Syntax Elements Research Articles

MODELLING OF INFORMATION SUPPORT FOR CARGO TRANSPORTATION

The article deals with the approaches to the definition of The analysis of existing approaches suggests that some authors agree that information support is a system of information or up-to-date data about the operation of an object of management. The rest of the authors suggest that information support is a means, or a set of means for displaying information and making decisions. The definition presented by the author combines the existing definitions into the integral whole and allows to reveal more fully the functional content of the information support. In the article the choice of the approach to modelling the information support of cargo is grounded. The methodology of the functional modeling IDEF0 is well-designed and tested in practice, it is accurate and concise. Some authors believe that the system of logistics information support has five levels. Therefore, it is advisable to model the information support from the lowest level. In the article a context diagram of the Cargo transportation block is presented, and inputs, outputs, control, and mechanisms for it are identified. Then the first level is decomposed, and a diagram describing the model of information support of the indicated block in more detail is constructed. The decomposition diagram presented in the article contains 4 blocks: the work of the dispatch center, the work of the terminal of the departure point, the work of the freight forwarder and the work of the terminal of the receiving point. Each block of the diagram describes the corresponding syntax elements of the graphical language IDEF0. The article contains the detailed explanations to the given diagrams. The proposed functional model of information support of cargo allows to determine the main functions of this process and, accordingly, to determine the composition of information that will ensure their implementation. The next step in modelling is the development of a scheme of information flows and documentary supporting.

Scientific Attitudes, Activities and Learning Outcomes of Student in Material of Fungi Using Predict Observe Explain (Poe) Model Based on Bioedutainment


 
 
 
 This study aims to determine the effectiveness of POE model based on bioedutainmentimplementation in material of fungi towards activity, scientific attitude and learning outcome of VII grade students. This study uses a one-shot case study research design. The population of this study is students of class VII SMPN 1 Secang, while the sample is students of class VII B. The hypothesis used is that POE method based on bioedutainment is effective towards the learning outcome of the students. The sample was taken by purposive sampling method. POE based on bioedutainment was applied to the sample class by using game elements in each POE syntax. The results of this study indicate the percentage of student activity is 83% and the percentage of their scientific attitude is 70% in the category of good and very good. The result of student learning completeness is 70% with an average value of 80.33. The teacher's response stated that students became active and enthusiastic about learning. The conclusion of the study is that the POE model based on bioedutainment is effective towards the activity, scientific attitude, and learning outcome of the students. 
 
 
 

Efficient HEVC intra‐frame prediction using curved angular modes

Blending curved and straight lines on angular modes are proposed for intra-frame prediction in high-efficiency video coding (HEVC). All 33 angular modes in HEVC have received an offset-based displacement calculation to each predicted sample, so that the resulting prediction block models image regions with curved textures. The proposal includes a negligible overhead in the syntax elements of the encoded bitstream (up to 2.56%) to transmit the curvature parameter along with the angular mode of a predicted block. Results demonstrate increased prediction accuracy and consequent reduction in residuals. There is a fair trade-off between prediction accuracy and computational complexity even considering few curvature parameters. Further evaluations show an average reduction in Bjontegaard delta rate of 3.19% for the HEVC test sequences.

Music and choreography interaction in the stage dances of musical theater productions of the 17th – the first half of the 18th century

Music and choreography interaction in the stage dances of musical theater productions of the 17th – the first half of the 18th century

A Fully Integrated Energy-Efficient H.265/HEVC Decoder With eDRAM for Wearable Devices

This paper proposes a fully integrated H.265/high efficiency video coding (HEVC) video decoder that supports realtime video playback within the 50-mW power budget of wearable devices, such as smart watches and virtual reality (VR) headsets. Specifically, this paper focuses on reducing data movement to and from off-chip memory as it dominates energy consumption, consuming 2.8-6 times more energy than processing in most video decoders. Embedded dynamic random access memory (eDRAM) is used for main memory, and several techniques are proposed to reduce the power consumption of the eDRAM itself: 1) lossless compression is used to store reference frames in two times fewer eDRAM macros, reducing refresh power by 33%; 2) eDRAM macros are powered up on-demand to further reduce refresh power by 33%; and 3) syntax elements are distributed to four decoder cores in a partially compressed form to reduce decoupling buffer power by four times. These approaches reduce eDRAM power by two times in a fully integrated H.265/HEVC decoder with the lowest reported system power. The test chip containing 10.5 MB of eDRAM requires no external memory and consumes 24.9-30.6 mW for decoding 1920 × 1080 video at 24-50 frames/s.

KESALAHAN GRAMATIKAL DAN PENERJEMAHAN LITERAL BUKU DURUSUN IQTISHADIYATUN MIN RAMADLAN

Abstra ck: This study aims to describe the grammatical meaning of the translation errors and the use of literal translation in the translation procedure book Durusun Iqtishadiyatun min Ramadlan. This research is qualitative, descriptive, in accordance with the data collected in the form of words, phrases and sentences. Researchers found: (1) the translation of the meanings of grammatical errors include (a) error of morphology, which is caused by three factors, among others errors recognize form words, diction selection mistakes and errors recognize variations of word meaning, and (b) the syntax error is caused by an error in the interpretation of syntax elements in a sentence. (2) The literal translation procedure usage error in the fix uses some other procedures that; (a) transposition procedures, (b) cultural equivalence procedures, (c) the procedure modulation, (d) the procedure modulation-transposition-culture equivalence. (e) the procedure of modulation-transposition and transposition procedures (f)-modulation. permalink/DOI: dx.doi.org/10.17977/um015v46i12018p082

Separable authentication in encrypted HEVC video

A joint encryption and authentication scheme for HEVC compressed video is proposed in this work. It produces a HEVC format compliant video stream that permits the authentication process to be carried out irregardless of the video being in the encrypted or plaintext (i.e., decrypted) form. To achieve this separable property, one set of syntax elements within the HEVC standard is utilized to achieve authentication, while another set is exploited for encryption. Specifically, for authentication, information such as coding unit size in each video slice is utilized to generate the authentication code, which is then embedded into each video slice to detect the tampered regions. A two-level authentication method is implemented to facilitate the legitimacy verification process. On the other hand, for video encryption, syntax elements in the HEVC standard including Sign Bins, Transform Skip Bins and Suffix Bins are randomized to perceptually distort the video. Experiment results show that by using the proposed encryption modules, the perceptual quality of the plaintext video can be distorted, and the distorted video can be restored to the original HEVC compressed video. Furthermore, the proposed joint scheme is verified to be viable in detecting and localizing the tampered regions. Finally, a pragmatic comparison among the proposed and conventional joint schemes is performed.

A flexible visual quality control algorithm for perceptual video encryption based on H.264

In order to meet all kinds of video security applications, especially pay-digital-TV system, a perceptual video encryption scheme based on visual quality control strategy is proposed. The optimal syntax elements and sensitive coded elements are chosen to encrypt by using mathematical XOR operations with stream ciphers generated by Chen chaos system. In order to enhance the security, the encryption scheme of this paper synthetically uses three strategies, including Motion Vector Difference (MVD) encryption, intra prediction mode encryption and levels of low coefficients encryption. The variable length keys are used to encrypt the syntax elements to improve key utilisation. Experimental results show that the proposed perceptual encryption scheme can achieve high security at a relatively high compression ratio and bandwidth cost, as well as about 2% coding rate and 6% encoding time increased at the cost of slightly sacrificing code rate and encoding time. Especially, the degraded visual quality can be controlled gradually with a simple quality factor.

A flexible visual quality control algorithm for perceptual video encryption based on H.264

In order to meet all kinds of video security applications, especially pay-digital-TV system, a perceptual video encryption scheme based on visual quality control strategy is proposed. The optimal syntax elements and sensitive coded elements are chosen to encrypt by using mathematical XOR operations with stream ciphers generated by Chen chaos system. In order to enhance the security, the encryption scheme of this paper synthetically uses three strategies, including Motion Vector Difference (MVD) encryption, intra prediction mode encryption and levels of low coefficients encryption. The variable length keys are used to encrypt the syntax elements to improve key utilisation. Experimental results show that the proposed perceptual encryption scheme can achieve high security at a relatively high compression ratio and bandwidth cost, as well as about 2% coding rate and 6% encoding time increased at the cost of slightly sacrificing code rate and encoding time. Especially, the degraded visual quality can be controlled gradually with a simple quality factor.

A Perceptual Encryption Scheme for HEVC Video with Lossless Compression

Aiming to protect the video content and facilitate online video consumption, a perceptual encryption scheme is proposed for high efficiency video coding (HEVC) video. Based on RC4 algorithm, a key stream generation method is constructed, whose proportion of “1” and “0” can be regulated. During HEVC encoding, four kinds of syntax elements including motion vector difference (MVD)' sign, MVD's amplitude, sign of the luma residual coefficient and sign of the chroma residual coefficient, are encrypted by the regulated key stream. Experimental results and analysis show that the proposed scheme has good perceptual protection for the video content, and some advantages such as low computational cost, format-compliance and no bitrate increase can be achieved. It provides an effective resolution for the paid video-on-demand services.

Fast Algorithm and VLSI Architecture of Rate Distortion Optimization in H.265/HEVC

In H.265/high efficiency video coding (HEVC) encoding, rate distortion optimization (RDO) is an important cost function for mode decision and coding structure decision. Despite being near-optimum in terms of coding efficiency, RDO suffers from a high complexity. To address this problem, this paper presents a fast RDO algorithm and its very large scale implementation (VLSI) for both intra- and inter-frame coding. The proposed algorithm employs a quantization-free framework that significantly reduces the complexity for rate and distortion optimization. Meanwhile, it maintains a low degradation of coding efficiency by taking the syntax element organization and probability model of HEVC into consideration. The algorithm is also designed with hardware architecture in mind to support an efficient VLSI implementation. When implemented in the HEVC test model, the proposed algorithm achieves 62% RDO time reduction with 1.85% coding efficiency loss for the “all-intra” configuration. The hardware implementation achieves 1.6 × higher normalized throughput relative to previous works, and it can support a throughput of 8k@30fps (for four fine-processed modes per prediction unit) with 256 k logic gates when working at 200 MHz.

MPEG-4 AVC stream-based saliency detection. Application to robust watermarking

By bridging uncompressed-domain saliency detection and MPEG-4 AVC compression principles, the present paper advances a methodological framework for extracting the saliency maps directly from the stream syntax elements. In this respect, inside each GOP, the intensity, color, orientation and motion elementary saliency maps are related to the energy of the luma coefficients, to the energy of chroma coefficients, to the gradient of the prediction modes and to the amplitude of the motion vectors, respectively. The three spatial saliency maps are pooled according to an average formula, while the static-temporal fusion is achieved by six different formulas. The experiments consider both ground-truth and applicative evaluations. The ground-truth benchmarking investigates the relation between the predicted MPEG-4 AVC saliency map and the actual human saliency, captured by eye-tracking devices. It is based on two corpora (representing density fixation maps and saccade locations), two objective criteria (related to the closeness between the predicted and the real saliency maps and to the difference between the behavior of the predicted saliency map in fixation and random locations), two objective measures (KLD – the Kullback Leibler Divergence and AUC – the Area Under the ROC Curve) and 5 state-of-the-art saliency models (3 acting in spatial domain and 2 acting in compressed domain). The applicative validation is carried out by integrating the MPEG-4 AVC saliency map into a robust watermarking application. As an overall conclusion, the paper demonstrates that although the MPEG-4 AVC standard does not explicitly relies on any visual saliency principle, its stream syntax elements preserve this property. Four main benefits for the MPEG-4 AVC based saliency extraction are thus brought to light: (1) it outperforms (or, at least, is as good as) state-of-the-art uncompressed domain methods, (2) it allows significant gains to be obtained in watermarking transparency (for prescribed data payload and robustness), (3) it is less sensitive to the randomness in the processed visual content, and (4) it has a linear computational complexity. For instance, the ground truth results exhibit absolute relative gains between 60% and 164% in KLD, between 17% and 21% in AUC, and relative gains in KLD sensitivity between 1.18 and 6.12 and in AUC sensitivity between 1.06 and 33.7; the applicative validation brings to light transparency gains up to 10 dB in PSNR.

An efficient hardware architecture of CAVLC encoder based on stream processing

The paper presents an efficient implementation of Context-Adaptive Variable Length Coding (CAVLC) entropy encoder in H.264/AVC standard. The architecture is designed with a parallel structure targeting real-time video compression. The intensive memory access demand in the syntax element coding stage is lowered by using the proposed arithmetic table elimination technique. The packing stage implementation is interleaved with syntax element generation stage and includes fast methods for syntax elements concatenation. The register update method performs concatenation of the bitstream of previously processed sub-blocks and the syntax codewords of the currently processed sub-block. The CAVLC encoder processes 4 × 4 sub-block coefficients in parallel, introducing the initial latency of 12 clock cycles, after which the full pipeline of the data encoding on the sub-block level is performed, and 16 residuals are processed at each clock cycle. The achieved high throughput allows the encoding core to perform real-time processing of 8K UHD (4320p) video sequences with a frame rate of 30 frames/s.

Los tres muros de Paimio

<p>Alvar Aalto´s career has certainly been a complex one and has been reported by official historiography to be divided into some more or less well-defined periods which correspond to unitary in time clusters of projects. Thus, Paimio has come to be for architecture the consolidation of the Modern Finnish Project at its apparently orthodox splendor. Aalto, from the very beginning, was attracted by the possibility of generating his own project message. This may be the reason why he found researching into the evocative power of <em>opposite conciliation<strong> </strong></em>which allowed him to obtain efficient tools to service his project. The peculiar presence of opposing elements in the same project governs the task of defining a new way to conceive architecture. There are truths in Paimio that withstand and refuse to be concealed under the apparent modern uniformity so many times appraised. All this becomes obvious and in many of the project syntax elements, but it is especially evident in the layout of the three walls of the rooms: the modern wall that stand weightless, defined by its immaterial abstraction; the heavy wall, defined by its physic features and bond to the XIX century tradition; and finally, the wall with an immaterial vocation, endowed with almost invisible features, and of deep eastern roots.</p>

Lossless image compression algorithm and hardware architecture for bandwidth reduction of external memory

In high definition (HD) video coders, huge memory access bandwidth is the major throughput bottleneck. Lossless embedded compression is an efficient solution to alleviate the bandwidth burden, in which image are compressed before writing into local memory and decompressed after retrieving from local memory. This study proposes a hardware-oriented lossless image compression algorithm, supporting block and line random access flexibly for adapting diverse hardware video codec architectures. The major contributions are characterised as follows. First, block or pixel-level adaptive prediction is proposed to fully utilise the image spatial correlation by employing adaptive mode decision. Second, multiple-range semi-fixed (SF) variable length coding (VLC) is employed to describe the prediction residue, and adaptive block size selection is employed for SF VLC to fully utilise the statistical redundancy. In addition, Huffman VLC is further employed to represent the control syntax elements. Third, four-stage pipeline hardware architecture is proposed to implement the proposed algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm achieves competitive rate compression performance compared with reference algorithms. The proposed hardware architecture is verified supporting real-time processing for quad-HD videos at the frequency of 166 MHz. The proposed work achieves reducing memory access bandwidth by ~55.2%, which is useful for hardwired video coding.

Lagrange optimization in high efficiency video coding for SATD-based intra-mode decision

The Lagrange optimization scheme plays a significant role in H.265/HEVC for mode decision targeting high compression performance. Here the intra-35 prediction modes are evaluated by the operations of rough mode decision (RMD) and rate-distortion optimization. For the first stage of RMD, the selection of Lagrange multiplier is however unsuitable for SATD-based intra-mode decision, which is determined by taking the square root of the Lagrange multiplier based on SSE distortion measurement. Moreover, the related bit-rate regarding RMD is only concerned with the prediction mode index with negligible residuals in Lagrange optimization. In this paper, an efficient Lagrange optimization is proposed for SATD-based intra-mode decision. Firstly the Lagrange multiplier in RMD is derived through the analysis of theoretical rate-distortion optimization. Then in terms of entropy coding principle, the bit-rate of Hadamard transformed residuals is estimated according to the related syntax elements. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed Lagrange optimization for SATD-based intra-mode decision in H.265/HEVC.

Development of Test items for Technical and General English Language with specific reference to Knowledge Domain of Bloom’s Taxonomy

Taxonomy of educational objectives has always been providing an objective and scientific framework both for setting educational objectives and restructuring test items for evaluation. This paper is an attempt to describe various components of the knowledge domain of Blooms taxonomy and design different test items which could be included in a typical question paper. The test items are based on the explanation of terms provided by Benjamin Blooms and are confined only to the domain of knowledge. The questions are restricted to the course contents of the first year BE engineering students at PSG college of Technology, the researcher’s workplace and are pitched at the level of intermediate and advanced learners, who are familiarized with the basic nuances of style, grammar, usage, syntax and other elements of language through the course. The design of questions presuppose that a certain level of mastery in the English language has been attained the learners

A Novel Adaptive Scanning Approach for Effective H.265/HEVC Entropy Coding

The block transform video coder of H.265/HEVC has been formulated for a more flexible content representation to satisfy various implementation demands. Here three coefficient-scanning methods of diagonal, horizontal and vertical scan are employed for mapping a 2-D array to a 1-D vector for further reducing redundancy in entropy coding. However, the fixation scanning pattern does not fully exploit the correlation among quantized coefficients and the coding redundancy still exists. In this paper, a new adaptive coefficient scanning (ACS) method is proposed for effective H.265/HEVC entropy coding. Here the characteristic of syntax elements of quantized coefficients is first studied and then the related context probability of symbol is estimated through combining local property. Guided by the principle of entropy coding, the scanning approach is established for higher coding performance. Experimental results demonstrate that a reduction of about 3.6%–4.2% in bit-rate can be observed with almost no loss in coding complexity.

Jmol SMILES and Jmol SMARTS: specifications and applications.

BackgroundSMILES and SMARTS are two well-defined structure matching languages that have gained wide use in cheminformatics. Jmol is a widely used open-source molecular visualization and analysis tool written in Java and implemented in both Java and JavaScript. Over the past 10 years, from 2007 to 2016, work on Jmol has included the development of dialects of SMILES and SMARTS that incorporate novel aspects that allow new and powerful applications.ResultsThe specifications of “Jmol SMILES” and “Jmol SMARTS” are described. The dialects most closely resemble OpenSMILES and OpenSMARTS. Jmol SMILES is a superset of OpenSMILES, allowing a freer format, including whitespace and comments, the addition of “processing directives” that modify the meaning of certain aspects of SMILES processing such as aromaticity and stereochemistry, a more extensive treatment of stereochemistry, and several minor additions. Jmol SMARTS similarly adds these same modifications to OpenSMARTS, but also adds a number of additional “primitives” and elements of syntax tuned to matching 3D molecular structures and selecting their atoms. The result is an expansion of the capabilities of SMILES and SMARTS primarily for use in 3D molecular analysis, allowing a broader range of matching involving any combination of 3D molecular structures, SMILES strings, and SMARTS patterns. While developed specifically for Jmol, these dialects of SMILES and SMARTS are independent of the Jmol application itself.ConclusionsJmol SMILES and Jmol SMARTS add value to standard SMILES and SMARTS. Together they have proven exceptionally capable in extracting valuable information from 3D structural models, as demonstrated in Jmol. Capabilities in Jmol enabled by Jmol SMILES and Jmol SMARTS include efficient MMFF94 atom typing, conformational identification, SMILES comparisons without canonicalization, identification of stereochemical relationships, quantitative comparison of 3D structures from different sources (including differences in Kekulization), conformational flexible fitting, and atom mapping used to synchronize interactive displays of 2D structures, 3D structures, and spectral correlations, where data are being drawn from multiple sources.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13321-016-0160-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

An efficient chaos pseudo-random number generator applied to video encryption

Traditional cipher systems are not appropriate for video encryption due to the high computation overhead. Video encryption must take account of the trade-off of both data security and real-time performance. In this paper, an efficient chaos pseudo-random number generator is designed to generate key stream for encrypting video syntax elements of H.264/AVC. In view of the efficiency and security, the intra-prediction mode (IPM), signs of trailing ones (T1s), signs of non-zero (NZ) coefficients, signs of motion vector difference (MVD) are chosen for selective encryption. The proposed scheme provides sufficient protection for the video commercial value. Experimental results demonstrate that the course of encryption will not affect the coding efficiency of H.264/AVC by keeping exactly the same bitrate and negligible time overhead. Security analysis shows that the proposed scheme has the ability to resist malicious attacks.