Supply System Research Articles

Perceptions and Attitudes of Drinking Water Supply Systems Staff Towards Climate Change Adaptation for Drinking Water Quality Management

Perceptions and Attitudes of Drinking Water Supply Systems Staff Towards Climate Change Adaptation for Drinking Water Quality Management

Navigating the High Costs of Energy Storage: Challenges and Solutions for Sustainable Integration

As global energy consumption continues to rise, it is imperative that energy supply systems are aligned to meet this growing demand. However, the current state of the energy industry is characterized by prohibitively high costs associated with energy storage systems, alongside significant inefficiencies and energy wastage. This paper first introduce two main energy storage system: Lithium-ion battery, Compressed Air Energy Storage(CAES), explores the underlying factors contributing to these elevated costs and examines the current energy landscapes of key regions, including Asian countries, particularly China, the United States, and Europe. Through a comparative analysis, the paper identifies the differences and underlying causes that drive these disparities. Furthermore, it proposes strategic solutions to address these cost challenges, such as reforming tax systems to incentivize innovation, enhancing supply chain efficiency through better integration and localization, and investing in research and development to drive technological advancements. By tackling these issues, the global energy sector can advance towards more cost-effective and sustainable energy storage solutions, thereby supporting the transition to a low-carbon future and ensuring energy security for generations to come.

Study of a Power Supply System Operation Based on Methane Generator Supported by an Energy Storage System, to Cover High Fluctuation Electrical Loads: Greenhouse Case Study

The operation of a greenhouse requires the consumption of high amounts of energy. The problem is strengthened by the energy crisis that characterizes our days. This article studies an energy management strategy based on the utilization of methane generators (MG) for energy saving in greenhouses. The management strategy includes covering the energy needs of a greenhouse unit (GHU) by directly injecting the energy produced by the generator units. If the energy produced from MG cannot meet the energy needs of the GHU, an energy storage system (ESS) or a backup (in case ESS is unavailable) is used to support the load, covering the gap between production and consumption. In case of excess energy, priority is given to charging the ESS, and the possible presence of excess energy is led to the network. The main objective of energy management is the optimal design of the MG-ESS system to minimize the possibility of energy excess and deficit. The analysis presented is based on actual GHU energy demand. The special feature of this load is the existence of strong daily fluctuations in energy consumption, especially during the summer months. This study presents a methodology for managing such loads with the main objective of maximizing the operating efficiency of MG. Briefly, this article brings a new look to the existing literature in the following areas: (I) a methodology for the efficient operation of methane generators in combination with ESS to cover both mild and intense power fluctuations has been developed, (II) The mapping of the load profile and its division into zones of different power levels providing the possibility of choosing different sizes of generators that will operate at their optimal power has been achieved and (III) a techno-economically optimal ESS to support the generators in meeting load needs and absorbing excess energy has been designed. The analysis based on the use of three different MGs in the three mapped load zones that will operate at constant power due to their support by an ESS led to the identification of the appropriate combination of MG-ESS for the autonomous operation of the GHU. The preliminary economic evaluation of the optimal MG-ESS combination based on LCOE showed that the proposed system (LCOE = 0.216 – 0.279) is competitive with the existing system (LCOE = 0.392) responsible for covering the load’s energy demand.

Assessment of Criticality in Water Distribution Networks via Complex Network Theory

Water distribution networks (WDNs), which are responsible for delivering water of adequate quantity and quality, are vulnerable to threats such as leaks, pipe breaks, and contaminant intrusions. Hence, it is important to identify critical network elements to develop more assertive maintenance strategies for water systems. This paper aims to perform a risk assessment on leaks and pipe breaks to support the identification of critical elements in water supply systems. To this end, complex network theory (CNT) is applied as an alternative to conventional approaches that rely on multiple hydraulic simulations. Metrics such as robustness, redundancy, centrality, and connectivity are used to analyze graphs representing WDNs. Failures are modeled using hydraulic simulations to evaluate their impact on parameters such as pressure and flow. CNT metrics are then applied, including shortest path calculations between water sources and demand vertices to assess pipe importance, and vertex centrality metrics to evaluate node influence on the network. The results of the hydraulic simulations are compared with the outcomes of CNT-based analyses. Multi-criteria analysis is then employed to determine the asset maintenance priority, considering multiple failures and the associated impacts on the system. The results highlight a novel approach that shifts the focus from hydraulic state-based assessments to topology-driven analysis, reducing the influence of uncertainties inherent in water distribution network models.

Assessment of the effect of the probiotic complex «LiquaFid» on the production performance of sows

The intensity of modern pig farming requires a continuous search for methods to maintain and improve the achieved production indicators and the high health status of animals. The use of various forms of feed additives, including probiotic complexes, can partially solve this problem. Some probiotic strains of bacteria are able to have a preventive effect on the occurrence of pathologies of bacterial or viral origin, they also have a positive effect on the course of metabolic processes of the body. In addition, the use of probiotic complexes in one form or another is less expensive than the use of specific antibacterial or antiviral agents.Our goal was to study the effect of various doses of the probiotic «LiquaFid» on the reproductive ability of sows before farrowing and during lactation. «LiquaFid» is a probiotic complex based on unique spore strains of Bacillus megaterium B –4801 and Bacillus subtilis 1-85 microbes, externally it is a well-soluble powder in water. For the experiment, 4 groups of analogues (n=34) from sows were formed. The experiment was carried out at a full-cycle enterprise engaged in industrial pig farming. The duration of the experience is 33 days. The probiotic complex was given to animals through a water supply system common to breeding stock and young animals.Based on the data obtained from the results of the experiment, it was found that the use of the probiotic «LiquaFid» to uterine livestock immediately before farrowing and during lactation reduced the incidence and severity of the course of obstetric pathologies that arose. Thus, the number of postpartum diseases decreased by 5.89% and 14.71% in the experimental groups, and the incidence of mastitis-metritis-agalactia syndrome, against the background of probiotic use, decreased several times. Due to a decrease in the manifestation of symptoms of dysgalactia, the indicator of suckling of sows has also improved. The production indicators of the obtained young animals in the experimental groups also differed in a positive way. The output of "business" piglets increased by 1.34%, 4.69% and 5.53%, while the live weight of piglets by weaning age also increased.

Two-Stage Integrated Optimization Design of Reversible Traction Power Supply System

In a traction power supply system, the design of traction substations significantly influences both the system’s operational stability and investment costs, while the energy management strategy of the flexible substations affects the overall operational expenses. This study proposes a novel two-stage system optimization design method that addresses both the configuration of the system and the control parameters of traction substations. The first stage of the optimization focuses on the system configuration, including the optimal location and capacity of traction substations. In the second stage, the control parameters of the traction substations, particularly the droop rate of reversible converters, are optimized to improve regenerative braking energy utilization by applying a fuzzy logic-based adjustment strategy. The optimization process aims to minimize the total annual system cost, incorporating traction network parameters, power supply equipment costs, and electricity expenses. The parallel cheetah algorithm is employed to solve this complex optimization problem. Simulation results for Metro Line 9 show that the proposed method reduces the total annual project costs by 5.8%, demonstrating its effectiveness in both energy efficiency and cost reduction.

The Charging Station Choice Coordinated with the Existing Power Supply Systems of Apartment Buildings and Educational Institutions in a Megalopolis

The Charging Station Choice Coordinated with the Existing Power Supply Systems of Apartment Buildings and Educational Institutions in a Megalopolis

Intersections of Big Data and IoT in Academic Publications: A Topic Modeling Approach

As vast amounts of data are generated from various sources such as social media, sensors and online transactions, the analysis of Big Data offers organizations the ability to derive insights and make informed decisions. Simultaneously, IoT connects physical devices, enabling real-time data collection and exchange that transforms interactions within smart homes, cities and industries. The intersection of these fields is essential, leading to innovations such as predictive maintenance, real-time traffic management and personalized solutions. Utilizing a dataset of 8159 publications sourced from the Web of Science database, our research employs Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques and selective human validation to analyze abstracts, titles, keywords and other useful information, uncovering key themes and trends in both Big Data and IoT research. Six topics are extracted using Latent Dirichlet Allocation. In Topic 1, words like “system” and “energy” are among the most frequent, signaling that Topic 1 revolves around data systems and IoT technologies, likely in the context of smart systems and energy-related applications. Topic 2 focuses on the application of technologies, as indicated by terms such as “technologies”, “industry” and “research”. It deals with how IoT and related technologies are transforming various industries. Topic 3 emphasizes terms like learning and research, indicating a focus on machine learning and IoT applications. It is oriented toward research involving new methods and models in the IoT domain related to learning algorithms. Topic 4 highlights terms such as smart, suggesting a focus on smart technologies and systems. Topic 5 touches upon the role of digital chains and supply systems, suggesting an industrial focus on digital transformation. Topic 6 focuses on technical aspects such as modeling, system performance and prediction algorithms. It delves into the efficiency of IoT networks with terms like “accuracy”, “power” and “performance” standing out.

Constructive-synthesizing modeling of the direct current traction power supply system

A general constructive-synthesizing model of the DC traction power supply section has been developed. The model can be used to solve a number of problems related to reducing electricity consumption in both railway and urban public electric transport. The developed model is focused on determining the availability and nomenclature of traction substation equipment and rational use of recuperation energy. However, it can also be applied to solve other problems related to the designs of the traction power supply system. An example of the formed scheme of a linear power supply section with three substations is given. The presented generalized model allows to form a set of potentially possible schemes of sections of the power supply system, which can serve as the basis for further constructive modeling: traction power supply modes and the state of the power grid, equipment location options and train situation, determination of expert conclusions on the use of recuperation energy on these models, formation of a neuro-fuzzy or neural network of decision-making and, based on them control constructor. The developed modeling method is based on the capabilities of the сonstructive-synthesizing modeling in a new subject area. The terminal alphabet is semantically filled with images of electrical equipment, traction network and electricity consumers with appropriate attributes. The constructive-synthesizing modeling specification has been performed, which allows taking into account a significant number of capabilities and features of modern equipment of traction power supply systems, traction network sections and train situation. The given indi-vidual case of forming a structural diagram demonstrates the capabilities of the constructive-synthesizing modeling in relation to a number of tasks.

On-Line Insulation Monitoring Method of Substation Power Cable Based on Distributed Current Principal Component Analysis

Monitoring the insulation condition of power cables is essential for ensuring the safe and stable operation of the substation power supply system. Leakage current is an important indicator of insulation performance of power cables. However, the application of leakage current monitoring methods in substations is limited due to issues such as neutral line shunting on the load side and the spatial isolation of the phase-to-neutral line in the power cabinet. This paper proposes an insulation monitoring method based on distributed current principal component analysis for power cables in substations. Firstly, the leakage current of substation power cable is measured by a distributed current extraction method, and the cable insulation condition is preliminarily judged. Then, considering the problem of measurement error interference in the process of distributed current synthesis, an evaluation method of power cable insulation state based on principal component analysis of distributed current is proposed. To verify the feasibility of the proposed method, both simulation and laboratory tests were conducted. The results indicate that the proposed method can effectively measure the leakage current of power cables in substations and realize the accurate distinction between measurement error and cable insulation degradation characteristics. The method offers a novel idea for insulation monitoring of substation power cables.

Design High-Performance Stretchable Light-Harvesting Polymers for Organic Solar Cells via Synergistic Effect of Flexible Alkyl Segment and Hydrogen Bond.

Stretchable organic solar cells (SOSCs) have great application prospects to serve as energy supply systems, which can be fully incorporated with wearable electronic devices to achieve truly integrated systems that are fully stretchable and wearable. However, the stretchable polymer light-harvesting active layer has not been successfully developed, which limits the development of stretchable organic solar cells. In this regard, a series of stretchable light-harvesting donor and acceptor polymers are designed and synthesized by introducing amide units with flexible alkyl segments and hydrogen bonds as the third component into the PM6 and PY-IT based conjugated polymer backbones. Hydrogen bonds and flexible alkyl segments can dissipate tensile stress for high stretchability. In addition, hydrogen bonds can reduce the impact of flexible alkyl segments on intermolecular stacking, thus maintaining good photovoltaic performance. The obtained results suggest that the incorporation of amide units (5 mol% content) into the donor polymer can efficiently improve the stretchability without compromising the photovoltaic performance. This study provides an understanding of the impact of amide units on properties, offering another entry to the molecular design guidelines for high-performance stretchable light-harvesting polymers, developing high-performance stretchable organic solar cells, and further promoting the development of wearable electronic devices.

Efficient Escherichia coli Platform for Cannabinoid Precursor Olivetolic Acid Biosynthesis from Inexpensive Inputs.

Olivetolic acid (OLA), an initial precursor of cannabinoids, is catalyzed by type III polyketide synthase, which has a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects. Here, we applied systematic metabolic engineering to develop a multienzyme cascade system to produce OLA via two low-cost inputs. The polyketide synthase (OLS) and cyclase enzymes (OAC), along with the best combination of hexanoyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA synthetases (AEE3 and MatB), were first introduced into the biocatalytic system to increase the supply of hexanoyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA as starting and extender units. To drive the catalysis smoothly, an ATP regeneration system and a CoA-sufficient supply system were incorporated into the biocatalysts to provide enough cofactors. Furthermore, malonyl-CoA flux was redirected to OLA biosynthesis through delicate control of the fatty acid biosynthesis (FAB) pathway via promoter engineering. Collectively, these strategies have led us to produce OLA at a titer of 102.1 mg/L with a productivity of 25.5 mg/L/h by using malonate and hexanoate as direct substrates. Our biocatalytic system provides an effective platform for the production of the cannabinoid precursor OLA in Escherichia coli and may be a valuable reference for the development of microbial cell factories that use hexanoyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA as important intermediates.

Simulation and applicability evaluation of providing different grades of water based on household functional needs in urban areas.

Providing different grades of water is a promising solution to address the challenges of urban water supply, including water quality, quantity, and energy consumption. However, quantifying the effectiveness of this strategy and understanding its economic, environmental, and social impacts remain significant challenges. This study introduces a simulation-based method to predict household water use and evaluate the applicability and sustainability of the water supply system. A system dynamics model was developed to simulate household water behavior under different water supply scenarios, incorporating different water quality combinations, price mechanisms, and regional population composition. The results were analyzed regarding the optimal water completion degree, user satisfaction, water supply yield, and water volume stability to evaluate the system's applicability. Our findings suggest that scenarios involving simultaneous provision of high-quality and common water are deficient due to overlapping functions. In addition, a dynamic water pricing mechanism can improve user satisfaction and supply stability, especially in the area with a large population. Concurrent supply of high-quality, low-quality, and reclaimed water emerges as an efficient alternative, achieving dual objectives of resource conservation and water quality improvement.

An Evaluation of the Rural Tourism Industry’s Competitiveness in the Yangtze River Economic Belt Based on the “Diamond Model”—Exampled by Wenjiang District, Huangpi District, and Jiangning District

Rural tourism has emerged as a significant option to meet the people’s growing needs for a better life in the new era. Evaluating the competitiveness of the rural tourism industry plays a crucial role in promoting rural revitalization. This article is based on a modified Porter’s diamond model. This study focuses on representative rural tourism demonstration areas in the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, specifically Wenjiang District in Chengdu, Huangpi District in Wuhan, and Jiangning District in Nanjing. The Delphi method and the Analytic Hierarchy Process were employed to construct a competitiveness evaluation index system for rural tourism and to assign weights. This article evaluates and compares the competitiveness of the rural tourism industry in the case study regions. This research reveals that the competitiveness of the rural tourism industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt exhibits a pattern of strong competitiveness in the middle reaches, weaker competitiveness in the upper reaches, and moderate competitiveness in the lower reaches. These differences are significantly influenced by the region’s tourism resource endowments, tourism infrastructure, and market scale. Huangpi District demonstrates strong competitiveness in its rural tourism industry. This strength is attributed to its well-developed rural tourism supply system. Jiangning District has moderate competitiveness in its rural tourism industry. This is supported by a strong market demand and a relatively complete tourism support system. Wenjiang District shows weaker competitiveness in its rural tourism industry. This weakness results from a fragile rural tourism supply system and a sluggish market demand. This article concludes with recommendations for enhancing the competitiveness of rural tourism in the Yangtze River Economic Belt.

First evidence of off-flavour haloanisole production by dormant fungal spores in drinking water: formation pattern, influencing factors and transcriptome analysis

Fungi are major producers of off-flavour haloanisoles (HAs) in drinking water supply systems. However, evidence of HA production by dormant fungal spores remains unclear. This study investigated the microbial O-methylation of dormant spores from a fungus Aspergillus sp. from drinking water treatment plants. Dormant spores were capable of O-methylating 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) to produce 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (2,4,6-TCA). A pronounced linear correlation was identified between the precursor load and the 2,4,6-TCA formation capability, with a function lg(y)=0.542lg(x) - 4.28 (R2 = 0.838). The effects of metal ions on fungal spore O-methylation were multifaceted and highly concentration-dependent. Natural organic matters could inhibit 2,4,6-TCA formation. NH2Cl presented higher efficacy than free chlorine in inhibiting spore O-methylation. However, O-methylation inhibition rates were lower than spore inactivation rates, suggesting spores in viable but non-culturable state still possessed partial ability to form 2,4,6-TCA. Transcriptome analysis revealed that 50nM 2,4,6-TCP treatment had no impact on the spore’s transcriptional profile, whereas 1mM Cu2+ treatment significantly inhibited O-methylation process by down-regulating genes involved in ATP generation. This study provides a first evidence that dormant fungal spores are capable of producing 2,4,6-TCA, raising concerns about the potential off-flavour risk and the development of targeted control strategies in drinking water systems.

A Multitimescale Energy Management Strategy for Advanced Cophase Traction Power Supply System With PV and ES

A Multitimescale Energy Management Strategy for Advanced Cophase Traction Power Supply System With PV and ES

Robust Voltage Control of Bidirectional DC–DC Converter With Modified Extended State Observer for Hybrid Power Supply System

Robust Voltage Control of Bidirectional DC–DC Converter With Modified Extended State Observer for Hybrid Power Supply System

Enhancing the reliance of emergency power supply systems for nuclear facilities using hybrid system

The performance of an atomic facility depends on the efficient supply of electricity, particularly emergency loads like monitoring and control equipment, radiation safety systems, and emergency lights. Most nuclear facilities rely on diesel generators to supply emergency loads during grid outages. Due to the diesel generator's imperfections, such as its starting time, it may fail to deliver power because it is unavailable due to maintenance, failure to start, or failure to run and supply the load. It cannot immediately supply the critical loads, resulting in a blackout and the release of radioactive substances into the environment. To address the previous issues, this paper proposes an improved method to enhance the reliability of nuclear facilities for providing electricity to safety and critical consumers during normal and emergency operating modes. The approach incorporates a photovoltaic (PV) system/battery, and its robustness and performance are tested using load flow and transient stability analysis. The simulation results demonstrated the effectiveness and speed of the proposed method when compared to the traditional method, as the emergency consumers were successfully powered within a very short time without fluctuations, and the voltage reduction and frequency were within the nominal values. The electrical transient analyzer program (ETAP) is used to validate these results.

Automatic small water supply system for remote areas with plasma-modified poly(tetrafluoroethylene) membranes

Automatic small water supply system for remote areas with plasma-modified poly(tetrafluoroethylene) membranes

Design of High-Power-Density and High-Frequency Transformers for Auxiliary Power Supply System in Electric Multiple Units

Design of High-Power-Density and High-Frequency Transformers for Auxiliary Power Supply System in Electric Multiple Units