maps categorize and isolate distinct architectural areas into predefined classes, including rooms, kitchens, and bathrooms. The proposed machine learning model is tested on a publicly available dataset of architectural blueprints. Through comprehensive quantitative and qualitative assessments, it is shown that the proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance.

Эмпатийный потенциал у детей дошкольного возраста с задержкой психического развития

<p>The work is aims to study the features of empathic potential in children with mental retardation. The materials of empirical research obtained from a sample of preschool children are presented. The study involved respondents aged 5 to 6 years (N=32; M=5.19; SD=0.37) with an average level of intelligence. Pictures from the children's educational game “ABC of Emotions” (N.L. Belopolskaya), the drawing technique “Draw yourself”, the technique “Plot pictures” (R.R. Kalinina), the technique “Unfinished stories” (T.P. Gavrilova) and the Wexler’s test (children's version) were used. Mathematical processing methods include: χ2 (chi-squared) Pearson, Mann-Whitney U-test, cluster regression analysis. The results obtained make it possible to say that children with mental retardation do not differ from children without this status in terms of emotional awareness, the nature of emotional response and the moral component of empathic potential in general. At the same time, children with mental retardation find it difficult to choose the nature of their emotional response. This is a fact that can be used as a marker to determine the status of mental retardation. The results can be used in developing psychocorrection programs.</p>

A picture of hope: From the perspective of adolescents with cancer-A phenomenological-visual qualitative study.

This study aims to investigate the phenomenon of hope in adolescents diagnosed with cancer and examine adolescents' lived experiences of hope. The study was conducted between November 2022 and March 2023. The study used a phenomenological-visual qualitative research design with 20 adolescents in the pediatric oncology ward. The purposive sampling method was used in the study. Data were collected using "Descriptive Characteristic Form," "Semi-structured Interview Form," "Drawing Technique," and "Mutual Storytelling Technique". The adolescents were instructed, "Let us draw our hopes," and asked to draw pictures. Each adolescent was interviewed about the drawings and asked four semi-structured questions. Audio recordings of the interviews were made and transcribed. A hermeneutic phenomenological approach was used in the analysis of the data. Two main themes and four subthemes were identified in the study. Metaphorical and conceptual context was included in the theme of symbolizing and linking hope. Two subthemes, facilitators and barriers, were identified in the main theme of rooting hope. The study sheds light on hope experiences in adolescents receiving cancer treatment and guides healthcare professionals.

Single‐crystalline indium selenide fibers by laser‐induced recrystallization and their tunable whispering‐gallery‐mode lasing by pressure‐modulating

AbstractIndium selenide (InSe) crystal, as an emerging Van der Waals semiconductor, showed great potential in optical and optoelectronic devices due to its remarkable electron mobility, flexible direct bandgap, and photoresponsivity. Especially, the bulk single‐crystalline InSe shows superplastic deformability with the aid of the interlayer gliding and cross‐layer dislocation slip. The extraordinary mechanical behavior brings significant opportunities and possibilities to pressure‐modulated optical devices, which, however, have not been explored sufficiently. Additionally, InSe crystals are challenged in the rapid large‐scale preparation and reproduction due to limitations, such as phase heterogeneity, dissociation risks, and chemical instability. Herein, we proposed a fiber drawing technique to create single‐crystalline InSe by the molten core drawing method combined with CO2 laser‐induced recrystallization. The fabricated InSe fiber, spanning several meters in length, shows a uniform and directional single‐crystalline InSe core encased within a 450 µm thick protective borosilicate glass cladding. The inherent core‐cladding configuration of the InSe fibers not only provides robust protection to the InSe crystals but also seamlessly creates a whispering‐gallery‐mode microcavity. Utilizing a 532 nm nanosecond pulsed laser as a pump, a tunable lasing from 1076.2 to 1111.8 nm was achieved, dictated by the controlled pressure within the InSe fiber. We present a simple and effective method for single‐crystalline InSe fabrication and first achieve a pressure‐modulated laser in a near‐infrared band based on InSe fiber, heralding an advancement for the scalable, efficient generation of tunable lasers.

Development of an Educational Kit Using CAD Software for Simple Machine Learning

Traditional simple machine topic is frequently theoretical and does not provide enough hands-on practise. Students may as a result fail to comprehend the fundamentals of simple machines and their applications. This research presents an innovative educational kit for simple machine learning. Students can utilize this kit to understand the fundamental concepts behind simple machines like levers, gears, and pulleys. This study investigates the creation of a simple machine kit using CAD software as a teaching tool for fundamental mechanics. A survey study is employed as part of this technique in order to ascertain audience needs and expectations. Beginning with idea generation and followed by rigorous evaluation, the process of developing the kit focuses on aligning pedagogical viability, marketability, and profitability. The selected concept is then transformed into a detailed technical drawing specifying dimensions, components, and assembly instructions, ensuring coherence between educational goals and machine learning integration. Iterative prototyping and testing further refine the kit's design, ensuring seamless interaction between machine learning elements and LEGO-based components. This approach culminates in an innovative educational kit that effectively imparts foundational machine learning principles through an engaging platform. The simple machine kit made through this research can then be utilized as an educational tool in primary, secondary, or higher education environments to facilitate students' grasp of basic mechanics. Students learning product design may find this novel approach both enjoyable and useful in their studies.

Engineering designers’ CAD performance when modelling from isometric and orthographic projections

AbstractThe presented study investigates differences in engineering designers' CAD performance when modelling from two types of projections in technical drawings – isometric and orthographic. The results revealed significant differences in the percentage of correctly replicated components' size and shape, indicating better CAD outcomes when generating CAD models from the orthographic projection. In addition, a comparison of duration, as well as the number and type of sketch entities, sketch relations, and CAD features, showed that CAD modelling processes were similar in both conditions.

Conceptualization of an artificial intelligence-assisted tutoring system for teaching technical drawing skills to undergraduate students

AbstractIn design education, technical drawing training requires a large amount of resources. The aim of this paper is to propose a concept for an artificial intelligence-based tutoring system that partly automates technical drawing education. The educational needs of the students are defined via an error analysis of 100 corrected drawing exercises and the definition of 3 error clusters with 134 different error types. Three sub-concepts with a collection of training exercises are proposed for the tutoring system to mitigate these errors. The resulting concept is validated by a survey with 29 students.

Exploration of the implementation of project-based learning in technical drawing courses toward

The instruction of Manufacturing Technical Drawings remains predominantly teacher-centered, lacking diversity in methodologies, thereby causing students to perceive the subject as challenging. This challenge primarily stems from their struggles in comprehending CAD drawing concepts, interpreting existing drawings, and understanding the functionalities of tools in the AutoCAD application, as outlined in the job sheet. Consequently, students' learning achievements fall short of the minimum passing standards SMK Negeri 1 Tanjung Raya set. This research aims to evaluate the impact of project-based learning on learning outcomes in manufacturing technical drawings and assess the quality of instructional tools employed. The study involves two groups, experimental and control groups, selected through cluster random sampling. Data collection includes pretests administered before the instructional intervention and post-tests conducted after both groups receive different treatments. Results reveal that students in the experimental group attain significantly higher average scores than the control group, indicating a substantial influence of project-based learning on learning outcomes. This approach enhances students' understanding, engagement, and critical thinking abilities within the subject area.

Self-Healable Multifunctional Fibers via Thermal Drawing.

The development of soft electronics and soft fiber devices has significantly advanced flexible and wearable technology. However, they still face the risk of damage when exposed to sharp objects in real-life applications. Taking inspiration from nature, self-healable materials that can restore their physical properties after external damage offer a solution to this problem. Nevertheless, large-scale production of self-healable fibers is currently constrained. To address this limitation, this study leverages the thermal drawing technique to create elastic and stretchable self-healable thermoplastic polyurethane (STPU) fibers, enabling cost-effective mass production of such functional fibers. Furthermore, despite substantial research into the mechanisms of self-healable materials, quantifying their healing speed and time poses a persistent challenge. Thus, transmission spectra are employed as a monitoring tool to observe the real-time self-healing process, facilitating an in-depth investigation into the healing kinetics and efficiency. The versatility of the fabricated self-healable fiber extends to its ability to be doped with a wide range of functional materials, including dye molecules and magnetic microparticles, which enables modular assembly to develop distributed strain sensors and soft actuators. These achievements highlight the potential applications of self-healable fibers that seamlessly integrate with daily lives and open up new possibilities in various industries.

Can basic design be the base of urban planning education?: A case-oriented quantitative measurement model

The study of design is considered as a scientific activity; however, the integration of urbanism with design thought has remained limited, which can easily be observed in the contemporary urban areas, especially in the developing countries. Thus, increasing design thinking ability and the integration of spatial planning should be a priori within urban planning and design education, and thus be practiced preventing the emergence of chaotic urban spaces. The widespread view is that basic design education increases the planning and design skills of students; therefore, it is offered during the first stage of planning education. Within the scope of the basic design courses, students experience using and transferring the formatting tools such as line, stain, texture, color, volume, light-shadow, abstraction, and perspective effectively. They learn design principles such as suitability, unity, sovereignty, contrast balance, repetition, direction, measure, range, value, motion, and hierarchy. Gestalt visual perception principles adopted by the Bauhaus school of design are often applied in basic design education. The process is completed by providing technical drawing lessons on principles and abstraction parameters. Teaching is a planned process, and objectives are determined through the cognitive-affective and psychomotor learning areas known as Bloom’s Taxonomy of Learning Domains. So, is the current education paradigm accurate and measurable? Is it possible to utilize it to improve planning and design education? For this purpose, this study researches the contribution of basic design learning outcomes to the urban planning studios and the relationship between achievement levels of students in relevant courses through knowledge and attitude tests. The research model is a case study, based on the relational analysis of quantitative data, which quantitatively propounded that the relationship between two different teaching processes is linear and positive.

Determination of Laser Attack Risk Zones Under Aircraft Flight Path

This paper introduces a method of determination of zones around and beneath an aircraft’s flight path where it is reasonable to believe that a laser attack would be successful, i.e. from where a laser beam pointed towards an aircraft can reach the eye of the pilot and lead to a potential safety risk. The method is based on the determination of lines of sight led from the ideal pilot eye position as recommended by the aircraft’s manufacturer and a simplified model of aircraft windows derived from aircraft technical drawings published by the manufacturer. The paper demonstrates the change of the shape of these zones and the distance between the aircraft and the emitter as a function of the aircraft’s pitch, allowing the zones to be adjusted according to the targeted area to be protected such as the final approach path or the intermediate approach segment. The use of such a method is demonstrated on a sample application of determination of such zones at 2500 ft above terrain, a height representing the transition from the intermediate approach segment to the final approach descent.