Synthetic Constructions Research Articles

Computational turf model validation with Clegg Impact Soil Tester experimental impacts on a wide range of synthetic turf constructions

The use of synthetic turf has been increasing in professional sports, where evaluation of novel turf designs for mechanical response, consistency, and athlete playability currently requires time-consuming and complex physical testing on physical turf, and more efficient drop-weight impact testing. A variety of drop tests are used to measure the impact response and surface stiffness of synthetic turf, including the Clegg Impact Soil Tester (CIST). Finite element computational models offer an opportunity to assess new turf designs prior to the construction of physical turfs but require validation for a range of turf constructions. In the present study, 14 different synthetic turf designs with varying infill and fibers were constructed and experimentally evaluated using the CIST device. Peak accelerations and acceleration-versus-time responses were measured. The turf constituent materials were mechanically characterized, FE models of all the turfs were created, and the CIST tests were simulated. The peak acceleration from the simulation followed the experimental trend for the wide range of turf designs, with an average difference of 9.7%. When considering conventional turf constructions, the average difference in peak acceleration was 8.8%, indicating the models provided a good prediction of turf impact response and can be used to assess new turf designs virtually, potentially reducing design times and physical test requirements.

Глоттогенез Г. Гийома в свете данных общего, индоевропейского и романского языкознания. Часть 1

In this article, the phenomenon of linguistic glottogenesis is studied, which in G. Guillaume's psychosystematic theory is interpreted not as the oldest process of formation of a natural sound language, but as a linguistic change that took place at a short cut of the evolution "Latin – French", and in the works of his followers is considered as a "phenomenon of the development of French analyticism". The article analyzes three concepts of the word-sentence in modern linguistics (none of them coincide with the interpretation of this term in the works of G. Guillaume's followers): 1) as an undifferentiated unit, that goes back to the "diffuse syntax", which fits in with the ideas of syncretism of the "primitive" culture of A.N. Veselovsky; 2) as one-part (nominative and impersonal) sentences; 3) as situational statements that perform the function of remarks in dialogical communication. The syntactic studies of the 20 th – 21 st centuries have shown that the core of the Indo-European utterance is not the nominality defended by G. Guillaume and his followers, but verbal predicativity (argumentative-and-predicate structure). The research into the process of the Indo-European language type evolution elicits the "pre-inflectional" character of Indo-European languages at the "initial" stage of the development, contrary to Guillaume's basic position. Empirical evidence suggests that, synthetism and analyticism, not being the main characteristics in typological classification, are shown to explicate its two types – inflectional and agglutinative. In the history of Indo-European languages, in addition to the shift from synthetic constructions to analytical ones, there was often a reverse process as well.

Сравнительный аффикс -ДЫй и модально-сравнительные показатели, образованные на его основе (на материале алтайского языка)

The paper examines the semantics and functioning of the comparative affix -DYy and modal-comparative markers derived from this affix in the Altai language. -DYy is a common marker in comparative constructions indicating a realistic comparison. Originating as a postposition, it frequently appears in various Turkic languages. In the Altai language, the status of this affix is not unambiguous, being commonly categorized as a postposition-affix, case form, or derivational morpheme. It signifies the comparative relationships of similarity between situations or objects. In modern Altai, -DYy is a part of two participle affixes, namely the comparative -GAndYy and -GAdYy denoting possibility or suggestion and a part of the modal particle nemediy (as if). All these markers are found to preserve, to varying degrees, the semantics of comparison carried by the affix -DYy, and then to develop the semantics of modality. The -GAndYy participles form synthetic comparative polypredicative constructions, with the standard of comparison thought of as not actually existing but serving as an ideal or standard for some event. The -GAdYy participles denote the semantics of potential possibility and suggestion. The particle nemediy conveys the modal meaning of seemingness and probability of action. All the markers under consideration can denote seemingness when combined with verbs of perception. The semantics analysis of the markers containing -DYy has revealed the connection between non-real comparison and modality and the development of semantics of appearance, with the possibility being the next stage of semantic development.

Turkic impersonal passives

Abstract. The current paper compares Sakha and Turkish through the lens of Distributed Morphology (Halle & Marantz 1993) and outlines the structural differences and similarities between their canonical and impersonal passive constructions. Turkish argument structure has attracted lots of attention in the literature due to the unexpected patterns it exhibits in the domain of passive and impersonal constructions, such as double passives and passives of unaccusatives, which pose a problem for the Unaccsuative Hypothesis (Perlmutter 1978). To account for these structures, different previous approaches have argued that Turkish passive morphemes can in fact function as the overt realization of an argument in synthetic impersonal constructions (Dikmen et al. 2022, Legate et al. 2020). Building on this, I propose a new approach whereby these impersonal arguments are introduced by the general argument-introducing head i* (Wood & Marantz 2017), which allows for a more flexible account of passives and impersonals in Turkic and possibly beyond.

Design matters: A comparison of natural versus synthetic skin substitutes across benchtop and porcine wound healing metrics: An experimental study.

Skin substitutes, essential tools for helping close full thickness wounds with minimal scarring, are available in both collagen-based and synthetic polyurethane constructions. Here we explore fundamental differences between two frequently used skin substitutes and discuss how these differences may impact in vivo performance. Polyurethane- and collagen-based matrices were characterized in vitro for pore size via scanning electron microscopy, hydrophobicity via liquid contact angle, conformability via bending angle, and biocompatibility via fibroblast and keratinocyte adhesion and proliferation. These matrices were then evaluated in a full-thickness excisional pig wound study followed by histological analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using t-tests or one-way analysis of variances with Tukey's multiple post hoc comparisons, where appropriate. Average pore diameter in the tested polyurethane matrix was over four times larger than that of the collagen matrix (589 ± 297 µm vs. 132 ± 91 µm). Through liquid contact angle measurement, the collagen matrix (not measurable) was found to be hydrophilic compared to the hydrophobic polyurethane matrix (>90°). The collagen matrix was significantly more conformable than the polyurethane matrix (9 ± 2° vs. 84 ± 5° bending angle, respectively). Fibroblast and keratinocyte adhesion and proliferation assays elucidated a significantly greater ability of both cell types to attach and proliferate on collagen versus polyurethane. While the porcine study showed minimal contraction of either matrix material, histological findings between the two treatments were markedly different. Collagen matrices were associated with early fibroblast infiltration and fibroplasia, whereas polyurethane matrices elicited a strong multinucleated giant cell response and produced a network of comparatively aligned collagen fibrils. The more favorable in vitro properties of the collagen matrix led to less inflammation and better overall tissue response in vivo. Overall, our findings demonstrate how the choice of biomaterial and its design directly translate to differing in vivo mechanisms of action and overall tissue quality.

直線的分子連結を実現するテトラフルオロスルファニル化合物群：合成と開拓

Isosterism and bioisosterism are concepts in molecular design of specialty materials and drugs compounds. Fluorine and fluorine-containing functional groups are often used as isosteres and bioisosteres. Fluorine atom (F) is the most suitable isostere of hydrogen atom (H). With regard to electronegativity, fluorine is also used as a good substitute for hydroxyl (OH) group. Trifluoromethyl (CF3) group can be used as an equivalent for methyl or isopropyl groups, and difluoromethyl (-CF2H) group is an alcohol (-OH) equivalent. Pentafluoro-λ6-sulfanyl (SF5) group has recently attracted attention as a super CF3 group. This review introduces an undeveloped fluorine-containing functional group, tetrafluoro-λ6-sulfanyl (SF4) moiety. The SF4 is a unit consisting of four fluorine atoms bonded around an octahedral sulfur (VI) atom, with strong electron-withdrawing property and high lipophilicity. Characteristic of the SF4 unit are the cis- and trans-geometries connecting the two fragments. Interestingly, the trans-SF4 unit can connect two separated parts in a linear (180°) configuration via an octahedral sulfur center. Although organic compounds having an SF4 unit were known as early as the 1950s, their synthetic studies have been largely underdeveloped. We herein describe the structural and chemical characteristics of SF4-containing compounds, the background of the synthetic study, and their state-of-the-art synthetic constructions.

Настоящее время на (–)ЧАР в младописьменном шорском языке

The article analyzed the glossed corpus and concordance of the books “Sacred History ...” and Indication of the “Way to the Kingdom of Heaven ...”, which are publicly available on the LingvoDoc platform located at lingvodoc.ispras.ru. The books are samples of a weakly normalized young–written Shor language - a written version of the Kondom (Shor) dialect. The corpus revealed cases of differences in the language of the first books from the modern language that had not been previously described: a multivariate form of the present tense, combining analytical (kӧlep char-ï ‘bestows'), hyphenated, transitional to synthetic (pildir–char-ï ‘means’), and synthetic (aitchar or aitchar-ï ‘says’) verbal constructions with the same indicator (–)char(ï); elimination of the third person singular affix -ï in synthetic forms of the present tense on (–)char(ï); the processes of synthesizing this time form with an unstable spelling. Our task was to analyze the regularity of these phenomena, as well as the introduction into scientific circulation of materials of the little-studied young-written Shor language, which is now in danger of extinction, as well as the replenishment of the automatic Parser of the Shor language with the missing affixes of multivariate verb forms. It was found that there is a single form of present, with the affix –char, as a more complete form of the present tense affix -cha, formed from the verb chat– ‘to lie’; in analytical constructions, word forms with affix –ï predominate (83.3%), word forms without affix make up only 1.7%, in synthetic forms, the number of word forms without affix is already 45.4%. The rule of falling off -(I)p in the bases ending in a consonant has not yet been normalized and works sporadically; the spelling of the fused-separately multivariate form of the present tense on (–)char has not been normalized either.

How sentence type influences the interpretation of Spanish future constructions

AbstractIt is well known that Spanish futurizing morphology is frequently used not to express futurity, but instead to formulate a hypothesis, i.e. express epistemic modality. Although this is possible with both synthetic or periphrastic future marking, the synthetic future tense is more likely to express an epistemic reading than the periphrastic future. This paper explores the relationship between futurizing morphology and sentence type on the basis of a quantitative analysis of aboutn = 2,700 tokens of synthetic and periphrastic ‘future’ constructions in spoken conversations from Madrid, Buenos Aires and Santiago de Chile. On the basis of a bottom-up classification of these tokens regarding their potential to express modal meanings, we demonstrate that polar and partial futurizing interrogatives are more likely to display modal meanings and associated rhetorical effects than futurizing declaratives. This effect is even stronger for synthetic future constructions, due to a conventionalization of specific form-function pairings. Finally, we also document substantial dialectal variation in the use of futurizing morphology.

K-Banhatti Invariants Empowered Topological Investigation of Bridge Networks

Any number that can be uniquely determined by a graph is called graph invariants. During the most recent twenty years’ innumerable numerical graph invariants have been described and used for correlation analysis. In the fast and advanced environment of manufacturing of networks and other products which used different networks, no dependable assessment has been embraced to choose, how much these invariants are connected with a network graph or molecular graph. In this paper, it will talk about three distinct variations of bridge networks with great capability of expectation in the field of computer science, chemistry, physics, drug industry, informatics, and mathematics in setting with physical and synthetic constructions and networks, since K-Banhatti invariants are newly introduced and have various forecast characteristics for various variations of bridge graphs or networks. The review settled the topology of bridge graph/networks of three unique sorts with three types of K-Banhatti Indices. These concluded outcomes can be utilized for the modeling of interconnection networks of Personal computers (PC), networks like Local area network (LAN), Metropolitan area network (MAN) and Wide area network (WAN), the spine of internet and different networks/designs of PCs, power generation interconnection, bio-informatics and chemical structures.

Synthetic construction of the Hopf fibration in a double orthogonal projection of 4-space

Abstract The Hopf fibration mapping circles on a 3-sphere to points on a 2-sphere is well known to topologists. While the 2-sphere is embedded in 3-space, four-dimensional Euclidean space is needed to visualize the 3-sphere. Visualizing objects in 4-space using computer graphics based on their analytical representations has become popular in recent decades. For purely synthetic constructions, we apply the recently introduced method of visualization of 4-space by its double orthogonal projection onto two mutually perpendicular 3-spaces to investigate the Hopf fibration as a four-dimensional relation without analogy in lower dimensions. In this paper, the method of double orthogonal projection is used for a direct synthetic construction of the fibers of a 3-sphere from the corresponding points on a 2-sphere. The fibers of great circles on the 2-sphere create nested tori visualized in a stereographic projection onto the modeling 3-space. The step-by-step construction is supplemented by dynamic three-dimensional models showing simultaneously the 3-sphere, 2-sphere, and stereographic images of the fibers and mutual interrelations. Each step of the synthetic construction is supported by its analytical representation to highlight connections between the two interpretations.

Структурная классификация аналитических скреп хантыйского языка

The structural classification of analytic connectors of a complex sentence of the Khanty language follows the principles developed by M. I. Cheremisina and T. A. Kolosova in the monograph “Essays on the theory of complex sentences” (1987). Single and non-single connectors can be distinguished depending on whether the complex sentence connector belongs to one predicative unit or to both ones, with single connectors belonging entirely to one of the predicative units and non-single ones consisting of two or more parts placed in different predicative units. Also, the classification takes into account the morphological nature: in the Khanty language, the analytical connectors of a complex sentence are formed based on particles or pronouns. Further, consideration is given to the number of components in the composition of a particular connector, with single-component and multicomponent (usually two-component) connectors being identified. The specificity of the Khanty language is that there are no conjunctions since synthetic and analytical-synthetic polypredicative constructions prevail. Particles and pronouns are used to connect the parts of a polypredicative construction. However, in the language of newspapers, the fund of analyt-ical connectors is actively replenished.

Recombinant Vaccine - A Vaccine Development and Antigen for Controlling Jembrana Disease in Bali Cattle

Most vaccines in Indonesia were initially made up from relying on attenuation or inactivation of pathogens. However, there have been developed several recombinant vaccines for poultry diseases. There have not been noticed recombinant vaccines for ruminant animals. Advances in molecular biology, genomics and proteomics have facilitated in creating of vaccine development. Nowadays, vaccine can be developed by approach of recombinant protein technology. Jembrana disease is a viral and infectious disease and only attacks in Bali cattle. Up to present the vaccination of Jembrana disease has been conducting by using a crude vaccine which is made up from infected lymph origin and processed by ultra-centrifuge and emulsified with adjuvant. This crude vaccine has a short immunity for about 3 months. Breakthrough in molecular biology with approach of protein recombinant technology, Jembrana vaccine was developed in our laboratory of Animal Molecular Genetics of the Research Center for Biotechnology – LIPI. Jembrana disease virus (JDV) belongs to Lentivirus, it has three major genes termed as gag, pol and env. These genes encode proteins needed for replication of the virus. The env gene encodes TM and SU proteins located on surface of the virus and induce a protective immunity against lentivirus infections. Another protein is TAT which encoded by tat gene as one of small accessory genes located between pol and env genes. Two genes of tat and env su were originated from infected lymph by Jembrana virus and constructed into vector plasmid pET. Lately the two of tat and env su genes were synthetically made up and constructed into vector plasmid of pBT-7-His-C. Both nature and synthetic gene original constructions were transformed through Escherichia coli strain BL21. Both nature and synthetic tat gene original were already expressed in a small scale production of protein recombinant. The protein recombinant JTAT was first used in field trial for vaccine candidate and was examined by ELISA for jembrana disease detecting as diagnostic candidate. The result of both field trial and detecting Jembrana disease will be discussed for vaccine and antigen candidates, respectively.

Figures of the World: The Naturalist Novel and Transnational Form by Christopher Laing Hill

Reviewed by: Figures of the World: The Naturalist Novel and Transnational Form by Christopher Laing Hill Patti Luedecke (bio) Figures of the World: The Naturalist Novel and Transnational Form, by Christopher Laing Hill. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2020. Cloth, $99.95; Paper, $34.94; Ebook $34.95. While scholars of American literary naturalism acknowledge the precedent of French naturalists, especially Émile Zola, they also differentiate American naturalists from their French forebears. Christopher Laing Hill contributes to this distancing work in his comparative literature study of naturalism, Figures of the World, by arguing that literary “genealogy does not equal servility” (xx). Hill’s study uncouples naturalism from Zola as it expands the field by suggesting that the transnational history of naturalism is one of proliferation into naturalisms in the many parts of the world that adapted it, instead of adopting it wholesale after its inception in 1860s France. Hill’s first chapter charts the transnational “travels” of naturalism— a metaphor that Hill creates to avoid the concept of French naturalism having [End Page 257] a one-way impact or influence (13). Hill shows that naturalism as a method or a set of techniques, rather than a fixed form, lent itself to divergent ends across the planet: from anti-capitalism in the U.S. and Peru, to anti-colonialism in Korea. Hill rejects world literature criticism that would portray naturalism as radiating from a central French “‘Literary Mean Time’” with peripheral provinces lagging chronologically (15). Rather, Hill argues that what may appear to be false starts at naturalism in different parts of the world are, instead, proofs that writers retooled naturalism to suit literary conditions on the ground. For example, Hill demonstrates how naturalism in Brazil and Argentina mixed with both romanticism and realism, suggesting that these “seemingly strange hybrids of romantic naturalism and naturalistic modernism were not temporal aberrations, . . . but a common consequence of the travel of forms” (24). There was no direct route from romantic to realist, from naturalist to modernist texts, he says (27). Hill resists such an “evolutionary teleolog[y]” of genres by constructing an image of naturalism as a geographical field (48). Hill’s image of naturalism as a field is productively capacious. It allows us to imagine naturalism as thicker where thematic and formal trends were most utilized and as thinner where the plurality of naturalisms generated outlier elements no less integral to the field, if localized. Because Hill’s transnational definition of naturalism embraces amalgams and aberrations, I believe that it has the potential to provide scholars with new insights into naturalism’s defining contradictions: its simultaneous biological determinism and social reformism, its equal interest in untamed and urban environments, its elision of political economy with both nature and the monstrously unnatural, and its juxtaposition of meticulous documentary details with outsized metaphors. To attend to naturalism’s multifariousness, Hill advocates a method that foregrounds close reading (xv). While Hill developed this “inductive approach” (xvii) in response to the reductive methods of world literature criticism, it nonetheless mirrors Donald Pizer’s advice. Pizer urges readers of naturalism to attempt, not “to find a universal element in significantly different works but to read each work for what it expresses and then to build synthetic constructions” (Pizer 225). Hill coins three such synthetic constructions: the “body figure,” the “Nana figure,” and the “social figure” (xv). Hill’s attentive close readings trace how each of these figures was forged by Zola and formed by nineteenth-century French culture but recast by American and Japanese naturalist authors. By suggesting that these authors remolded these figures to critique their respective culture’s political [End Page 258] and literary authorities, Hill distances their works from both Zola and determinism. Hill examines how Zola created the “body figure” as a naturalist technique by employing contemporary medical models of the nerve as a housing for both physiological and psychological processes. The nerve’s mind-body bridge created a spillover that enabled “body figures” of all kinds to represent physical, behavioral, and, ultimately, social phenomena. For example, Hill reads Zola’s L’Assommoir (1877) as a competition between bodily synecdoches, with Gervaise’s arm symbolizing her hardworking behavior, which prevails for a time...

The Stylistic Uses of Gothic Passive Constructions

This paper explores the variation between non-past (present and future) synthetic and periphrastic passive verb forms in the Gothic Gospels in an effort to evaluate the possibility that the availability of functionally identical forms of the passive was exploited by the translators of the Gothic Bible as a way of manipulating the stylistic composition of the Gothic text. Based on the evidence of the Gothic translation of the Gospels, although the Gothic synthetic passive constructions do mostly occur in stylistically special environments, the existence of other clearly verifiable competing motivations makes the stylistic motivations difficult to verify. It is concluded that the distribution of forms is largely determined by factors such as literalism as the main translation technique as well as contrasts between the synthetic and periphrastic ‘be’ passives in terms of the actionality of the former and stativity of the latter.

Two genitive constructions of Old Babylonian

AbstractThe paper shows that there is a pattern in the distribution of synthetic (šēp šarrim“the king's foot”) vs. analytical (kaspum ša awīlim“the boss's money”) genitive constructions in Old Babylonian. The choice depends on the lexical feature of head nouns known as (in)alienability. Old Babylonian kinship and body part terms, as well as some other substantives, are “inalienable”, which means they take only the synthetic construction. All other Old Babylonian nouns are “alienable”, which means they admit both the synthetic and the analytical construction (kasap tamkārīandkaspum ša tamkārī“the merchants’ money”). In the latter case, there is no general rule to predict the choice, yet in certain cases the two constructions display a non-random frequency distribution.

Polskie przyimki pierwotne a przypadki analityczne w węgierskiej perspektywie porównawczej

Artykuł jest próbą synchronicznego ujęcia polskiego przypadka, który – oprócz konstrukcji syntetycznych jak possessivus czy partitivus, zresztą nielicznych – jest zasadniczo strukturą dwuelementową, składającą się z dwu konstytutywnych elementów, tj. przyimka oraz implikowanej przezeń końcówki, np. w Gdańsk-u. Jeśli przyjąć za podstawę porównania języki bezprzyimkowe, jak np. węgierski czy estoński, odpowiednikiem owej struktury, tj. przyimka, najczęściej pierwotnego i końcówki fleksyjnej, jest syntetyczny przypadek wyrażany wyłącznie za pomocą jednego morfemu aglutynacyjnego, por. węg. Varsó-ban ‘w Warszawie’, est. Varsovi-s ‘w Warszawie’.

Beyond Recursion: Critique of Hauser, Chomsky, and Fitch

In 2002, Hauser, Chomsky, and Fitch published an article in which they introduced a distinction between properties of language that are exclusively part of human communication (i.e., the FLN) and those properties that might be shared with other species (i.e., the FLB). The sole property proposed for the FLN was recursion. Hauser et al. provided evidence for their position based on issues of evolution. The question of the required properties of human language is central to developing theories of language processing and acquisition. In the present critique of Hauser et al. we consider two examples from non-English languages that argue against the suggestion that recursion is the sole property within the human language faculty. These are i) agreement of inflectional morphemes across sentence constructions, and ii) synthetic one-word constructions.
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Los pronombres de objeto directo <em>te</em> y <em>você</em>: variación lingüistica en el portugués brasileño

Este artículo ofrece una explicación variacionista de los factores lingüísticos que condicionan el uso de los pronombres de objeto directo te y você en el portugués brasileño. Los resultados indican que el grupo construcción verbal ejerce un papel significativo en el uso de las variantes. En las construcciones verbales sintéticas, se favorece el pronombre te (0.56), mientras que en las construcciones con más de un verbo se favorece la variante você, tanto con dos verbos (0.60) como con tres verbos (0.79). Desde un punto de vista teórico, este artículo contribuye a los estudios variacionistas del portugués brasileño, puesto que propone la inclusión de una variable que todavía no se ha estudiado en esa variedad, es decir, los pronombres de objeto directo con referencia a la segunda persona del singular. Original recibido: 2014/05/15Dictamen enviado al autor: 2014/08/01Aceptado: 2014/08/10

ChemInform Abstract: A Systematic Study of Functionalized Oxiranes as Initiating Groups for Cationic Polycyclization Reactions.

Three different methods have been developed that effectively utilize chiral oxiranes derived from Katsuki-Sharpless epoxidation of allylic alcohols as initiating groups for cationic cyclization of unsaturated substrates to form chiral polycycles. This type of transformation has previously been problematic. These employ either epoxy-methoximes, vinyl-substituted oxiranes, or hydroxymethyl oxiranes. All three approaches are described in detail. In addition, this research has led to possible explanations for previously encountered difficulties in this area and provided two new insights into the Lewis acid activation of oxiranes. The methodology described herein constitutes a valuable link between two powerful synthetic constructions, enantioselective Katsuki-Sharpless epoxidation and cationic polycyclization reactions.

A systematic study of functionalized oxiranes as initiating groups for cationic polycyclization reactions.

Three different methods have been developed that effectively utilize chiral oxiranes derived from Katsuki-Sharpless epoxidation of allylic alcohols as initiating groups for cationic cyclization of unsaturated substrates to form chiral polycycles. This type of transformation has previously been problematic. These employ either epoxy-methoximes, vinyl-substituted oxiranes, or hydroxymethyl oxiranes. All three approaches are described in detail. In addition, this research has led to possible explanations for previously encountered difficulties in this area and provided two new insights into the Lewis acid activation of oxiranes. The methodology described herein constitutes a valuable link between two powerful synthetic constructions, enantioselective Katsuki-Sharpless epoxidation and cationic polycyclization reactions.