T-test Formula Research Articles

THE USE OF QUESTION-ANSWER RELATIONSHIP (QAR) STRATEGY TO ENHANCE THE ELEVENTH GRADE STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION

Students get difficulty in comprehending the words in the reading. The purpose of the research is to find out the effect of using the question-answer relationship (QAR) strategy on the eleventh-grade students’ reading comprehension especially narrative texts. It was conducted on the eleventh-grade students of SMAN 4 Cibinong. Thirty-five students were taken as the sample. The method used in this research was pre-experimental, with one group pre-test post-test research design. The data were collected through reading comprehension pre-test and post-test scores in the form of multiple-choice items. The data were analyzed using the t-test formula. The result showed that the value of t-value was 16.86, while the value of the t-table was 2.03 with the degree of freedom of 34 at the significance level (a) 0.05. Thus, the alternative hypothesis (Ha) of this research was accepted.

THE USE OF SCRAMBLED WORD GAME ON STUDENTS’ VOCABULARY

Learning vocabulary is often monotonous because the teacher only asks the students to do the worksheet without giving activities to make them enjoy learning. For that reason, the teacher needs an appropriate medium that can offer a fun learning process and attract the students’ interest. One of the teaching mediums is scrambled word games. The aim of this research is to investigate the use of scrambled word games on students’ vocabulary retention. The population of this research is the first-grade students of SMP Negeri 3 Cikembar. The total number of samples are 10 students of class VII-B. The sample is chosen by simple random sampling technique. In conducting this research, the writer applies a pre-experimental method and uses one group pretest-posttest design. The writer gives pre-test, two treatments, and post-test to the students. Vocabulary test is given to measure the students’ vocabulary in descriptive text as the topic. The data is analyzed by using the t-test formula. Based on the calculation of the data, the mean of the difference is 12.6 and the total of deviation of difference is 764.4. In conclusion, the final result shows that the use of scrambled word games has an effect on students’ vocabulary retention.

EFFECTIVENESS OF ONLINE FILM POSTERS ON STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT IN WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

This research aimed to determine whether the online film posters as a teaching medium significantly affected students’ achievement in writing descriptive text. This research was conducted using a quasi experimental research with pre-test and post-test design. The population was 60 students of the tenth grade senior high school of MAS Muhammadiyah 13 Sei Rampah, Medan. There were two parallel classes as the population, namely Class X IPA and X IPS. Each class consisted of 30 students. The sample in this research was taken using the cluster sampling technique to decide the experimental and control groups. X IPA was the experimental group and X IPS was the control group. The experimental group consisted of 30 students was taught using online film posters and the control group consisted of 30 students was taught without using any media. There were five meetings during the research. The first and the fifth meetings were administered as pre-test and post-test while the other three meetings were administered as the treatment sessions.The instrument used to collect the data was a writing test. The students of both groups were assigned to write a descriptive text to be administered as the research data. It was obtained that the mean score of experimental group in pre-test was 74.86 and 79.93 in post-test while the mean score of control group in pre-test was 73.66 and 69.9 in post-test respectively. These statistical data were then analyzed using t-test formula. The result of t-test calculation showed the value of t-observed was 3.20 and the value of t-table was 2.00 in level of significance of 0.05 and df=58. This meant that t-observed was higher than t-table (3.20 > 2.00). Based on the finding, then alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted and null alternative (Ho) was rejected. Thus, it was concluded that online film posters significantly affected students’ achievement in writing descriptive text.

THE EFFECT OF TEACHING IRAQI EFL STUDENTS METACOGNITIVE LEARNING STRATEGIES ON THEIR ACHIEVEMENT IN READING COMPREHENSION

The present study aims to investigate the effect of teaching Iraqi EFL students metacognitive learning strategies on their achievement in reading Understanding. To accomplish the analysis goal , The next two are the The
 idea is postulatedThere is no statistically meaningful variation in the mean difference between score From the reading comprehension of the experimental group and that of the control. The The latest research is
 limited to the fifth-grade female students / scientific branch in the Baghdad girls' preparatory and secondary schools City for During the
 school year 2008-2009. It is also limited he use of Marzano’s 2001 taxonomy. The data statistically analyzed by Utilizing the t-test formula Twoindependent samples. It is detected out That a statistically relevant difference exists between the groups in favor Experimental, of the one in reading comprehension; i.e. the null hypothesis is rejected. It is concluded that the Instructional methods suggested, i.e. metacognitive Learning strategies have proven to be a beneficial technique for teaching that improves students’ ability and performance in reading comprehension. In the light of the study results, several useful recommendations concerning EFL learners, instructors, and syllabus designers were presented and several pedagogical suggestions for further research were stated

Hello English App for Online Learning during the Pandemic: Does it Enhance the Students’ English Vocabulary Development?

The aims of the research were to examine the effect of Hello English application on students’ English vocabulary development at the seven-grade level of SMP PGRI Selapajang Jaya in academic year 2020/2021 and to know the perceptions of students on utilizing the Hello English App to increase English words. This study applied a quantitative method with quasi-experimental design. The seventh-grade students of SMP PGRI Selapajang Jaya in the academic year 2020/2021 was used as the population; also, the research sample was both classes consisting of 30 students in each class (experimental and control). The researcher provided a multiple-choice test as the instrument. The researcher employed statistical calculating of the t-test formula with 5% significance level utilizing SPSS 22 version. In accordance with the research findings, it discovered the mean score of a post-test in the treatment class was higher than the conventional class (76.67 > 62.50). The result of t-test showed that t0 (4.184) was higher than ttable (2.003); thus, it indicates that Ha is acceptable while Ho is rejectable, and it is concluded that utilizing Hello English has a significance impact on the development of students’ English words at the seventh-grade level of SMP PGRI Selapajang Jaya in academic year 2020/2021. Questionnaire was also applied as another research instrument to measure students’ perception in learning English words employing the Hello English application. As recorded by the questionnaire results, the students agree that the Hello English App can assist them in English learning, particularly English words; also, they felt satisfied and loved the learning process when they employed the Hello English App to acquire English words.

The Effectiveness of Discovery Learning Method on Reading Descriptive Text at Eighth Grade of SMP Diniyah Al Falahiyah Lamongan

This researcher measures the effectiveness of discovery learning on reading descriptive text at eight grades of SMP Diniyah Al Falahiyah Lamongan in academic 2020/202. The discovery learning method strategy works for the students' mental, easy to interact (actively) and new information independently. The method of the research utilized a quantitative experimental method by using a pre-experimental design. Conducted the sample of the study was at VII-A class with 30 students. The instrument of collecting data used try-out and test (pre-test and post-test). The test had utilized to know students' abilities before and after the experiment run. The result of the research showed the mean score in the pre-test was 57.33, and the post-test was 74.50. The result was that the post-test was higher than the pre-test. The analysis using the SPSS based paired sample t-test formula produces a significance value of sig. (2-tailed) had 0.000 at the critical value for the 5% level (0.000 < 0.05). The obtained t-test had -21.908, and the t-table was 2.042. So, the test score was higher than the t-table (-21.908 > 2.042). It means rejected Ho and Ha is accepted. It can conclude that the discovery learning method has significant and effectiveness to reading descriptive text.

Pengaruh Metode Penugasan Terhadap Hasil Belajar Tari Siswa Di Kelas VII SMPN 21 Batanghari Provinsi Jambi

This research proposes a formulation of the problem that is "How does the effect of assignment methods on the results of dance learning in Class VII SMPN 21 Batanghari Jambi Province". So that the purpose of the research is to prove and explain that the use of assignment methods affects the results of dance learning in Class VII of SMPN 21 Batanghari Jambi Province. This type and approach of research is quantitatively short-shortening quasi-experiments, with research designs that only control the test results at the end (posttest only control of design). The research population was in all students of class VII of State Junior High School 21 Batanghari which amounted to 121 students. The sample was in two classes, in 30 class VII-B, called The Experiment Class and 30 VII-C students, called the Control class. A simple sample cluster sampling is the sampling technique. After the test was conducted, it was known that the average test score of the end test of the experimental class and the control class before being tested and the t-test was 84.00 versus 80.50. After these two average scores were tested again using the t-Test formula in SPPS v16 at a degree of freedom of 29 and alpha level of 0.05%, it was found that the t-count value = 3,672. If this t-count value is cooled by the t-table as listed in Table T, the t-table value is 1.69913. This means that the t-count value is greater than the t-table. Test results stated H1 was accepted, and H0 was rejected. The conclusion is that the application of assignment methods affects the difference in learning outcomes to be higher in dance learning in Class VII SMPN 21 Batanghari Jambi Province.

The Effect of Using Chain Story Technique In Writing Descriptive Text For The Grade Students of SMP Negeri 14 Medan

The study focused on finding out the effect of applying Chain Story Technique in writingdescriptive text. The chain story technique is a technique which is used to make writing class moreinteresting. this technique is suitable use in writing activity. It can help teacher in teaching learningprocess and can help students to understand quickly to make summary of the text. The populationof the research was the eight grade students of SMP NEGERI 14 MEDAN. There were fourtyeight students of the eight grade as the sample of the research. This study was conducted with tworandomized class namely experimental class and control class. The experimental class was taughtby applying Chain Story Technique, while the control class was taught without Chain StoryTechnique. The instrument of collecting the data was writing test. The data were analyzed byusing reliability (KR21) and t-test formula. The calculation shown that the mean score of studentsin experimental class is 8,45 and the mean score of control class who are taught without ChainStory technique is 3,25. It can be concluded that the mean score of experimental class is higherthan control class. There is a significant difference scores between experimental group and controlgroup. Based on research finding, it is concluded that t-observed is higher than t-table. T-obs> ttable (p=0.05) 8.813>1.679. it means that H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. Chain StoryTechnique significantly affects on the eight grade students of SMP NEGERI 14 MEDAN inwriting descriptive text. It is suggested the English Department Students, lecturer and all of peopleto use this strategy.

The Effectiveness of Roundtable Technique to Teach Writing Descriptive Text for Students with LowSelf-Efficacy

Self efficacy is someone’s belief of his capability to complete a task or to performsomething. Zimmerman and Martinez-Pons, as cited in Kitikanan and Sasimonton (2017: 4) say,“Students with high self-efficacy tend to learn and achieve more than those with low ones”. Inother words, when someone has high self-efficacy, his/her effort to do writing will be better and itis assumed that their writing achievement will be better as well. On the contrary, students with lowself-efficacy often have lower score of writing than the students with high self-efficacy. Then,many techniques work well for only students with high self-efficacy. This study was designed tosee whether or not Roundtable technique is effective tobe used to teach writing descriptive text forthe students with low self-efficacy. The research was done at SMA N 1Panyabungan. This was anexperimental research design with 51 students in the population. The students were spread in threeclasses which consist of 17students in each class. Two classes were chosen as the sample by usingcluster random sampling technique. One class was the experiment class, and the other was ascontrol class. Students’ self-efficacy was tested by using questionnaires. Then, they were groupedinto students with high and low self-efficacy. After that they were given treatment. The data werethen collected after the treatment was given by administering writing test. The students’ writingachievement scores were analyzed by using t-test formula and the level of significance used was0.05(5%).After being calculated, the value of t-observed was 2.975, whereas the t-table was 2.306.Consequently, Roundtable technique was effective to be used to teach the students with low selfefficacy to write descriptive text at Al-Azhar Islamic Junior High School 32 Padang.

The Effect of Using Somatic Auditory Visual Intellectual (SAVI) Method on students’ Achievement in Writing Analytical Exposition Text

This study deals with the effect of using Somatic Auditory Visual Intellectual (SAVI)method on students’ achievement in writing analytical exposition text. The objective of thestudy isto find out whether SAVI method significantly affects the students’ achievement in writinganalytical exposition text or not. This study was conducted by using experimental group andcontrol group. The population of the study was the students of grade XI of SMK Taman siswaMedan in the academic year 2015-2016, where there were 2 classes of XI AdministrasiPerkantoran writer taught by applying lecturing method and at XI Administrasi Perkantoran 2taught by applying SAVI method with the sample by purposive sampling. The data of the studywere obtained from the students’ score of writing test. The writer used Pearson Moment Productformula. They were two data used in this study. They were pre-test and post-test. The data wereanalyzed by applying t-test formula. After analyzing the data, the result of the study showed that tobserved (2,81) was higher than t-table (0,05) (t-observed > t-table) at the level of significance of a= 5% and at the degree of freedom (df) = 0,5. it can be concluded that applying SAVI methodsignificantly affects on the students’ achievement in writing analytical exposition text or in theother words the hypothesis is accepted.

Permainan Domino dalam Pengajaran Mufradat di Madrasah Tsanawiyah

This study begins with a shortage of learning methods and media used by teachers in the classroom. The goal of this study is to uncover teaching and learning procedures, as well as students' abilities before and after utilizing domino games, in order to determine the efficacy of learning vocabulary through domino games. The researchers utilized a quantitative technique and an experimental research strategy. A total of 55 pupils were included in the study. The Random Sampling Method was used for sampling. The researcher employed observation, interviews, written tests, and documentation to collect data. The T-test formula was employed to analyze the research data. The researchers found that the use of domino games in vocabulary learning in Islamic boarding schools was appropriate and successful based on the findings of this study.

PENGARUH METODE PEMBELAJARAN HOME VISIT DAN PEMBERIAN TUGAS TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR MATEMATIKA DI KELAS VII SMP PADAMU NEGERI T.A 2020/2021

Abstract: The Effect of Home Visit Learning Methods and Giving Assignments on Mathematics Learning Outcomes in Class VII SMP Padamu Negeri 2020/2021. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of student learning outcomes who received learning using the home visit method and learning with the assignment method on the eye. Mathematics lessons in class VII SMP Padamu Negeri in Medan city FY 2020/2021. This type of research is a quantitative descriptive research. The population used in this study were all students of class VII SMP Padamu Negeri totaling 60 students consisting of 2 classes. Sampling in this study was using a sampling technique, where the sample amounted to 60 divided into two groups, the experimental group I with a total of 30 students and the experimental group II with a total of 30 students. The tool used in data collection is a multiple choice test consisting of 20 questions to measure student learning outcomes. The data analysis technique in this study used normality, homogeneity, and hypothesis testing using the t-test formula. Based on data analysis, the average value of learning outcomes for the Home Visit learning method is 80.93 and the value of learning outcomes for the assignment-giving learning method is 74.68. From the results of the data analysis requirements test, the population is normally distributed and has a uniform variance (homogeneous) and the results of hypothesis testing show Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted with the results of tcount > ttable, namely 2.46 > 1.87. The researcher concluded that there was an effect using the Home Visit and Assignment learning methods on mathematics learning outcomes in Class VII SMP Padamu Negeri T.A 2020/2021. Keywords: Learning Outcomes, Home Visit Method, Assignment Method

The Implementation of Contextual And Learning (CTL) Model in Critical Thinking Ability on Primary Students' Learning Outcomes

This study aims to determine the effect of contextual learning and learning (CTL) models in critical thinking leadership on student learning outcomes. the results of data analysis and discussion, it can be concluded that there is an effect of applying a contextual approach to the learning outcomes of Civics on Human Rights in fourth grade students of SD Negeri. By using the inferential analysis technique to test the research hypothesis, in this case the Independent Sample T-test formula is used in the SPSS program. Before testing the hypothesis, the normality test and homogeneity test were first carried out. From the results of the analysis obtained data are normally distributed and homogeneous. Because the data that has been analyzed is normally distributed and homogeneous, it is continued with the T- test using the Independent Sample T- test formula with SPSS. The results of the analysis show that the significance of 0.033 is smaller than = 0.05. Thus H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted

The Psychological Factors Influencing the EFL University Students' Development of Grammar Knowledge within the Online Discussion Atmospheres

Within the online learning atmospheres, language learners may confront certain obstacles in learning English grammar. Those obstacles may be associated to psychological factors which represent influential barriers on developing the grammatical knowledge of the EFL learners at the university level. Thus, the aim of the current research is to find out the exact psychological factors that influence the students' grammar knowledge. To achieve that aim, a close-ended questionnaire was designed to investigate the students' responses toward the psychological factors that can influence their grammatical knowledge. The sample of the research was the Iraqi EFL university students at the second year of the academic year (2020/2021) in English Department at the University of Anbar. At the first course, the sample of the participants (n=33) was exposed to online discussion learning activities for thirteen weeks to learn English grammar. At the end of the course, they were asked to respond to the items of the questionnaire. Depending on: T-test formula for one sample; weighted mean and percentage weight of the tenth items of the psychological domain, the collected data were analyzed. Results showed that the priority of some psychological factors like: anxiety, aptitude, attitude, and motivation were prominent and affective within the online discussion environments.
 Accordingly, these factors are necessary to be explored and governed within the language learning process in general and online learning in particular to get better students' performance.

Learning Activity Sheets (LAS) and the English Achievement of Grade 8 Students

The coronavirus (COVID-19) disease has caused the greatest disturbance in the account of educational system, affecting numerous numbers of students and their families from all over the world. This led to a momentary closure of schools to ensure everyone's safety. In the Philippines, this has resulted to new educational practices, such as an adjustment from the conventional face-to-face classroom set up to distance learning delivery modality. As the Department of Education aims to address all the arising problems as the Distance learning continues, it gave way for the utilization of Learning Activity Sheets (LAS). These are the teacher-made activities that can be used as supplemental materials for self-learning modules of the learners to achieve a better and deeper understanding of a certain topic. This study explored the effect of using LAS in the English achievement of Grade 8 students of Buhaynasapa National High School from School Year 2020-2021. The researcher employed a one-group pretest-posttest experimental design and utilized stratified random sampling. The researcher delivered a lesson in a printmodular distance learning setting using teacher-created LAS and used a teacher-created examination to assess the respondents' learning while applying skills, such as identifying fact and opinion, vocabulary, and data interpretation. More so, the t-test formula was used to determine the test of the difference between the mean pretest and posttest performances of the respondents in their English achievement before and after using the learning activity sheets (LAS). Findings revealed that the results of the pretest and posttest of the experimental group using LAS found to have significant difference. This suggests that the use of LAS in the modular distance learning has made the students acquire evident learning that results to a higher level of proficiency in their English achievement in terms of fact and opinion, vocabulary and data interpretation.

The The Effect of Using Chain Story Technique In Writing Descriptive Text For The Grade Students of SMP Negeri 14 Medan

The study focused on finding out the effect of applying Chain Story Technique in writing descriptive text. The chainstory technique is a technique which is used to make writing class more interesting. this technique is suitable use inwriting activity. It can help teacher in teaching learning process and can help students to understand quickly to makesummary of the text. The population of the research was the eight grade students of SMP NEGERI 14 MEDAN.There were fourty eight students of the eight grade as the sample of the research. This study was conducted with tworandomized class namely experimental class and control class. The experimental class was taught by applying ChainStory Technique, while the control class was taught without Chain Story Technique. The instrument of collectingthe data was writing test. The data were analyzed by using reliability (KR21) and t-test formula. The calculationshown that the mean score of students in experimental class is 8,45 and the mean score of control class who aretaught without Chain Story technique is 3,25. It can be concluded that the mean score of experimental class is higherthan control class. There is a significant difference scores between experimental group and control group. Based onresearch finding, it is concluded that t-observed is higher than t-table. T-obs> t- table (p=0.05) 8.813>1.679. itmeans that H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. Chain Story Technique significantly affects on the eight grade studentsof SMP NEGERI 14 MEDAN in writing descriptive text. It is suggested the English Department Students, lecturerand all of people to use this strategy

PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN METODE PENEMUAN (DISCOVERY LEARNING) TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA

A planned effort to develop one's potential and change one's attitude and way of thinking to interact in daily life so that how to behave for the better is the meaning of education. Mastery of concepts is very much needed in the learning process in the classroom but in fact there are still many students who do not understand the concept so that learning outcomes are still low, one of the causes of the lack of mastery of learning concepts in class is the lack of variety in learning or the use of classical learning methods makes students bored and bored to follow the learning process in class so that the material presented by the teacher is not conveyed properly to students. The method used in this study using descriptive quantitative methods, the data were analyzed using statistical calculations for the population in this study were all students of class VII SMP SLB Lampung Province which consisted of 2 classes with a total of 16 students, while the sample was taken 2 classes, namely class VII.A and class VII.B. To find out student results, an essay test was conducted. From the results of testing the hypothesis using the statistical formula t-test obtained the value of t = 3.08. From the t distribution table at the 5% significant level, it is known that t = 2.14 and t = 1.76, while at the 1% significant level it is known that t = t= 2.98 and t = 2.62, this means t > t

Influence of Role Playing Learning Model on Learning Outcomes of Speaking Skills in Simple Interviewing for Fifth Grade Students of SDN 2 Tambakrigadung Lamongan

The purpose of this study is to see how the role playing learning model affects students' speaking skills in class 5C SDN 2 Tambakrigadung Lamongan. This is a quantitative study that use the Posttest-Only Control Design approach. The data was collected using a random sampling technique and a learning outcome test in the form of a description (conversational text). The two-sample paired t-test formula was used for hypothesis testing. With 39 students in each class, the sample comprised of two classes: class 5C as the experimental group and class 5A as the control group. The results of the data analysis revealed that the role playing model had an effect on the speaking abilities of 5th grade students at SDN 2 Tambakrigadung Lamongan.The results of the data analysis revealed that the value of tcount was bigger than ttable, or 5.80 > 1.665 at a significance level of 5%, hence H0 was rejected and Ha was given.

THE EFFECT OF USING INFORMATION SEARCH STRATEGY ON STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION OF ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION TEXT AT ELEVENTH GRADE OF SMA NEGERI 1 SORKAM IN 2020/2021 ACADEMIC YEAR)

The goal of this study is to see if the Information Search strategy has a significant impact on students' reading comprehension of analytical exposition texts in eleventh grade students at SMA Negeri 1 Sorkam in the 2020/2021 Academic Year. This study employs an experimental approach with a pre-experimental research design, as well as a pretest-posttest design for one group. There are 187 students in the eleventh grade, therefore the population is made up entirely of them. Purposivesampling is the sampling technique utilized in this study, and the sample size is 31 students. The researcher collects data using an observation sheet for data on the implementation of the Information Search technique and a test for data on the students' reading comprehension of an analytical exposition text. The use of the Information Search approach yielded a score of 3.5, which is considered "very good." Before adopting the Information Search approach, the mean score of the students'reading comprehension of analytical exposition material. Before using the Information Search strategy, the students' reading comprehension of analytical exposition text had a mean score of 55, which was categorized as "Bad." Meanwhile, it was categorized as "Good" after using the Information Search strategy with a score of 70. The researcher uses the ttest formula to analyze the data using the statistical process. Based on the data that was analyzed, the data analysis revealed that ttest is superior to ttable (ttest9.02> ttable 2.04). As a result, the hypothesis has been accepted. It means that in the 2020/2021 Academic Year, there is a considerable influence of Information Search method on students' reading comprehension of analytical exposition text at SMA Negeri 1 Sorkam eleventh grade students.

The Effectiveness of Using Crossword Puzzle Games Through Student’s Vocabulary Mastery

The purpose of this research was to find out whether there was an effect of using crossword puzzle games through students’ vocabulary mastery and the significant differences before and after using crossword puzzle games through students’ vocabulary mastery. The population of this research was eleventh students of Vocational High School 1 Banyuputih. XI AKL as the experimental class consisted of 25 students. For the sampling technique, the researcher used purposive sampling. In the getting data, it was obtained by using questionnaires filled out by students and used tests that divided into pre-test and post-test. This research method used quantitative research methods and conducted a pre-experimental design as the research design of this study with data testing using SPSS 16. Based on the analysis result of this research showed that the result of the T-test formula to test the hypothesis of this research insignificance 2 degree (α) of 5% is T-test (to) > T-table (table) (18.90 > 1.713). Therefore, the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted that there is a significant difference between students’ vocabulary mastery before and after using crossword puzzle games.