Development Tasks Research Articles

Concept of human capital in the context of innovative development and its place in the system of related economic categories

Despite its relatively short history, the concept of human capital has evolved into a significant number of different definitions, affecting an increasing number of elements that are inherent in the work of a modern person. The growing importance of human capital in the accumulation of national wealth, the general trends in the humanization of economic science, the peculiarities of labor characteristic of the innovative economy, led to the emergence of new elements describing a person's labor activity and labor opportunities, and the entry into circulation of a number of seemingly overlapping related categories that complemented the already existing conceptual and categorical apparatus in this area. The purpose of the article is to distinguish the main concepts developed by economic theory that characterize human labor capabilities, as well as to determine the place of the category human capital in the system of these related categories. Special attention is paid to new concepts that have arisen as a result of setting the tasks of innovative development. The result of the study is the systematization of the concepts considered in a general terminological field. Such systematization seems necessary both for theoretical clarification of the conceptual apparatus of labor market research, employment, accumulation of human resources, and for practical application in the field of state policy to improve the national education system and labor market regulation in the context of innovative development.

Transcendence and Its Shadow: A Depth Psychological Inquiry into Transcendence, the Transcendent Function, and Spiritual Bypassing

Depth psychotherapists work toward supporting clients in their process of individuation, not only in moving through the tasks of development but also in gaining access to the world of internal experience, identifying the complexes that drive an individual’s experience of pain and pleasure, and contacting the shadow, to shift toward a Self-oriented experience of life. To take on these grand tasks, depth psychotherapists strive toward co-creating a therapeutic experience that allows the transcendent function to occur within the course of therapy. This article arises out of questions exploring the relationship between the experience of transcendence and the transcendent function, as well as from concerns about the presentation of spiritual bypassing in clinical work. Considering a pattern common to human nature in which crisis is often followed by the desire to transcend, what is the impact of this impulse on the soul? What is the relationship between transcendence and the transcendent function? Do transcendence and the transcendent function contain each other conceptually? What happens to the soul that enters transcendence, and what is the shadow of that? Where does this shadow show up in the therapeutic process? If the shadow revealed is spiritual bypassing, does the transcendent function integrate that in a way that transcendence does not? How can depth psychotherapists support clients with integrating transcendent experiences and address spiritual bypassing? The author draws upon her clinical reflections alongside scholarship from Carl Jung, James Hillman, Thomas Moore, Jeffrey Miller, Joan Chodorow, Edward Edinger, Sherry Salman, John Welwood, and others.

Sociocultural aspects of spatial development

Spatial development is one of the factors in the formation of society, and the policy of conscious spatial development is the most important component of transitions to new technological and sociocultural ways of life. The article deals with the problem of theoretical understanding of spatial development, as well as the author’s concept of its study and approach to the formation of relevant policies. The author proposes distinguishing between “developed” societies, capable of purposefully shaping their own space, and “undeveloped” ones, capable only of adapting to spontaneous changes in their own space. In the political sense, the task of spatial development is to form, through a complex impact on society, stable systemic integral formations of joint life activity. The article highlights two strategies for spatial development — revolutionary and evolutionary. Along with them, the author proposes using the concept of the cultural diversity of society as a tool for analyzing sociocultural environments. According to the author’s approach, it is necessary to study the sociocultural environment in a particular territory as a unique composition of social practices, historically self-reproducing on the basis of typological cultural patterns — traditional, modern, and communicative. The author comes to the conclusion that spatial development strategies focused only on one cultural pattern lead to the fact that part of the population starts to perceive the policy of implementing spatial development programs as alien to them, and this creates additional tension in the processes of transformation of societies. Therefore, in the process of deploying spatial development projects, along with economic studies on the characteristics of social space, it is necessary to conduct studies of the cultural patterns that are inherent in the people who form it. The author believes that the harmonization of social practices that are formed on the basis of and within the framework of various cultural patterns is one of the tasks of the policy of spatial development and a factor in the sustainability of society. Therefore, cultural policy should imply comprehensive support for the development of all cultural patterns on the basis of a dialogue of cultures. Regulators from different modes of life provide social communication and exchange on the scale of familial, tribal, communal integrity, as well as on the scale of nation-state and global communities. Therefore, their support is necessary for the reproduction of society in present-day conditions.

Developing Management and Leadership Course: A Case Study

ABSTRACTThis case study describes the development of a management and leadership (M/L) iSchool course. To design a course that balanced traditional topics with current professional needs, we identified M/L topics currently covered in iSchools’ curricula, then assessed the importance of these topics for information professions through a survey of academic and professional communities. Survey participants selected topics in the areas of information economy, organizational management, and project management that they thought were most important for iSchool students to learn. They also suggested additional topics related to communication, diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI), financial literacy and strategic planning skills. Thirteen survey participants were interviewed by the researchers; they suggested further topics related to emotional intelligence and personal skills, such as time‐management, risk‐taking and confidence. This paper aims to support a culture of transparency in curricula design and, by sharing methods, findings, and lessons learned, ease the faculty tasks of course development.

Study of Indicators of the Quality of Life Related to Health by Labor Activity and Unemployment (International Experience)

Topicality. Work capacity is seen as an important aspect of well-being and health. One of the most important factors related to work capacity is health-related quality of life (HRQOL), which assesses the physical, mental, and social aspects of a person's health. The purpose of the study was to analyze the international experience of assessing indicators of the quality of life related to health in terms of labor activity and unemployment. Research methods: bibliosemantic research method followed by content analysis of scientific literary sources and electronic resources. Research Results. HRQOL is determined by a system of factors, the analysis of which was carried out with an emphasis on such areas as labor activity and unemployment. Multivariate analysis of a number of studies confirmed that occupational stress, exposure to workplace hazards, occupational accidents contribute to low HRQOL or work-related health problems. The quality of life of the unemployed is lower than that of the employed, besides, it is higher for women compared to men. Representatives of certain professions (teachers, lawyers, medical workers, engineers, insurance agents) have lower quality of life indicators due to a high level of work stress. Employees with higher professional status have higher indicators of quality of life. The quality of life of the population employed in the economies of developing countries is reduced. Conclusions. Thus, the obtained results indicate the importance of identifying factors that directly or indirectly affect all areas of the quality of life related to the health of persons of working age in order to correct them. Since improving the quality of life is one of the key tasks of the country's development planning strategy and its reconstruction in the post-war period.

토픽 모델링을 활용한 「교육평가연구」 학술지의 연구 동향 분석

This study aims to explore research trends in educational measurement and evaluation by applying text-mining and analyzing the abstract of 969 articles published in the Journal of Educational Evaluation from 1993 to 2022, published by the Korean Society for Educational Evaluation. The main findings from keyword frequency analysis and topic modeling analysis based on LDA algorithm are as follows. First, keywords such as ‘student,’ ‘question,’ ‘test,’ ‘model,’ ‘evaluation,’ ‘estimation,’ ‘academic achievement,’ and ‘ability’ were generally mentioned as necessary in abstracts from the journal, and the main keywords changed over time. Second, a total of 12 topics appeared, including ‘the Item Response Theory model’, ‘development and validation of measurement tools’, ‘analysis of the factors influencing academic achievement’, ‘program evaluation and performance assessment’ and so on. Third, the ratio of the 12 topics that represent research trends changed with time. Especially, the topics of ‘analysis of factors influencing academic achievement’, ‘the Item Response Theory model’, and ‘teacher evaluation and student assessment’ had an increasing trend. In contrast, the topics of ‘computer-based evaluation’, ‘college entrance exam’, and ‘program evaluation and performance assessment’ had a decreasing trend. Lastly, the traits of research trends in the South Korean educational measurement and evaluation shown in the Journal of Education Evaluation were analyzed and future development and improvement tasks were discussed.

Faktor-faktor yang Berkontribusi Terhadap Problematic Internet Use (PIU) Pada Siswa: Sebuah Systematic Literature Review

Internet and gadget collaboration provides various conveniences for teenagers to find information and communicate through various available applications, thus triggering their interest in continuing to access the internet. But on the other hand, the use of the internet can cause the phenomenon of Problematic Internet Use (PIU) in students. PIU is defined as an inability to control internet use which leads to various negative consequences. PIU Relating to student development tasks in the aspect of Personal Development. Optimizing the objectives of the youth development mandate in the aspect of Personal Development can be carried out through the provision of Guidance and Counseling services, both in the form of preventive and curative services. To support these efforts, this study aims to identify factors that contribute to PIU. The research method used is Systematic Literature Review (SLR). By applying the PRISMA method, research was conducted on scientific articles published in 2013-2023. From the data collection process, 23 articles were obtained that were relevant to the research question from Science Direct, Springer Link, Elsevier, Sage Journals, Wiley Online Library, Taylor and Francis Group, Google Schoolar, Research Gate, APA PsycNet, and PubMed. The results of the research show that the factors that contribute to Problematic Internet Use (PIU) in students consist of personal factors and social factors. These factors can contribute positively or negatively to Problematic Internet Use (PIU) in students.

Pre-implementation Method Name Prediction for Object-oriented Programming

Method naming is a challenging development task in object-oriented programming. In recent years, several research efforts have been undertaken to provide automated tool support for assisting developers in this task. In general, literature approaches assume the availability of method implementation to infer its name. Methods, however, are usually named before their implementations. In this work, we fill the gap in the literature about method name prediction by developing an approach that predicts the names of all methods to be implemented within a class. Our work considers the class name as the input: The overall intuition is that classes with semantically similar names tend to provide similar functionalities, and hence similar method names. We first conduct a large-scale empirical analysis on 258K+ classes from real-world projects to validate our hypotheses. Then, we propose a hybrid big code-driven approach, Mario , to predict method names based on the class name: We combine a deep learning model with heuristics summarized from code analysis. Extensive experiments on 22K+ classes yielded promising results: compared to the state-of-the-art code2seq model (which leverages method implementation data), our approach achieves comparable results in terms of F-score at token-level prediction; our approach, additionally, outperforms code2seq in prediction at the name level. We further show that our approach significantly outperforms several other baselines.

서예진흥 정책추진 현황에 따른 발전과제 제안

This study aims to objectively identify the current situation facing calligraphy promotion policies by examining and analyzing the process and status of policy promotion after the enactment of the Calligraphy Promotion Act. The purpose and significance of the study are to identify the problems facing the effective promotion of calligraphy and propose various developmental tasks to resolve them.
 In order to do that, the researcher first identified and summarized the existing policy promotion progress by categorizing the legislative and implementation process of the Calligraphy Promotion Act, the policy promotion status of the central and local governments, and other promotion statuses through interviews with stakeholders and direct research methods like searching and gathering relevant information. Next, a “Delphi survey” was conducted with 11 experts in the field of calligraphy to identify the problems in the calligraphy system revealed during the policy promotion process. A 10-question open-ended questionnaire was designed, and participants were asked to respond in narrative form. It was divided into five areas: an awareness survey of the calligraphy promotion policy, calligraphy promotion law, the progress of calligraphy promotion policy, future tasks for calligraphy promotion policy, and other opinions. The survey was conducted for eight days from May 17 to May 24, 2023, and various opinions were collected and analyzed to identify current issues and implications for promoting calligraphy policy. After summarizing the obtained data, the following developmental tasks were gathered according to the researcher's practical experience and literature review. The developmental tasks under each topic were presented and categorized as follows: establishment of a policy promotion expert group, implementation of an arts management system, training and assignment of specialized personnel, establishment of a calligraphy pedagogy system, establishment of professional platform for calligraphers, and establishment of a partnership and governance system.
 Therefore, this study can be used to analyze the reality of the calligraphy promotion policy and resolve the challenges facing the calligraphy world. However, the lack of specific suggestions for alternatives to each development task is a limitation of this study. Therefore, conducting further in-depth research on each development task and reflecting on it in the policy field is necessary. This process has the potential to catalyze the full-scale calligraphy promotion and establishment of calligraphy as another art genre and cultural content representing K-Culture.

Budget policy in the conditions of economic transformations

Relevance of the research topic. The formation of the budget plays an important role in the system of state financial support for the socio-economic development of the country. The effectiveness of budget policy is determined by the level of development of financial and budgetary institutions aimed at economic growth. It is important to determine the economic essence and directions of budget policy as a tool for economic growth, the introduction of effective budget mechanisms in the conditions of economic transformations. Formulation of the problem. Budgetary policy in the conditions of economic transformations should be an effective tool for solving the main tasks of the socio-economic development of the country. Analysis of recent research and publications. The question of the formation and implementation of budget policy is quite widespread in scientific research. These are the scientific works of famous domestic and foreign scientists: Sh. Blancart, P. Samuelson, I. Chugunov, T. Kaneva, L. Lysiak, I. Lukyanenko, A. Mazaraki, V. Makogon, V. Oparin, M. Pasichnyi, O. Samoshkina, V. Fedosov and others. Highlighting unexplored parts of the general problem. In the conditions of economic transformations, it is important to form and implement the budget policy as an effective tool for the socio-economic developmentof the country. Further development of the budget planning and execution system, improvement of the budget mechanism in conditions of limited budget resources is expedient. Setting the task, the goal of the research. The main tasks of the study are to reveal the essence of the formation and implementation of the budget policy in the conditions of economic transformations, the main directions of improvement of the budget mechanism of the socio-economic development of the country, thefurther development of the budget planning and execution system in the conditions of limited budget resources. The purpose of the study is to reveal the theoretical foundations and improve the mechanisms of budget policy formation and implementation in the conditions of economic transformations. Method or methodology of research. The article uses a set of methods and approaches of scientific research: systemic, factorial, comparative, synthesis, generalization, scientific abstraction and others. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The essence of the formation and implementation of budget policy in the conditions of economic transformations is revealed; received further development of provisions regarding the budget planning and implementation system in conditions of limited budget resources. The theoretical foundations have been developed and the mechanisms for the formation and implementation of the budgetary policy of the socio-economic development of the country have been developed, it has been determined that the architecture of the budgetary policy should create institutional conditions for the functioning of the budgetary mechanism in order to effectively influence economic growth, comprehensive development of society, and increase the well-being of the population. The results of the research can be used in the process of formation andimplementation of budget policy. Conclusions according to the article. Effective use of budget funds is one of the important problems of budget planning and implementation in conditions of limited budget resources, and an important step towards solving this issue is the improvement of the budget expenditure management system of increasing the effectiveness of their use. The budgetary mechanism of the socio-economic development of the country in the conditions of martial law should provide for the effective and efficient achievement of the economic, social and defense priorities of the country’s development, which involves the planning of budget expenditures andresults from the use of budget funds.

ПРАВОВІ АСПЕКТИ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ЕКОЛОГІЧНОГО ПОДАТКУ ДЛЯ ВПЛИВУ НА ЕКОЛОГІЗАЦІЮ ГОСПОДАРСЬКОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ

The article is devoted to the research of the environmental tax as an indirect method of state influence on the activities of economic entities in order to achieve the environmental goals of sustainable development. It is proven that although the Economic Code of Ukraine does not directly provide for environmental policy as a component of state economic policy, the latter must be determined and conducted taking into account the environmental component. It is noted that the legal economic order includes the need for compliance with environmental norms by subjects of economic activity. One of the appropriate indirect methods of state influence for the implementation of sustainable development tasks is an environmental tax. It has two main functions – fiscal and nature protection. It is expedient to ensure a balance between these two functions, which can be achieved only within the framework of the proper economic policy of the state. In modern conditions in Ukraine, the fiscal function of the environmental tax prevails, because the money received from the collection of this tax is directed to other purposes. It is necessary to make changes to the Budget Code of Ukraine, which will establish the purpose of the funds received from the collection of this type of tax exclusively for ecological (nature protection) purposes. In the European Union, environmental or green taxes, which include taxes on energy, transport, pollution and resources, are one of the appropriate methods of influencing the behavior of economic entities to stimulate their fastest transition to a sustainable economy. Proper implementation of the nature protection function by the state within the framework of tax policy can have not only a stimulating nature, but also a restrictive and preventive one. This makes it possible to prevent or significantly reduce the negative impact of economic activity on the natural environment, and not to overcome the consequences of such negative impact. In the European Union, the carbon border adjustment mechanism СВАМ (Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism) is being introduced, which makes it necessary for Ukraine to stimulate domestic economic entities to significantly reduce the level of CO2 emissions, because otherwise they may lose access to the markets of the European Union from 2025. The tax policy of Ukraine to increase environmental tax rates for environmental pollution is expedient. It is recognized as necessary to raise the level of environmental taxes to the level of rates of similar taxes in the member states of the European Union. One of the expedient economic methods of reducing the transaction costs of an economic entity for the introduction of “green” technologies and equipment is the use of accelerated depreciation of fixed assets for environmental protection purposes, which allows faster (compared to traditional depreciation methods) write-off of the cost of equipment used for environmental goals.

Learning from West African storytellers

Several research works propose non-textual alternatives to textual documentation and similar forms of representing information in software development. This is because of the problems that stem from writing these documents, which range from incomprehensible requirements to ambiguous user stories. The various proposals of researchers often contain some trace of oral or visual communication. In this paper, we study the implications of eliminating textual communication and substituting unnecessary writing by extracting the values of West African oral storytellers. Traditional West African communities did not make use of writing for thousands of years and yet their legends, customs, beliefs, and knowledge were effectively transmitted across several generations. How did they manage to accomplish this? What can we learn from their storytellers? How can these lessons be applied to software products? These are all questions that this paper attempts to answer. Perhaps if we fully understand how they operated, then we can target our written communication to the activities where it is needed instead of spreading writing across plenty of tasks as it is currently. To achieve this, we performed an analysis of the two domains: West African oral storytelling and software development and found similarities, then selected some key elements from oral storytelling and explained how they can have relevance in software development. The theme directly encompasses diversity and inclusion by bringing into software engineering a perspective of a region where its literacy research is scarcely being explored. The study found that traditional oral storytelling can provide insights into effective communication and audience engagement, and identified four ways in which software development can be compared to oral storytelling. The study also found that certain elements of storytelling, such as audience relationship, story structure, parables and proverbs, and community relaxation and support, can be applied to writing tasks in software development.

SUCCEED: Sharing Upcycling Cases with Context and Evaluation for Efficient Software Development

Software upcycling, a form of software reuse, is a concept that efficiently generates novel, innovative, and value-added development projects by utilizing knowledge extracted from past projects. However, how to integrate the materials derived from these projects for upcycling remains uncertain. This study defines a systematic model for upcycling cases and develops the Sharing Upcycling Cases with Context and Evaluation for Efficient Software Development (SUCCEED) system to support the implementation of new upcycling initiatives by effectively sharing cases within the organization. To ascertain the efficacy of upcycling within our proposed model and system, we formulated three research questions and conducted two distinct experiments. Through surveys, we identified motivations and characteristics of shared upcycling-relevant development cases. Development tasks were divided into groups, those that employed the SUCCEED system and those that did not, in order to discern the enhancements brought about by upcycling. As a result of this research, we accomplished a comprehensive structuring of both technical and experiential knowledge beneficial for development, a feat previously unrealizable through conventional software reuse, and successfully realized reuse in a proactive and closed environment through construction of the wisdom of crowds for upcycling cases. Consequently, it becomes possible to systematically perform software upcycling by leveraging knowledge from existing projects for streamlining of software development.

The impact of energy transition on economy and health and its fairness

In order to cope with climate change, environmental pollution, resource depletion and so on, energy transformation (ET) has become an urgent task for China's development. Due to the great difference in the progress of ET in different regions, it is urgent to analyze the fairness of ET. At the same time, promoting the transformation of energy equity is conducive to promoting economic diversification and achieving a healthy society. Thus, the dynamic panel data model was used to analyze the impact of ET on economy and health from 2000 to 2020 and its fairness among 31 provinces in China. The correlation coefficient between R and GDP and between R and health index was 21.331 and 35.166. The correlation coefficient between energy intensity (EI) and GDP was −3.844. It could be seen that ET had significantly promoted the improvement of economy and health. The fairness study showed that the economic equity values of ET were between 0.8-1.5 and 0.7–2 in the central and eastern regions, respectively. ET promoted economic fairness. The health equity of energy transformation in the eastern region was bigger.

An Improved Graph Isomorphism Network for Accurate Prediction of Drug–Drug Interactions

Drug–drug interaction (DDI) prediction is one of the essential tasks in drug development to ensure public health and patient safety. Drug combinations with potentially severe DDIs have been verified to threaten the safety of patients critically, and it is therefore of great significance to develop effective computational algorithms for identifying potential DDIs in clinical trials. By modeling DDIs with a graph structure, recent attempts have been made to solve the prediction problem of DDIs by using advanced graph representation learning techniques. Still, their representational capacity is limited by isomorphic structures that are frequently observed in DDI networks. To address this problem, we propose a novel algorithm called DDIGIN to predict DDIs by incorporating a graph isomorphism network (GIN) such that more discriminative representations of drugs can thus be learned for improved performance. Given a DDI network, DDIGIN first initializes the representations of drugs with Node2Vec according to the topological structure and then optimizes these representations by propagating and aggregating the first-order neighboring information in an injective way. By doing so, more powerful representations can thus be learned for drugs with isomorphic structures. Last, DDIGIN estimates the interaction probability for pairwise drugs by multiplying their representations in an end-to-end manner. Experimental results demonstrate that DDIGIN outperforms several state-of-the-art algorithms on the ogbl-ddi (Acc = 0.8518, AUC = 0.8594, and AUPR = 0.9402) and DDInter datasets (Acc = 0.9763, AUC = 0.9772, and AUPR = 0.9868). In addition, our case study indicates that incorporating GIN enhances the expressive power of drug representations for improved performance of DDI prediction.

M-TAG: A modular teaching-aid for Geant4

Geant4 is a versatile Monte Carlo radiation transport simulation toolkit with a steep learning curve. This work introduces a user-code called M-TAG (Modular Radiation Teaching-Aid for Geant4), built on top of Geant4. M-TAG is designed to help gradually introduce the Geant4 toolkit to new users.The goal of Geant4 is to record quantities from the simulated radiation as it is transported through geometries. M-TAG simplifies the inclusion of new geometric elements and detector components in the simulation by including new classes. M-TAG also provides basic validated examples for some common detector development tasks. Geant4 intercom modules, called messenger classes, manage these classes. To validate M-TAG, simulations were performed to calculate the range of positrons in water. One hundred million decays at the center of a water-filled sphere with a radius of 1 m were allowed for fluorine-18, carbon-11, oxygen-15 and gallium-68. These results were compared to literature values. An inexperienced Geant4 user was tasked with creating a simulation model for a plastic scintillator-based detector and conducting basic tests to assess the effectiveness of M-TAG as a teaching tool. The simulation involved calculating the dose to the detector's sensitive volume using a 2x2 cm planar monoenergetic photon source spanning energies from 20 to 100 keV. One billion particles were simulated twice: once with the actual detector geometry and once with the sensitive volume replaced by water. The validity of M-TAG was also verified by computing dose ratios and comparing them with mass-attenuation ratios obtained from NIST XCOM data sets.The mean positron travel distances were within the distribution of literature values. Simulated positron energy spectra means were within 1.8% of literature means. Simulated dose ratios agreed with literature values within uncertainties.We have developed and verified a modular Geant4 teaching aid called M-TAG. It was used to introduce a new user to Geant4, who used it to perform further validation simulations.

Surface nanocrystallization and mechanical properties of mold steel induced via scanning electron beam treatment

Improving the comprehensive mechanical properties of the surface of 5CrNiMo mold steel and prolonging the service life of the mold are important tasks of mold development. Hence, 5CrNiMo mold steel was irradiated by scanning electron beam to improve the property. It is indicated that during the electron beam irradiation process, the carbide nano-grains appeared in material surface, leading to a significant increase in surface microhardness by more than twofold to reach 845.6 HV. Additionally, the wear resistance of the specimen increased 7 times while its wear loss decreased to 0.2 mg from 1.4 mg. The surface roughness of the irradiated sample also decreased from 1.9 μm to 0.9 μm. The relationship between the comprehensive mechanical properties of the surface nanocrystallization is uncovered, which provides a dawn for producing 5CrNiMo mold steel with extraordinary properties.

AMMVF-DTI: A Novel Model Predicting Drug-Target Interactions Based on Attention Mechanism and Multi-View Fusion.

Accurate identification of potential drug-target interactions (DTIs) is a crucial task in drug development and repositioning. Despite the remarkable progress achieved in recent years, improving the performance of DTI prediction still presents significant challenges. In this study, we propose a novel end-to-end deep learning model called AMMVF-DTI (attention mechanism and multi-view fusion), which leverages a multi-head self-attention mechanism to explore varying degrees of interaction between drugs and target proteins. More importantly, AMMVF-DTI extracts interactive features between drugs and proteins from both node-level and graph-level embeddings, enabling a more effective modeling of DTIs. This advantage is generally lacking in existing DTI prediction models. Consequently, when compared to many of the start-of-the-art methods, AMMVF-DTI demonstrated excellent performance on the human, C. elegans, and DrugBank baseline datasets, which can be attributed to its ability to incorporate interactive information and mine features from both local and global structures. The results from additional ablation experiments also confirmed the importance of each module in our AMMVF-DTI model. Finally, a case study is presented utilizing our model for COVID-19-related DTI prediction. We believe the AMMVF-DTI model can not only achieve reasonable accuracy in DTI prediction, but also provide insights into the understanding of potential interactions between drugs and targets.

The effect of weather factors on the efficiency of macro- and microfertilizers for the red clover cultivation in the conditions of the Kostroma region

Strengthening the forage base is an important task for the successful development of animal husbandry in the Kostroma region, and the main role in this belongs to red clover. The purpose the current study was to identify the dependence of the productivity of clover green mass on the type and dose of top dressing, when using sparing doses of fertilizers and environmentally friendly types of processing. The study was carried out on the basis of the Kostroma Research Institute of Agriculture in 2020–2022. The two-factor trial consisted of 15 options (three backgrounds – Control, Ozone and “Aquamix”, and 5 options for different doses of top dressing) in three sequences, the area of one plot was 6 m2. There was taken the clover variety ‘Soligalichesky mestny’ as the most adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of the region. During the study, there was found a dependence of the efficiency of the applied fertilizers on weather factors during the vegetation period. Thus, under favorable climatic conditions, the complex “Aquamix” was effective both in pre-sowing treatment and in the form of foliar top dressing. In the variants with its use, there was obtained a significant improvement of green mass productivity and general productivity indicators. The P30K30 dose was the most effective among all mineral top dressings. When increasing the dose and introducing nitrogen (N30P45K90) in the top dressing, productivity and quality of the green mass decreased mainly due to grass lodging. During the unfavorable vegetation period (summer drought), microelements did not affect forage mass productivity and quality. Only top dressing with mineral fertilizers was effective, and the best result was obtained with a higher dose and the full composition of top dressing (N30P45K90). Seed ozonation was effective under all weather conditions. The best result in a favorable year was obtained in the variant Ozone + P30K30 (+43.8 t/ha of green mass, or 153 %), in an unfavorable year it was Ozone + N30P45K90 (+16.1 t/ha, or 111 %). The dose of mineral top dressing ought to be adjusted depending on the weather conditions of a particular vegetation period.

On transforming model‐based tests into code: A systematic literature review

SummaryModel‐based test design is increasingly being applied in practice and studied in research. Model‐based testing (MBT) exploits abstract models of the software behaviour to generate abstract tests, which are then transformed into concrete tests ready to run on the code. Given that abstract tests are designed to cover models but are run on code (after transformation), the effectiveness of MBT is dependent on whether model coverage also ensures coverage of key functional code. In this article, we investigate how MBT approaches generate tests from model specifications and how the coverage of tests designed strictly based on the model translates to code coverage. We used snowballing to conduct a systematic literature review. We started with three primary studies, which we refer to as the initial seeds. At the end of our search iterations, we analysed 30 studies that helped answer our research questions. More specifically, this article characterizes how test sets generated at the model level are mapped and applied to the source code level, discusses how tests are generated from the model specifications, analyses how the test coverage of models relates to the test coverage of the code when the same test set is executed and identifies the technologies and software development tasks that are on focus in the selected studies. Finally, we identify common characteristics and limitations that impact the research and practice of MBT: (i) some studies did not fully describe how tools transform abstract tests into concrete tests, (ii) some studies overlooked the computational cost of model‐based approaches and (iii) some studies found evidence that bears out a robust correlation between decision coverage at the model level and branch coverage at the code level. We also noted that most primary studies omitted essential details about the experiments.