System Of International Economic Relations Research Articles

The role of the corporate sector in the transformation of the international trade and economic relations system

The article discusses the role of MNCs in the process of transformation of global regulation of trade and international economic relations system. The relevance of this study is determined by one of the key trends in the world economy and the system of international economic relations of the late XX — early XXI centuries — by the process of corporatization of the economic space. There is a desuverenization and corporatization of the national economies of the countries. This process is associated with the increasing dependence of national economies on MNCs and is accompanied by the deepening of the process of corporate globalization of the economic space. The system of economic relations of mega-regional partnerships is the subject of the research. The purpose of the study is to determine the role of MNCs in the process of transformation of global regulation of trade and international economic relations system. There are different methods of scientific knowledge used in the research: comparative-historical, as well as general scientific methods: abstraction, axiomatic method, analysis, induction. As a result of the study, the author identified the key trends in the world economy of the XX–XXI centuries: the corporatization of the economic space, coupled with the desovereignization of national economies. The main findings of the study are: first, the trend towards corporate globalization in the world economy; second, a qualitative changes in the form of organization of trade and economic relations: the transition from globalization to globalizing regionalism — an increase in the number of mega-regional trade agreements, such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership / Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, The EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement, The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, etc.; third, the crucial role of MNCs in the transformation process of the global trade regulation system; fourth, qualitative changes in the form of relations between corporate sector and state. The results of the study can be used in further research on a given topic.

МІЖНАРОДНА ТРУДОВА МІГРАЦІЯ В ПЕРІОД РОСІЙСЬКОЇ ВІЙНИ ПРОТИ УКРАЇНИ

The article is devoted to the development of international labor migration during the Russian war against Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to determine the essence and features of international labor migration on the basis of the analysis of Ukrainian and foreign literary sources, and its tasks are to identify internal and external factors in the formation of Ukraine's migration potential; conducting of the classification of international labor migration; characteristics of changes that occur in international labor migration during the war. The study found that international labor migration occupies a prominent place in the system of international economic relations as a barometer that characterizes the level of international division of labor, trends in demographic development, socio-economic and political situation of donor countries and recipient countries of labor. It has been shown that during the war, both the number of external labor migrants and forced migrants increased significantly, and a large part of the civilian population became refugees who were forced to seek asylum in European countries. There have been some changes in the geography of external migration processes, namely their reorientation from the Russian vector to the European one. The number of migrant workers and refugees from regions affected by active hostilities has increased. However, the war does not significantly affect the cyclical nature of Ukrainian labor migration. As before, the predominant type of external labor migration are short-term departures outside Ukraine. At the same time, one should expect an increase in the irreversibility of the movement of educational migrants, which poses certain threats to national security, as it significantly complicates the demographic situation in the country and destroys the Ukrainian labor market. Given the difficult socio-economic and demographic situation in Ukraine, which worsened during the war, solving existing problems in the field of external labor migration requires intensification of state migration policy in its main areas in particular the creation of decent living conditions in the postwar period, restoration of the national economy and infrastructure of the country. The most relevant areas of further research on this issue are the deepening of the theoretical foundations of the study of migration as a phenomenon and process, as well as the development of modern mechanisms for its regulation.

Теоретичні та методичні засади компаративного аналізу профілів підприємців

The formation of a new system of international economic relations requires the substantiation of a reliable basis for cooperation, first of all, between economic entities of different countries in all branches and spheres of the economy. One of the important factors of such justification is the assessment of entrepreneurs' competencies, which is a component of the complex scientific and practical problem of the comparative (comparative) analysis of profiles of entrepreneurs from different countries. This problem becomes especially relevant in the context of the creation of international alliances on the European continent: economic integration associations within the limits of certain rather small countries, which would act according to specific directions and projects at the subregional level. The comparative analysis of profiles of entrepreneurs is the subject of research in a new direction of science – economic comparativistics. This involves a combination of cross-cultural, cross-disciplinary and cross-functional approaches. In the article, on the basis of the generalization of theoretical and scientific-practical developments, which were carried out under two international Ukrainian-Polish projects, an epistemological triad is put forward: "national business culture" – "corporate culture" – "entrepreneur's profile" with a clear definition of these definitions. The integral of evaluating the profiles of entrepreneurs of different countries, which contains three stages, is substantiated. At the first stage, the essence of professional general cultural competences of entrepreneurs is identified: power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation and indulgence. The purpose of the second stage is to distinguish and identify the essence of purely entrepreneurial competencies: propensity for entrepreneurship, obligation in business, planning and attitude to control, standardization of business activities, polychromy and self-improvement. The third stage of the proposed integral contains a clear list of methodological requirements-requirements regarding the development and presentation (presentation) of the conclusions of a parallel questionnaire-survey of entrepreneurs of different countries according to specific professional general cultural and entrepreneurial competencies.

ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЯ МІЖНАРОДНИХ ЕКОНОМІЧНИХ ВІДНОСИН УКРАЇНИ

The article is devoted to consideration of modern directions, features of the transformation of international economic relations of Ukraine (IERU), the content of which is defined as the process of restructuring, implementation of structural changes, introduction of innovative forms, methods, tools of functioning of the world economic relations of our state. The main prerequisites for the transformation of the IERU have been studied: a) globalization of the world economy; b) challenges of scientific and technical progress; c) the consequences of the war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. In the theoretical aspect, the approach to the content of the dialectical interaction of the IERU and the foreign economic activity of Ukraine (FEAU), which, respectively, are considered as the essence and form of a single integral phenomenon - the system of international economic relations of our state. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the transformation of the following components of the IERU: a) foreign trade relations; b) problems of emigration of labor resources; c) adaptation to the conditions of the world labor market. Modern features of the transformation of foreign trade are noted, in the process of which the existing parameters of export-import operations, regional displacement of foreign trade volumes are taken into account. The directions of the transformation of IERU related to the domestic demographic situation are highlighted. They are characterized by a reduction in the active component of labor resources; employed in the field of foreign trade; termination of entrepreneurial activity by a part of the private sector, oriented towards international business; reduction of currency transfers from workers abroad; expenses related to the social security of immigrants in Ukraine and abroad. The effect of international economic sanctions against the Russian Federation is considered as a factor in the transformation of the IER. As promising directions of research into the transformation of IERU, it is proposed to consider: a) features of the accelerated development of external relations in the field of information and communication services; b) specifics of implementation of digital technologies in enterprises of the export sector; c) use of innovative forms of international cooperation in the global digital space.

Egypt in the competition for economic leading in Africa

The article analyzes the economic potential and development dynamics of Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa in the period from 1970 to 2020 based on GDP indicators in constant prices in 2015 and in PPP, as well as in per capita GDP. As a result, the author concludes that South Africa continues to maintain its position as the economic leader of Africa, although Egypt is developing much more dynamically and has already surpassed the South African Republic in a number of indicators. However, it continues to lead in the monetization of its scientific and technological activities, the volume of FDI and commodity trade with the African countries. Nevertheless, the author believes that in the mid-30s it will be possible to talk about a change in the economic leader in Africa. He attributes the success of Egypt's economic development to the deep modernization of the country in all spheres of public life during the republican rule. Since 2014, President A.F. as-Sisi has also been pursuing a course of carefully elaborated and profound reforms in order to improve public finances and the efficiency of the Egyptian economy, primarily through the development of human capital, and change its position in the system of international economic relations on this basis. However, since initially these changes would have had a very negative impact on the well-being of the vast majority of Egyptians, they were preceded by measures of targeted support for the least well-off segments of the population. The success in the reform of the Egyptian economy allowed it to maintain a high growth rate in the crisis of 2020, while in South Africa and Nigeria there was a deep recession.

METHODICAL APPROACH TO COUNTERING THREATS OF ECONOMIC SECURITY IN THE CONTEXT OF ENSURING THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL INTERESTS

Abstract. The existence of threats to economic security can become a factor in the development of an imbalance in the functioning of economic entities of any level of activity. Support and patronage of constant indicators of economic security today is one of the main tasks of state policy, since the economic sphere has both direct and indirect impact on various types of national security. Only under the condition of full provision of all aspects of security is it possible to implement a programmed economic growth, improve the standard of living of ordinary citizens, as well as the all-round development of all spheres of the state. For today's economy of the state, in the context of the desire to be a full-fledged member of the world economic society, it is especially important to solve the problem of ensuring continuous socio-economic development, creating mechanisms to counter exogenous and endogenous threats, improving the welfare of citizens, as well as developing a powerful system of international economic relations. The degree of influence of exogenous and endogenous threats on the level of the country's economic security is variable, taking into account the dynamic conditions of the life of society, the national and world economy. The task is to form a model of countering the main threats to economic security in the context of protecting national interests. The main purpose of the study is the formation of a methodological approach to countering the main threats to economic security in the context of protecting national interests. The research methodology includes the use of a graphical method to reflect the main results of the study. Also, from the general methods, the abstract-logical method should be distinguished, which was used to form appropriate conclusions based on the results of the study. Of the specific ones, let us single out the modeling method, which made it possible to form an appropriate composition of the main ways to counter the main threats to economic security in the context of protecting national interests. Keywords: security, economic security, threats, countering threats, national interests. JEL Classification G28, F60, F52 Formulas: 0; fig.: 3; tabl.: 0; bibl.:12. .

Economic intelligence in the system of international economic relations: characteristics of the current situation and problems of development

The object of research is economic intelligence in the system of international economic relations. The paper presents the author's position on the objective conditions for the dynamic development of economic Intelligence. The authors reasonably substantive definition of the categories «economic intelligence» and «business intelligence» as such, which are synonymous categories. An objective factor in the intensive development of economic Intelligence is the demand of the world community for the development of the digital economy. The world's leading states have announced the transition to a digital economy. One of the most problematic areas of the digitalization process is the problem of training personnel capable of using software and hardware integrated into the world's Business Intelligence systems (BI systems). In the future, the authors see the elimination of this problem in the establishment of the training of intelligent, competent specialists. These specialists must have the ability to analyze information and select the best solutions. They must be ready to use the tools of the world's BI systems. Have all theoretical and practical skills that will enable them to make the right intellectual management decisions in the daily life of their companies. In the course of the study, data from the analysis of a large range of scientific literature and WEB-resources related to the object of study were used. The authors propose a matrix chronological reflection of the evolutionary path of development of BI-systems in the international market of information services in the first twenty years of the XXI century. The authors compared evolutionary trends in the first and second decades of the 21st century. The comparative analysis indicated an increase in the intensity of the development of the world business intelligence market in the second decade. To prove the correctness of the results obtained, the authors cite digital data from world statistics, which testify in favor of the author's research. Thus, both the author's comparative qualitative analysis and the quantitative assessments of world analysts gave the same logical conclusion.

Disproportionality of Ukraine's Participation in International Business: Rethinking under Conditions of the New Stage of Global Development

The article is devoted to identifying the peculiarities of Ukraine's participation in international business and determining the prospects of strengthening the country's position under conditions of the new stage of global development. It is established that Ukraine's international trade activity's dynamics and trends coincide with world trade trends. However, its share in global exports remains negligible (less than 0.25%). On the world market, the country is traditionally positioned as resource-oriented, steadily increasing the volume of resources exports, including agricultural products. Instead, the dynamics of the Ukrainian economy transnationalization is low and does not coincide with the high rate of this process development at the world and developed countries level. Transnational companies also perceive Ukraine as a country with a strong resource base and a large internal market. The scientific novelty of the study is the identification of the level of Ukraine's integration into the system of international economic relations and argumentation of the reasons and results of disproportional participation of the country in international business at all stages of its development.

DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS IN THE CONDITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION

The article analyzes the development of international economic relations in the conditions of globalization. It is stated that one of the main features of modern development of the world economy are the deployment of globalization processes that have a significant impact on the system of international economic relations, transforming directions and determine the tendencies of development of national economies. It is determined that the globalization of the world economy is the process of strengthening the relationship between national economies of the world, which finds its expression in the formation of the world market of goods and services, finance; the formation of global information space, transformation of knowledge into the main element of social wealth, business outs for national borders through the formation of multinational corporations (hereinafter – TNCs), implementation and domestication in the daily practice of international relations and domestic life of peoples of fundamentally new and universal liberal-democratic values, etc. It is emphasized that in the modern world, globalization gives a dominant influence on the development of any state. It is accented that due to the dissemination of innovations in the field of technologies and management, the active exchange of goods, services, investments Globalization contributes to increasing the efficiency of the functioning of national economies, and on the other hand – enhances unevenness, asynchronism and disproportionality of development. It is emphasized that globalization on the macroeconomic level manifests itself in the pursuit of states and integration associations to economic activity outside its borders due to the liberalization of trade, withdrawal of trade and investment barriers, creation of free trade zones, etc. In addition, the processes of globalization and integration include intergovernmental agreed measures for the purposeful formation of the system of economic, legal, informational, communication, political space in large regions of the world. It is analyzed that at the present stage of the development of international relations of the state, both on the world and regional level active joint work on confrontational threats of various character (terrorism, extremism, organized crime, drug trafficking, etc.) of provision, food, energy and environmental safety; preventing and solving armed conflicts and many other directions. In order to achieve success in this work, various international and regional organizations may be effective. It is indicated that logistics systems play an important role in the development of economic relations. The intensity of sectoral interaction characterizes the relationship of the micrologist system of the enterprise with an external medium of macrologistic ties. It is concluded that inside the post-industrial world, global tendencies leads to ultimately to convergence of levels of development of individual countries and their hard confrontation with the rest of the world.

INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRY AS A DETERMINING FACTOR OF INCREASING NATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS

This publication is devoted to highlighting the problem of ensuring the appropriate level of national competitiveness and identifying ways to increase it in today's competitive market environment. In the context of the study, the main reasons for Ukraine's chronic lag in the system of international economic relations were identified, including: irrational use of the country's resource potential, high material consumption, energy-intensive economy, low efficiency of economic reforms, physical and moral depreciation, lack of sufficient funding for research and development, high unemployment and the progressive trend of emigration of scientists, unfavorable investment climate and others.
 According to the main factors used by the world community in determining the growth of competitiveness of the economy, three groups of indicators were identified, which are the main competitive advantages in an unstable market economy, namely: factors of production, income and investment and innovation potential.
 It was possible to analyze the indicators of the human development index and the level of competitiveness of the country on the basis of data from the International Institute for Development Management and the UNDP Report. Indicators of Ukraine in the ranking of innovative economies of the world helped to determine the main causes of technological backwardness of the country, based on which the main directions of innovation development were proposed: state support of science-intensive production, reorientation of raw materials orientation of Ukraine's exports to conduct innovative business.
 Attracting investment in technology development and innovative development of enterprises, stimulating the production of high-tech products and compliance with quality standards are the most important steps towards the reorientation of Ukraine's economy to an innovative model of socio-economic growth.

CORONAVIRUS BIAS OF THE MODERN WORLD ECONOMY : SCALES , RISKS, CONSEQUENCES

The objective of our article is to analyze the risks of a new coronavirus pandemic with impact on the dynamics of the modern world economy, as well as to assess the corresponding consequences and risks that will lead to the formation of a new model for organizing interactions in international trade, foreign direct investment and a revision of the determinants of global economic growth. The nature of the impact of the current pandemic on the existing system of international economic relations, in contrast to the previous global crises, is unprecedentedly tough, which has led to a number of contradictions in the development of global value chains, international trade flows, and the transformation of external financing conditions. The author believes that the most important challenge of the pandemic is not only the recovery of the economy and economic activity, maintaining the growth rate of labor productivity, but also in preventing the growth of inequality, in shaping the ability to manage global risks and imbalances. The trends towards the localization of international trade and the repatriation of global value chains act as a risk of a significant slowdown in international exchange, which contradicts the canons and strategies for the development of foreign economic relations of those countries that ensured their economic growth by expanding participation in international trade and attracting foreign direct investment. According to the author, a new wave of international economic cooperation between countries can bring a new impetus to the development of international trade, capital movement and the dynamics of economic mobility.

THE PHENOMENON OF THE LEADERSHIP OF THE WORLD COUNTRIES IN THE MARKET HIGH TECHNOLOGIES

In today’s globalized world, the level of technological development and innovation of the state is one of the main indicators of its competitiveness in the international arena. The country’s participation in the exchange of high technologies determines its success in world trade, as well as the profitability of national companies. For the state as a whole, knowledge-intensive technologies are a determining factor of economic development, the main source of replenishment of budget funds and a fundamental basis for ensuring its national security. Undoubtedly, international trade in high technologies is the most important factor in the country’s involvement in integration processes. Currently, a significant role in this process is played by innovation structures – various technology parks, innovation clusters, whose activities are aimed at developing and implementing new technologies. The latter become an important impetus for further globalization of world economic relations. The creation of a high-tech product and the corresponding integration of a state into the world market of high technologies determines its place and role in the modern system of international economic relations. The article examines the preconditions and current trends of the phenomenon of technological leadership of developed countries, which is explained by the massive redistribution of resources in the production chains of the new technological way with the simultaneous spread of relevant social and institutional innovations. The reasons for China’s technological breakthrough, which are due to financial assistance from the state through the creation of various funds to stimulate the development of high technology, are analyzed. It can exercise its leadership only in cooperation with existing global players in the high-tech market in conditions of open competition. The consequences of technological leadership of the USA, Germany, France and other leading countries in the market of high-tech products are revealed. State strategies for the development of high technologies support not only individual technologies, but also aimed at solving environmental problems, effective health care, increasing the mobility of factors of production. The potential economic effect of the introduction of new technologies by all actors in the world economy is shown.

ЗОВНІШНЬОТОРГОВЕЛЬНА ПОЛІТИКА УКРАЇНИ: ПОНЯТІЙНО-КАТЕГОРІЙНИЙ АПАРАТ

The article considers the key aspects of the concept of foreign trade policy as an economic category, in particular, covers the basic concepts, types, forms of foreign trade policy, areas of foreign trade policy, analyzes the concept of "foreign trade interests". The role and substantiation of the intensification of Ukraine's foreign economic relations with the EU as Ukraine's main trading partner are assessed. Global factors that determine the ways in which states meet their interests in trade are not only responding to demand for certain goods or services, but also taking into account the general market conditions, migration processes, and, of course, developing mechanisms to overcome the huge negative impact on economic activity within the country of the COVID-19 pandemic. One of the priorities for achieving the goals is the effective implementation of foreign trade policy by the state, the correct definition of its goals, tools, effective mechanisms that will revive trade relations between the state and external partners, which is a prerequisite for overcoming the economic crisis. forms of ownership in times of global instability in the economic sector. Given the current pace of globalization, liberalization of world trade relations and the rapid development and spread of innovative technologies, the goal of any country is to create an effective foreign economic mechanism capable of securing and defending the country's interests in the system of international economic relations. And trade policy is the tool in the hands of each country, through which it can not only satisfy its foreign economic interests, but also contribute to the development and development of its national economy, solve various socio-economic problems and assert itself in the system of modern international relations. According to the results of the exploration, the author's definition of the concept of foreign trade policy of the state is proposed and the need to improve state regulation of the principles of foreign economic policy of Ukraine and further intensify economic cooperation of Ukraine with international partners in various sectors of the economy.

ІНТЕРНАЦІОНАЛІЗАЦІЯ ЯК ОБ’ЄКТИВНА ПЕРЕДУМОВА РОЗВИТКУ МІЖНАРОДНОГО БІЗНЕСУ В МІЖНАРОДНИХ ЕКОНОМІЧНИХ ВІДНОСИНАХ

The article grounds the objective conditions for the formation of the process of internationalization in the system of international economic relations as a process of social production beyond national borders due to the international division of labor. The author identifies and explaines characteristics as diversification, diversity, extensiveness, contradiction, unity, synergy, integrity and intensity, of current trends in international economic relations, namely internationalization, transnationalization, economic integration, differentiation, globalization, global integration in the formation of global economic environment. The difference between internationalization and globalization as processes conserning the evolution of economic relations between countries is explained. The main distinguishing feature between the two processes can be considered the level of preservation of national sovereignty. The levels (stages) of the internationalization process at the micro level of international business operations are determined, as well as the development of business internationalization at each stage. They are the initial stage, the stage of local market expansion, the transnational stage and the global stage. While developing internationalization, the forms of international business are changing (becoming more complicated) – from the international trade to the global company. The article highlights the main objects of economic internationalization of international business development: the sphere of exchange of production results; the sphere of exchange of factors of production; the scope of the actual production process. There are three stages of international business development in accordance with the objects of economic internationalization of international business development. At the first stage the main sphere of international business is the export-import activity of a private company in the foreign market, at the second stage the main sphere becomes the system of international movement of financial resources, at the third one there is the development of entrepreneurial activity in global competition.

The global trend towards decarbonization of the economy, the introduction of the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism in the EU and the possible consequences for Russia

Research background: In the process of implementing the Paris Agreement (2015), Europe is a leader in the formation of new legislative initiatives in order to develop a set of effective measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. The European Commission approved the European Green Deal (2015) - a strategy for achieving the EU parameters of climate neutrality through the transition to a clean circular economy. Its main goal is to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 by 50 - 55% from 1990 levels and achieve full carbon neutrality of the EU by 2050. As part of this strategy, the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) is being developed. The introduction of CBAM means a revolutionary transformation in the system of international economic relations. Purpose of the article is to identify and assess possible risks for producers and consumers, primarily of energy products after the introduction of CBAM, as well as the impact of these risks on Russian exports to Europe. Methods: The authors carried out a comparative analysis of scenarios for the implementation of CBAM in the sectorial and product segments of trade between Russia and the EU. Findings: The article contains comparative assessments of the beginning redistribution of international markets in the sectoral and product coverage of emissions, as well as an analysis of the unfolding contradictions in the verification of methods for determining the carbon footprint in the production chains of the real sector of the economy.

Competitive Advantages of the Chinese Economy: Experience for Russia

The article intends to consider the principle of the world economy evolution which is evidence that the competitive advantages of countries have always taken priority over the comparative ones, nature-driven growth reserves of national economies. Initially, a special role in their generation and ongoing improvement was played by the ability of domestic economic actors, including the state itself, to be able to create products with higher added value in order to achieve goals within the framework of the formulated strategies on the basis of their own resource base. The study revealed that over the years, practice has shown that a unique position in the system of international economic relations can be achieved by those countries that form their own competitive advantage through the use of foreign resource base, while maintaining domestic resource factors of production. The text refers to China which is a good example of a country that has followed this path and was able to form a sustainable competitive advantage, whose experience could be useful for Russia.

Economic Cooperation Between Russia and China in the Context of Modernization of their National Economies

The current model of state regulation in China has allowed it to take a special place in the modern process of reformatting the system of international economic relations. This model, based on a combination of strategic and indicative planning, market competition, and targeted lending to significant government projects, allowed us to ensure not only the growth of consumption, but also the development of investment platforms aimed at reducing risks, creating social entrepreneurship institutions, and so on. Strengthening economic cooperation between the PRC and the Russian Federation is an important factor in solving not only the internal problems of both countries, but also strengthening stability in the far Eastern region. The article analyzes the problems of Russian-Chinese cooperation related to the increase in financial flows between the two countries, mutual investment, the lack of existing bilateral effective and reliable settlement channels and payment systems, etc. In General, strengthening cooperation between Russia and China is an important component of the structural modernization of the domestic economy.

МЕТОДИЧНІ ПІДХОДИ ДО ОЦІНЮВАННЯ РОЗВИТКУ ЗОВНІШНЬОЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ АГРАРНОГО СЕКТОРУ

Велике значення для розвитку національної економіки, набуття нею рис, притаманних ринковій економіці, має процес входження України до системи міжнародних економічних відносин. Поглиблення участі України в європейських та світових інтеграційних процесах супроводжується збільшенням кількості підприємств, що здійснюють свою діяльність у зовнішньоекономічній сфері. Проведене у статті дослідження встановило, що важливою умовою успішного функціонування підприємства, де ЗЕД – основний вид діяльності, є створення досконалої системи оцінки результатів експортно-імпортних операцій, рівень яких характеризується ефективністю їх здійснення та базується на критеріях ефективності та результативності, які у сукупності характеризують рівень розвитку ЗЕД підприємства. Дослідження методологічних підходів до оцінки розвитку ЗЕД підприємства дає змогу стверджувати, що загальноприйнята методика його визначення відсутня. Важливим для розвитку національної економіки, набуття нею рис, властивих ринковій економіці, є процес входження України в систему міжнародних економічних відносин. Поглиблення участі України в європейських та світових інтеграційних процесах супроводжується збільшенням кількості підприємств, що працюють у зовнішньоекономічній сфері. Вивчення методологічних підходів до оцінки розвитку зовнішньоекономічної діяльності підприємства свідчить про те, що загальновизнаний метод його визначення відсутній. У результаті дослідження узагальнено методичні підходи до оцінки розвитку ЗЕД підприємства, проведено порівняльний аналіз тих методичних підходів, які орієнтовані на ефективність ЗЕД. Порівняльний аналіз дав змогу встановити, що оцінка розвитку зовнішньоекономічної діяльності підприємств повинна проводитися на основі економіко-математичних методів та методів експертних оцінок. Дослідження показує, що майже у всіх підходах, які ми розглядали, одним із ключових моментів у вивченні зовнішньоекономічної діяльності підприємства є визначення чинників, що впливають на ефективність експортного потенціалу. Проблема вибору відповідних критеріїв для аналізу зовнішньоекономічної діяльності залишається відкритою, що дасть змогу окремим підприємствам залежно від виду, масштабу їхньої діяльності адекватно оцінити рівень свого розвитку та визначити шляхи подальшого розвитку. Ми вважаємо, що найефективнішим методом виявлення чинників, що мають значний вплив на розвиток експортної діяльності підприємств і до якого схиляються багато дослідників, є метод експертних оцінок.

US-EU Trade Cooperation in the Context of Changing American Foreign Economic Policy

Abstract: The article examines changing dynamics and structure of US foreign with the EU countries, caused by the changes in US foreign policy after D. Trump came to power. The United States sets the general mood in the system of international economic relations, and in particular, in international trade. The strengthening of protectionism, the growth of disintegration processes (revision of the conditions of NAFTA / USMCA, US with­drawal from the TPP, stopping negotiations on the TTIP) is the response of Trump adminis­tration to the challenges faced by the United States. Globalization and liberalization have ceased to meet the interests of the American economy, which has led to a revision of the ideological foundations and practice of foreign economic activity. Statistics show that the United States' economic interest in the EU comes from the competi­tive advantages of individual EU countries. There is a possibility of continuing disintegration in the European Union, since after Brexit the Netherlands and other countries expressed the idea of leaving the Union. This will play into the hands of the United States, which is interested not in a strong united Europe, but in increasing the effectiveness of bilateral ties with individual countries of the European Union. The main conclusion of the study is the following: the globalization process and the interdependence of economies have weakened, and regardless of the results of the presidential elections, regardless of whether the United States will continue to pursue a policy of protectionism and conduct trade wars, whether the crisis of 2020-2021 predicted by UNCTAD and IMF will come true, the EU and the US willbe forced to seek compromises and revise the conditions for reformatting the failed TTIP.

Теоретико-методологічний аналіз поглядів учених на визначення поняття «конкурентоспроможність»

The article is aimed at analyzing the interpretation of the concept of «competitiveness» and defining the importance of attracting the attention of enterprises to this topic. The relevance of the problem of increasing the competitiveness of enterprises is determined not only by the needs of domestic development and life support of the country, but also by those profound changes that are taking place in the modern system of international economic relations, directed towards forming a new international division of labor and a new mechanism for the distribution of the global incomes. Never before in the history of international relations has the phenomenon of competitiveness acquired such actual importance as it does nowadays. Ukraine faces the issue of sustainable economic development, characterized by increased adaptability to environmental changes, as well as the availability of favorable conditions for functioning with a constant increase of competitive advantages. The line between the competitiveness of firms, industries and the competitiveness of the country is extremely conditional. One of the most globalized markets today is the market of machine-building products, which often determines the international competitiveness of the country and its role on the world stage. In this aspect, the issues of formation of competitive advantages of domestic enterprises on international markets as the basis of their long-term presence in these markets become particularly relevant. Having analyzed the theoretical principles of the concept of international competitiveness, it was determined that there is currently no generally accepted definition of the content and understanding of this category. Enterprises should understand that the concepts of «competition» and «competitiveness» are not interchangeable. Companies need to assess the level of international competitiveness in order to understand the state of affairs and take adequate measures if the level of international competitiveness is unsatisfactory. Thus, finding points of growth of the level of international competitiveness and influencing them is a critically necessary condition for the effective activity of an enterprise in the modern world.