This study investigated the status quo and further improvement needs of foreign language teachers’ teaching competence in curriculum-based ideological education (CIE) in Xinjiang colleges and universities. The results show that the teachers’ teaching competence in CIE is generally good, with the “cultivating quality” being the highest and the “scientific research quality” the lowest; there still exist several problems, such as teachers’ lack of theoretical knowledge in CIE, lack of teaching resources, and insufficient abilities in teaching design and research. It is hoped that with the support and efforts from university administrations, teachers can improve their teaching competence in CIE through various approaches adopted and multiple measures taken, thus optimizing their teaching effectiveness, promoting the construction of CIE in Xinjiang colleges and universities in the new era, and contributing to Xinjiang’s high-quality development.