Design Of Switch Research Articles

Design of a Novel Magnetic Induction Switch with a Permalloy Film and a Trans-Impedance Amplifier Circuit

At present, magnetic induction switches are widely used in industrial automation control and biological sensing systems. A core module composed of a magnetic sensing device and a signal conditioning circuit is designed and analyzed in this paper. Utilizing a permalloy film with the anisotropic magneto-resistance (AMR) effect, the novel magnetic induction switch shows its ability to correctly detect the direction of magnetic fields. Furthermore, an interfacial circuit based on a trans-impedance amplifier (TIA) is designed to measure and regulate the output signal of the sensing device. Accurate simulation results show the gain of the TIA reaches up to 51.36 dB with a bandwidth of 1.3 GHz and a power consumption of 3.65 mW. The outstanding performance of the proposed module demonstrates the possibility of solving the problems induced by high input impedance, high frequency, and parasitic effects in magnetic induction switches.

Design of a lateral photoconductive semiconductor switch with a low resistivity region on semi-insulating GaN to enhance breakdown characteristics

The breakdown characteristics of the semi-insulating lateral GaN photoconductive semiconductor switches (PCSS) with low resistivity region (LRR) structure were simulated. The design, which can reduce the peak electric field by adjusting the electric field distribution for PCSS, was first proposed. In comparison to conventional field plate and n-type doping below the electrode structures, the LRR structure robustly enhances the breakdown characteristics of PCSS while reducing the influence of on-state characteristics. The impact of different structural parameters on the breakdown voltage and on-state characteristics was investigated. In the case of a small size device with a 5 μm electrode gap, the LRR structure is able to decrease the peak electric field by 54 % at 400 kV/cm and increase breakdown voltage by 45 %. When the electrode gap is increased to 0.25 mm, under a bias voltage of 5 kV, the field plate structure can reduce the peak electric field by 35 %, but the LRR structure can reduce the peak electric field by 42 %. When applied a voltage of 2 kV, the PCSS with the LRR structure triggered by a laser pulse with a wavelength of 532 nm and an energy of 265 μJ has a minimum on-resistivity being less than 0.5 Ω cm and the resistivity ratio between the off and on states reaching up to 1 × 108.

Design Guideline for a Cantilever-Type MEMS Switch with High Contact Force

Micromechanical switches are of significant interest for advanced radio frequency and microwave systems, but their practical implementation is limited by low reliability. Electrodes of a microscopic size develop weak contact force that leads to high and unstable contact resistance. The force is typically increased by using a sophisticated switch design with extended lateral dimensions, although a simple and compact cantilever is more preferable. The paper describes for the first time a comprehensive approach to enhance the force of an electrostatically actuated switch. The strategy is applied to a miniature device based on a 50 µm long cantilever. The contact force is increased from 10 to 112 µN, making the switch strong enough to achieve low and stable contact resistance. The restoring force is also enhanced in order to ensure reliable de-actuation. The growth of forces is accompanied by a reduction in the pull-in voltage. Connecting several cantilevers in parallel and manipulating the number and position of contact bumps additionally improves the force and mechanical stability of the switch. An optimal design contains a triple cantilever with two bumps. It provides 50% higher force per contact compared to the single-cantilever switch at the same pull-in voltage and keeps the advantages of a miniature device. The proposed design strategy may be used for building reliable MEMS switches.

A Cyclotriveratrylene Solvent-Dependent Chiral Switch.

Chiral molecular switches are attracting attention as they could pave the way to chiral molecular machines. Herein, we report on the design and synthesis of a single molecule chiral switch based on a cyclotriveratrylene scaffold, in which the chirality inversion is controlled by the solvent. Hemicryptophanes are built around a C3 cyclotriveratrylene chiral unit, with either M or P handedness, connected to another tripod and usually displaying an "out" configuration. Here, we demonstrate that solvents are able to control the "in" and "out" configurations of the CTV unit, creating a chiral molecular switch from (M/P)"in" to (P/M)"out" handedness. The full characterization of the "in" and "out" configurations and of the chirality switch were made possible by combining NMR, HPLC, ECD, DFT and molecular dynamics. Interestingly, bulky aromatic solvents such as 2-t-butylphenol favor the "in" configuration while polar aprotic solvents such as acetone favor the "out" configuration. This chiral switch was found to be fully reversible allowing the system to oscillate between two different M and P configurations several times upon the action of solvents stimuli.

Synthesis, growth, and optical applications of N, N′-bis (2-aminophenyl) ethane-1,2-diammonium picrate: An organic crystal

Futuristic organic nonlinear optical single AEDP crystal bearing the IUPAC nomenclature of N, N′-Bis(2-Aminoethyl) Ethane-1,2-Diammonium Picrate was grown via slow evaporation approach in aqueous solvent. The single crystal X-ray diffraction studies were employed for resolving lattice parameters of AEDP single crystal. The data regarding triclinic crystalline structure, bonds vibrations and symmetries of molecular vibrations of the prepared single crystal were realized adopting XRD, FT-IR and vibrational measurements techniques respectively. Evidences regarding excellent crystal optical transparency and maximum crystal non-linear optical properties for the prepared AEDP crystal in the range 200–2000 nm were revealed by Optical absorbance spectrum documented in the UV–vis–NIR wavelength range enhances the scope of unearthing and evolving potential nonlinear systems. Thermal stability and nonlinear optical (NLO) nature of AEDP crystal were inspected by applying differential thermal-thermo gravimetric analysis (DTA–TGA) and second harmonic generation test respectively. The promising features of the crystal leads towards application in the design of nonlinear optical devices and light-controlled electrical switches.

Design and Application of Downhole Drilling Mud Pulse Signal Transmission System

Time-efficient measurement of undisturbed formation through measurement while drilling technology is an effective means to improve drilling efficiency in deep formations and increase the drilling-encounter ratio of reservoirs. Based on the application and development trend of existing downhole signal transmission technology, a pulse signal transmission system of downhole mud while drilling is designed. The system pulse generation device adopts the structure of a positive pulse generator, which is through the internal driving circuit and hydraulic circuit of the device to drive the valve head to move to generate a mud pulse signal while using the design of a limit switch to optimize the expansion spacing of the valve head so that the generated pulse signal amplitude is close. The system uses combined encoding as the encoding method, while the ground part of the system is designed to monitor and process the collected signals. Finally, the transmission capability and accuracy of the system are tested through field experiments, and the field results show that the system can work smoothly in the downhole environment to transmit downhole data to the wellhead with small errors, which meets the design requirements and field requirements. The field applications are carried out in several wells, such as the Shixi 105 well. The results show that the system has good downhole pulse signal transmission functions such as borehole inclination measurement, which helps to promote the development of existing drilling measurement technology.

Designing RNA switches for synthetic biology using inverse-RNA-folding

RNA switches respond to specific ligands to control gene expression. They are widely used in synthetic biology applications and hold potential for future RNA-based therapeutic breakthroughs. However, the crux is their precise design. Here, we will discuss how inverse-RNA-folding could be utilized for the accurate design of RNA switches.

Design of novel molecular switches using the C20 & C40 nanobud

A molecular switch is a molecule that can reversibly switch between two or more stable states under the influence of environmental factors such as electric current or field, presence of other ions, ligands, pH change, light, etc. Using density functional theory calculations at B3LYP, M06-2X, WB97XD and B3LYP-D3 computational level, we investigate the possibility of using C20 & C40 nanobud as a molecular switch. For this purpose, the effect of different electric fields (0, 0.002, 0025, 0.003, 0.004 and 0.006 a.u.) on structural, electrical and nonlinear optical properties was investigated. It was shown that with the increase of the electric field, the dihedral angle and the bond length of the molecule changes greatly, and a sudden change in the dihedral angle can indicate the switch become ON. Also, with the increase of the electric field, the distance between the HOMO and LUMO orbitals decreases, and this changes increased greatly in a certain range of the electric field, which indicates the change of the state of the molecular switch to ON. The effect of the field on the optical properties of the switch also showed that with the increase in the intensity of the field, the values of α, β and μ increased, and this change was in a specific range of a very strong electric field, which corresponds exactly to the change of the dihedral angle and the behavior of HLG. The M06-2X, WB97XD and B3LYP-D3 methods were used to check the accuracy of the data, and it was shown that the results of these two methods are approximately the same as the results of the calculations related to the B3LYP method.

Sb2S3-based optical switch exploiting the Brewster angle phenomenon [Invited

Optical switches based on phase change materials (PCMs) hold great promise for various photonic applications such as telecommunications, data communication, optical interconnects, and signal processing. Their non-volatile nature as well as rapid switching speeds make them highly desirable for developing advanced and energy-efficient optical communication technologies. Ongoing research efforts in exploring new PCMs, optimizing device designs, and overcoming existing challenges are driving the development of innovative and high-performance optical switches for the next generation of photonics applications. In this study, we design and experimentally demonstrate a novel optical amplitude switch design incorporating PCM antimony trisulfide (Sb2S3) based on the Brewster angle phenomenon.

Cost-Effectiveness of Long-Term Prophylaxis with Plasma-Derived Vs. Recombinant Von Willebrand Factor in Severe Von Willebrand Disease

Introduction: von Willebrand disease (VWD) is the most common inherited bleeding disorder and exhibits significant variability in bleeding phenotype across patients. International guidelines conditionally recommend long-term prophylaxis to reduce bleeding events for patients with a severe phenotype: all patients with type 3 VWD and a subset of patients with severe phenotypes of types 1 and 2 VWD. At the time of this conditional recommendation, only 10% of patients with severe VWD are treated prophylactically, unlike patients with severe hemophilia (~45%). In the United States, there are currently two approved factor replacement therapies: plasma-derived von Willebrand factor (pdVWF) and recombinant von Willebrand factor (rVWF). The cost-effectiveness of prophylaxis options for patients with VWD in the United States is not known. We sought to fill this gap by determining the cost-effectiveness of pdVWF versus rVWF prophylaxis treatment options for patients with severe VWD. Methods: In this independent analysis free of industry influence, we constructed a Markov model of adult patients with severe VWD to compare the cost-effectiveness of long-term prophylaxis with pdVWF versus rVWF. Transition probabilities for patients' breakthrough bleeding events while on prophylaxis with each factor replacement product, and product utilization, were derived from an open-label, prospective, phase 3 clinical trial that employed a pdVWF versus rVWF switch design (NCT 02973087). Costs of prophylaxis and costs of VWD-specific breakthrough bleed health resource utilization in the United States (US) accounted for bleed category, severity, and bleed-specific mortality, and were sourced from previously published literature and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. For effectiveness measured in quality-adjusted life-years (QALY), utilities for patients with severe VWD on prophylaxis were informed from EQ-5D-specific utility data for patients with severe hemophilia on prophylaxis. The primary outcome was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) or the incremental net monetary benefit (iNMB) if the intervention (rVWF) was found to be cost-saving, reported over a lifetime time-horizon across a range of accepted willingness-to-pay (WTP) thresholds in US dollars per QALY. The two secondary outcomes were threshold analyses for 1) the breakthrough bleed rate and 2) frequency of infusions necessary for the non-favored product (i.e., in the base-case) to become favored. In addition, we conducted a scenario analysis assuming the non-significant reduction in bleeding with rVWF (0.55 [95% confidence interval 0.086-3.523]) otherwise nullified in the base-case analysis, was significant. We proceeded with deterministic sensitivity analyses, varying all parameter estimates across the largest of their known 95% confidence intervals or +/-20% of absolute value. We concluded with a probabilistic sensitivity analysis, capturing uncertainty in all parameters simultaneously over 10,000 Monte Carlo simulations. Results: In the base-case, treatment with prophylactic pdVWF versus prophylactic rVWF yielded discounted lifetime costs of $21.2 million and $19.8 million, with both accruing 20.6 discounted QALYs. The average incremental net monetary benefit across accepted WTP thresholds of $50,000-$150,000/QALY was $1.38 million [95% credible interval $1.10-1.67 million], in favor of rVWF. Deterministic sensitivity analysis showed that the model was most sensitive to the frequency and cost of pdVWF infusions. In all three probabilistic sensitivity analyses across all WTP thresholds, rVWF was favored over pdVWF in 100% of 10,000 Monte Carlo iterations. Threshold analyses revealed that 1) the bleeding rate on pdVWF prophylaxis would have to reduce by at least 43% and, 2) the average frequency of pdVWF infusions would need to decrease from 3 to 2.75 infusions per week for pdVWF to be favored over rVWF prophylaxis. Scenario analysis revealed similar significant improvement in incremental net monetary benefit with rVWF. Conclusion: Twice-weekly rVWF versus thrice-weekly pdVWF demonstrated similar quality-adjusted life-expectancy, while rVWF was cost-saving due to its longer half-life requiring fewer lifetime infusions. At current pricing in the United States, prophylactic rVWF is a cost-saving option for patients averaging more than 2.75 weekly pdVWF infusions.

Low-power and wide-band 1 × 8 silica waveguide optical switch

A silica waveguide 1 × 8 thermo-optic switch consisting of cascaded three-stage Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) is demonstrated. The multimode interference (MMI) coupler is adopted in the MMI-MZI 1 × 2 switch unit due to its insensitivity to wavelength and favorable fabrication tolerance. Beam propagation method (BPM) is used in the switch design and optimization. Standard CMOS technologies have been adopted in the preparation of switch fabric. At 1550 nm, the measurement results of 1 × 8 switch show that the fiber-to-fiber insertion loss ranges from 3.4 to 3.6 dB for all routing states. Meanwhile, the extinction ratio is no less than 15.63 dB, and the crosstalk is restrained to be lower than −15.65 dB. Due the adoption of MZI structure, the average driving power for the channel switching is 315.8 mW. Within the wavelength range from 1500 to 1620 nm, the extinction ratio is larger than 15.06 dB, the insertion loss is less than 5.8 dB, and PDL is smaller than 1.18 dB for all routing states. The experimental results fit the simulations well, which proves the proposed switch good potentials in wideband applications.

Fabrication of SiC-on-Insulator (SiCOI) Layers by Chemical Vapor Deposition of 3C-SiC on Si-in-Insulator Substrates at Low Deposition Temperatures of 1120 °C

Compared to bulk silicon carbide (SiC) wafers, SiC-on-insulator (SiCOI) substrates enable new device designs of electronic switches as well as novel photonic applications. One application is a micro-resonator for the usage in a Kerr frequency comb. For SiCOI substrates, a deposition temperature below 1200 °C is advisable due to stability reasons of the buried oxide layer during chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process conditions. To create 3C-SiC-on-insulator layers, a cold-wall CVD reactor was utilized, with propane and silane as the sources for carbon and silicon, respectively. To improve the cracking of the carbon source gas at low temperatures, the inner setup of the utilized cold-wall CVD reactor was changed to a non-water-cooled system. The change of the inner reactor setup was investigated numerically, and the grown epitaxial layers were characterized by Raman, EDX, SEM-imaging and XRD spectroscopy. We demonstrate successful deposition of 3C-SiC epitaxial layer substrates at temperatures below 1200 °C without delamination on SOI.

Design and Construction of a GSM-Based Automatic Change-Over Switch with A Generator Control Mechanism

Design and Construction of a GSM-Based Automatic Change-Over Switch with A Generator Control Mechanism

Rational design of microRNA-responsive switch for programmable translational control in mammalian cells

Artificial RNA translation modulation usually relies on multiple components, such as RNA binding proteins (RBPs) or microRNAs (miRNAs) for off-switches and double-inverter cascades for on-switches. Recently, translational circular RNAs (circRNAs) were developed as promising alternatives for linear messenger RNAs (mRNAs). However, circRNAs still lack straightforward and programmable translation control strategies. Here, we rationally design a programmable miRNA-responsive internal ribosome entry site (IRES) translation activation and repression (PROMITAR) platform capable of implementing miRNA-based translation upregulation and downregulation in a single RNA construct. Based on the PROMITAR platform, we construct logic gates and cell-type classifier circRNAs and successfully identify desired mammalian cell types. We also demonstrate the potential therapeutic application of our platform for targeted cancer cell killing by encoding a cytotoxic protein in our engineered circRNAs. We expect our platform to expand the toolbox for RNA synthetic biology and provide an approach for potential biomedical applications in the future.

Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) Using Omron CP1L PLC and Human Machine Interface

Airports in aviation services are required to use facilities with the latest technology. This requires a stable and uninterrupted electricity supply to operate correctly. The Automatic Transfer Switch design based on the CX-Designer Human Machine Interface moves the electrical power supply source from PLN to the Generator Set or vice versa. There are two operating modes, namely manual mode and auto mode. In operation, it is also equipped with an interlock function between the PLN contactor and the generator and a PLN phase loss sensor for the R, S and T phases. For auto mode, it uses a timer with a setting for PLN of 12 seconds and for the generator of 15 seconds. The control system uses an Omron CP1L-L20DR-D PLC with CX-Programmer programming for Human Machine Interface with CX-Designer. The Automatic Transfer Switch test was successful in system testing, starting from manual and auto mode, PLN phase loss testing, and timer testing; 100% of the entire hardware and software system ran well.

Design of Sepic Converter Using PID Controller

Abstract: Single-Ended Primary Inductor Converter (SEPIC) is widely used in battery charging of renewable energy and electric/hybrid vehicles due to its output gains range flexibility,less complex switching design, providing an isolation by capacitor and producing non-inverted output. This project presents a modified PID controller to obtain excellent dynamic performance with zero steady-state error. The controller design is discussed and built in discrete model simulation on MatlabSimulink. The effectiveness of the proposed modified PID control strategy is tested for the transient cases in step-changed reference voltage, and varying input voltages. The results show the proposed controller can reach zero steady-state error and produce lower ripple in voltage.

H∞ filtering for discrete-time cyclic switched systems: Relaxed cycle-dependent persistent dwell-time constraints with averaging treatment

This note investigates the H∞ filtering for a kind of discrete-time switched systems ruled by cyclic switching regularities. By virtue of the cyclic manipulation of dwell-time (DT) switching and average dwell-time (ADT) switching reported in the literature, an innovative switching strategy of cycle-dependent persistent dwell-time (CPDT) property is first developed referring to the original persistent dwell-time (PDT) scheme. Further, to overcome the cycle-dependent DT constraint appearing in the CPDT switching, cycle-dependent ADT is sub-regionally injected into the suffering areas, which is different from the full-regional injection of ADT into the PDT switching in the literature. In this way, the CPDT switching is advanced to the cycle-dependent average persistent dwell-time switching, which can bring more flexibility to the switching design. Based on the newly introduced switching mechanisms, quasi-time-dependent (QTD) stability and l2-gain criteria are formulated for discrete-time cyclic switched systems to guide the design of intended QTD full-order filters, through which the produced filter error systems perform as expected in terms of the stability and H∞ noise attenuation capability. At last, the validities and advantages of the obtained filtering solutions are expounded by specific illustrative examples.

Diamagnetic Screening in the Electromagnetic Turnout Switch for a High-Temperature Superconducting Maglev System

Maglev systems represent a cutting-edge high-speed transport technology, and turnout switches play a critical role in the creation of a highly branched network. There are two common types of turnouts for high-temperature superconducting (HTS) Maglev systems: mechanical and electromagnetic. Due to the many advantages, an electromagnetic turnout is a better choice for a Maglev system than a mechanical one. However, there is a difference in the distribution of the magnetic field over the turnout area and the permanent magnetic track, which cannot meet the safety requirements of the Maglev system. This article proposes a modernized design of an electromagnetic switch based on previously proposed optimization solutions by placing a diamagnetic screen between two electromagnetic poles of an electromagnet, thereby reducing the scattering fluxes between them. The method of diamagnetic screening and experimental methodology are described in this article. The experiment was carried out using a three-dimensional magnetic field scanner to provide results on the distribution of the magnetic field and the increase in the magnetic induction value over the electromagnet poles. Thus, this article provides valuable suggestions for improving the design of the electromagnetic turnout of HTS Maglev systems. Moreover, the proposed method can be applied to any magnetic device or electric machine with an open magnetic circuit.

An Orthogonal Conductance Pathway in Spiropyrans for Well-Defined Electrosteric Switching Single-Molecule Junctions.

While a multitude of studies have appeared touting the use of molecules as electronic components, the design of molecular switches is crucial for the next steps in molecular electronics. In this work, single-molecule devices incorporating spiropyrans, made using break junction techniques, are described. Linear spiropyrans with electrode-contacting groups linked by alkynyl spacers to both the indoline and chromenone moieties have previously provided very low conductance values, and removing the alkynyl spacer has resulted in a total loss of conductance. An orthogonal T-shaped approach to single-molecule junctions incorporating spiropyran moieties in which the conducting pathway lies orthogonal to the molecule backbone is described and characterized. This approach has provided singlemolecule conductance features with good correlation to molecular length. Additional higher conducting states are accessible using switching induced by UV light or protonation. Theoretical modeling demonstrates that upon (photo)chemical isomerization to the merocyanine, two cooperating phenomena increase conductance: release of steric hindrance allows the conductance pathway to become more planar (raising the mid-bandgap transmission) and a bound state introduces sharp interference near the Fermi level of the electrodes similarly responding to the change in state. This design step paves the way for future use of spiropyrans in single-molecule devices and electrosteric switches.

Millimeter-Wave single-pole-double-throw switch design with Stacked-FET topology using network cascading analysis

In this paper, the correlation between the key performance of the shunt-type single-pole-double-throw (SPDT) switch circuitry and the intrinsic device parameters is theoretically investigated by network cascading approach. Through rigorous analysis, we concluded that the intrinsic device parameters such as the gate-to-drain capacitance (Cgd) have direct impact on the performance due to the scaling of the gate length. The analysis results were verified by the implementation of an SPDT switch at millimeter-wave frequency using stacked-FET topology. An input power at 1-dB compression point (P1dB) of greater than 30 dBm was measured from 15 to 35 GHz, exhibiting an enhancement of 6-dB in comparison with the conventional topology.