Support In Ukraine Research Articles

Human rights and corruption as manifestation of their violation

This article examines the state of implementation and compliance with generally recognized legal principles and norms of international law in the field of fundamental human rights 
 © Корж І.Ф., 2023
 and freedoms in Ukraine. It is noted that human rights should be understood as the defining principles of a person’s legal status, which belong to them from birth, are natural and inalienable, without which a person cannot exist as a full-fledged social being, and therefore they are a necessary element of citizens, society and the rule of law. The concept of human rights is based on two basic values – human dignity and equality. Human rights are defined and formalized primarily by international law, which includes a number of basic international legal acts, such as: Universal Declaration of Human Rights; European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and its protocols; Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Ukraine, which noted its further development in the direction of integration into the EU, formalized the rights of its citizens in the Constitution adopted in 1996, which enshrines a whole series of both traditional and new guarantees of human and citizen rights and freedoms, which allow each citizen to choose the type of his behavior, to use economic and socio-political freedoms and social benefits both in personal and public interests. It is emphasized that the establishment of human rights in Ukraine as the highest social value is complicated by a number of factors, which is mainly determined by the low legal culture of both the general public and civil servants and is confirmed by the fact that for many years Ukraine occupied one of the first places among the member states of the Council of Europe by the number of cases of violation of citizens’ rights that were pending in the European Court. This indicates the existing problems in the state regarding legal education, legal awareness, legal culture, etc. of citizens who are primarily in public authorities, and which manifests itself in the manifestation of corruption, as legal nihilism of citizens. This becomes particularly cynical during the period of fighting against Russian aggression, as evidenced by numerous reports in the mass media. Such manifestations of corruption scandals in the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine, in civil-military administrations, in local self-government bodies, in other state bodies of the country testify to the presence of a deep political and legal crisis in the state administration bodies of the country, as a result of the lack of program documents on the implementation of state personnel policy, inactivity legal mechanisms to fight corruption. Even the Law of Ukraine “On De-Oligarchization” was subjected to devastating criticism not only from the Ukrainian public, but also from the “Western” community. Confirmation of the relevance and importance of the need to solve the problem of corruption in Ukraine is evidenced by the fact that our ally the USA put forward clear conditions for further support of Ukraine in its fight against aggression and aspiration to join the European Union. The future success of Ukraine depends on accelerating the pace of reforms that remain unimplemented and the immediate implementation of identified priority transformations in Ukraine.

Methods of Russian information propaganda and their influence on the image of Ukraine in the world

This article is devoted to the definition and analysis of the main methods of Russian information propaganda and the study of their real impact on creating a negative image of Ukraine in the international community.
 Analysis of the foreign press showed that the Western information space is a mixture of professional research, falsifications, propaganda, open manipulation and primitive claims. It is important to note that today there is a fairly large number of foreign publications which, while supporting the Putin regime, still consider Ukraine and Russia as inseparable objects and which almost always publish negative materials about Ukraine and its people. Such sources include some information resources of Serbia, France, Turkey, etc.
 Western observers can obtain more objective and truthful information from official representatives of the state, diplomats, and from influential world publications that provide high-quality analytics and expert opinions. Through the websites of organizations that provide analytical and statistical materials. Also, well-known bloggers, openly declaring their political preferences and support, can shape the opinion of some people.
 Among the main information methods used by Russia in the fight against Ukraine are the manipulation of history and current events, the distortion of historical facts and contemporary events, the creation of a negative identity of Ukraine in the eyes of the international public, speculation on facts, the production of fake news, etc.
 In general, the spread of Russian propaganda about Ukraine has a negative impact on its perception in the world. And this, in turn, can create significant obstacles to the preservation and support of Ukraine's sovereignty, as well as its international integration. To combat this phenomenon, it is important to continue to strengthen international cooperation in the field of information security and to openly highlight facts and truthful information about Ukraine.

Between (ir)responsibility and (in)appropriateness: Conceptualizing norm-related state behaviour in the Russian war against Ukraine

Abstract The Russian war against Ukraine has challenged fundamental norms such as sovereignty, non-interference and the prohibition of the use of force. It has led to diverse reactions from the international community. Only very few states sided with Russia, some states remained neutral, while the vast majority condemned the attack and supported Ukraine in its right to self-defence. Thus, although there is no legal obligation, many states display behaviour that goes beyond diplomatic support. They support Ukraine financially and even deliver weapons to support Ukraine in its right to self-defence. In this article, we conceptualize different types of actors’ behaviour in world politics. We distinguish between responsible, irresponsible, appropriate, and inappropriate behaviour. We apply this typology to states’ reaction to the Russian war against Ukraine. The typology enables us to analyse the variation of the responses with reference to norms and responsibility, two core concepts of International Relations (IR) Theory and global politics. Counterintuitively as it might seem, we argue that the support of Ukraine with weapons can be categorized as responsible behaviour as it displays an over-fulfilment of the right to self-defence norm, which leads to the emergence of a new norm: the responsibility to support norm.

Psychological consequences of warfare for combatants: ways of social reintegration and support in Ukraine

The aim of the article is to analyse the main ways of social reintegration and support for military personnel in Ukraine through the prism of analysing the main psychological effects on the combatants' mental health. The realisation of this goal involves the use of general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, content analysis of scientific literature. The results show that the participation of servicemen in war can lead to serious psychological stress, communication, emotional, information stress. Post-traumatic stress disorder is one of the most common mental disorders among war veterans and includes various symptoms that can negatively affect physical and mental health, including repeated flashes of traumatic memories, sense of mirroring, agitation, and avoidance of certain social situations. The following methods are important to overcome the psychological effects of war: cognitive behavioural therapy, support from family and friends, effective communication, regular physical activity, and a balanced diet. It is also important to integrate servicemen and women into society by providing appropriate conditions for retraining, labour guarantees, state support, preferential conditions for admission and training, scholarships, additional educational services in the public space, etc. The conclusions note that it is important to provide legal support and services in the healthcare sector.

Aiding Ukraine in the Russian war: unity or new dividing line among Europeans?

The Russian invasion of Ukraine has caused a seemingly high level of unity amongst Europeans in support of Ukraine. However, this article uncovers some inter- and intra-country fault-lines in public opinion across and within 16 EU countries and the UK regarding pro-Ukraine aid initiatives by using a two-wave design with data from the EUI-YouGov survey conducted in April and September 2022. Findings show that support is relatively stable but varies a lot depending on the specific measure and between countries. We uncover lowest support for measures that go against the self-interest of Europeans such as deploying troops and accepting higher energy costs. Frontrunners of Ukraine support are geographically close to Russia and located in both Western and Eastern Europe (though not exclusively), whereas laggards are countries of Eastern and Southern Europe with a history of Russian ties during the Cold War. Yet within countries, Ukraine support does not follow a simple pre-determined ideological pattern of the left and right. Most countries with lower overall support for Ukraine display a higher level of polarization between supporters of the incumbent versus the opposition party. Understanding these fault-lines is important for insights on current and future levels of Ukraine aid across Europe.

Trends in the development of dairy farming and its state financial support in Ukraine

The importance of dairy farming for food security and the formation of added value in agriculture necessitates a rational combination of market self-regulation mechanisms and instruments of state intervention in economic processes in the sector. The purpose of this study was to assess the development of dairy farming in Ukraine and identify ways to improve its state support. The following methods of scientific cognition were employed in the study: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, abstract-logical, historical, comparative analysis, monographic, computational-constructive, graphical, tabular, statistical analysis, generalisation, causal and retrospective analysis, analytical alignment of time series, economic modelling, and forecasting. Based on the results of using these methods, the study summarised the current trends in the development of dairy farming in Ukraine and its state financial support using tax and budgetary regulation instruments. The study covered the specifics of the existing structure of dairy farming in Ukraine, which, unlike the countries of the European Union, is represented by three categories of economic entities. It was found that since the early 2010s, Ukraine has been experiencing processes of concentration in the field of dairy farming. The study found a direct correlation between the size of the number of cows kept and the profitability of dairy farming. It was determined that enterprises with up to 100 cows gradually reduce the volume of activities in the dairy farming sector due to its unprofitability. The study assessed changes in the structure of dairy farms in European countries from the mid-1990s to the early 2020s and found that they are also characterised by trends in the concentration of dairy farming. The efficiency of the state financial support for the development of dairy cattle breeding in Ukraine through the instruments of tax and budgetary regulation in the pre-war period and in the martial law regime was assessed. The paper described the advantages and disadvantages of the applied instruments of budgetary support for dairy farming, substantiated proposals for the use of instruments of tax and budgetary stimulation of dairy farming development in the period of post-war economic recovery of Ukraine, considering the existing trends in the development of dairy farming in Ukraine. The practical significance of this study lies in the possibility of using the obtained results in the drafting of policy documents on the post-war development of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine in general and specifically its dairy subcomplex

Themes of War in modern clothing Culture of Ukrainians

The article is devoted to the study of the content of prints on patriotic T-shirts that appeared after the full-scale aggression of Russia against Ukraine in 2022 or were developed earlier, but their informative reading has been updated. The source base consisted of offers for purchasing patriotic T-shirts on the websites of both manufacturers of such products and companies engaged in the sale of such goods. In the course of the study, the monitoring of posts on social networks «Facebook», «Telegram» was carried out, which discussed the advertisement of T-shirts with a patriotic theme or discussed the attitude of consumers to such products. Men’s, women’s and children’s Tshirts were taken into account. The study of contemporary patriotic prints is considered on the theoretical basis of the functioning of Ukrainian internet memes. Most T-shirt prints are the final stage of the meme life cycle, when the most successful ideas become an illustrative element of consumer products, including clothing. In addition, a participant observation of the clothing culture of the participants of actions in support of Ukraine in Budapest during the spring and summer of 2022 was conducted. The communicative and informational content of images on T-shirts was chosen as the subject of the study. The main ethnocultural themes presented on the prints were systematized and characterized. The first topic concerns the representation of the statehood and sovereignty of Ukraine through the state symbols such as the coat of arms, the flag, map outlines, and the inscriptions «Ukraine» in different languages. The second topic concerns the idea of the heroic Cossacks, which is an important historical myth in the formation of Ukrainian identity. The third topic reveals the aspects of femininity in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war, and the fourth – images of warrior-defenders. The fifth topic presents modernized representations of cultural and intellectual figures. Based on the importance of conveying to the general public a call to support Ukraine, we have selected the sixth topic of messages to the world. The seventh topic is the most variable, as it presents events as a chronicle of the war.

Strengthening the Institutional Independence of the Court in the System of European Integration Steps of Ukraine

The article is devoted to the study of European standards of judicial independence. The subject of the study is the institution of court independence and specific measures to improve its legal support in Ukraine in accordance with European standards. The purpose of the article is to determine the following judicial reform measures aimed at institutional and legal harmonization of Ukrainian legislation with the standards of the European Union. The research uses dialectical, systematic analysis and synthesis, comparison and legal modeling methods of scientific knowledge. Acquiring the status of a candidate country in the EU obliges Ukraine to carry out a number of transformations of social and political institutions, and judicial reform is one of them. This will require systemic measures, and not just amendments to legislation aimed at harmonizing national legal norms with European standards. It is emphasized that despite the ongoing judicial reform, the goal of an effective court has not been achieved: the level of public trust in the court is still low. The author predicts that if only point changes in judicial legislation are started now, the result will be the same as during the previous steps of judicial reform. It is necessary to start with the construction of the foundation for an effective judicial system, which is the independence of the court. Analyzing the European standards of an independent court and the practices of the EU institutions regarding the assessment of the impact of various indicators on the general assessment of the assurance of court independence, taking into account the current and urgent problems of the judicial system of Ukraine, the author makes a number of proposals for improving domestic legislation and practice aimed at strengthening the independence of the court, which the author calls fundamental the value of a democratic state, a prerequisite for an effective judicial protection system.

Modeling of Russian–Ukrainian war based on fuzzy cognitive map with genetic tuning

The Russian–Ukrainian conflict is considered as a dynamic system, whose variables are factors affecting the losses of the Russian army and the threat of the use of nuclear weapons. A fuzzy cognitive map (FCM) is used for modeling, that is, a directed graph whose vertices are model variables, and the weights of arcs are the degrees of positive and negative influences of variables on each other. The following factors influencing the losses of the Russian army and the threat of a nuclear strike were selected: resistance of the Ukrainian army, support of Ukraine with weapons, economic sanctions against Russia, opposition to the Russian government and its self-preservation instinct. The degrees of the influence of factors on each other and on the possibility of using nuclear weapons are evaluated by experts using fuzzy terms, which correspond to numeric values. To adjust the FCM, a genetic algorithm is used to select the degrees of influence of factors that minimize the discrepancy between the simulation results and expert estimations. The obtained FCM is used for scenario modeling of the conflict according to the “what if” scheme and ranking of factors according to their degree of influence on the level of nuclear threat.

LONG-TERM SECURITY AND DEFENSE OF UKRAINE ON A BASIS OF HIGH-TECH AND INNOVATION-DRIVEN ECONOMIC RECOVERY

The author describes a comprehensive strategy for Ukraine till 2030 that includes both short- and long-term priorities. In the shorter term, Ukraine’s defense sector needs reorganization and modernization in a number of areas from mobilization to production of drones, along with urgent reforms in other sectors aimed at economic revival, effective state budget planning, and modernization of education. In the longer term, extensive reforms are required to make Ukraine a sustainable, prosperous, and well-defended nation. Economic growth based on Ukraine’s traditionally strong sectors (IT and agriculture), revived defense industry, innovations, structural reforms, upgraded infrastructure, and energy independence should help attract investment, which is a prerequisite for creation of new jobs. Revival of Ukraine’s labor market, along with effective anti-corruption and demographic policies and education reform, are required to retain people in Ukraine and provide an incentive for refugees to come back. As for Ukraine’s Euro-Atlantic integration, there is a need for substantial discussion, work of diplomats, military agencies, experts, civil society, etc., as well as much closer coordination between the Defense and Security Sector and other parts of the government of Ukraine. Ukraine has strategic international importance for global stability, food and energy security. Ukraine needs assistance with bringing aggressors to responsibility. Support of Ukraine by our allies is in the interest of both sides in order to strengthen our collective defense and deterrence.

TRANSFORMATION OF THE UKRAINIANS’ PUBLIC OPINION REGARDING DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLITICAL PROCESSES OF THE COUNTRY

Objective of the article is to investigate the transformation of public opinion of Ukrainians regarding the domestic and foreign political processes of the country by comparing sociological surveys on the attitude of Ukrainian citizens to various politicians and states. Methods. The main scientific results are obtained by analyzing the statistical data of surveys of various sociological institutes in the period from 2011 to 2022, based on the survey data conducted by the sociological service of the Razumkov Center together with the Ilko Kucheriv Democratic Initiatives Foundation, Forbes magazine. Results. Considering that the process of European integration of Ukraine takes place in rather difficult conditions of the struggle for independence, the purpose of the study is to transform the public opinion of Ukrainians regarding the country’s domestic and foreign political processes by comparing sociological surveys on the attitude of Ukrainian citizens to various politicians and states. In the process of analyzing the results of polls from different years, it is found that the main criterion for the attitude of Ukrainians towards foreign countries, politicians and international organizations is their support for Ukraine in the fight against the aggressor. The leader country that most supports Ukrainians in various fields is Poland, however, among personal preferences, the President of Poland takes an honorable second place after Boris Johnson. This indicates that the interdependence “country – aid – individual” is not always the same, that is, the human qualities of specific individuals, their statements and activities have a greater influence on the formation of the rating of Ukrainian society’s preferences. Despite everything, the analyzed data indicate that defense and preservation of the integrity of the state are vitally important for Ukrainians at the moment. At the same time, the change in attitude towards many countries during the entire period of aggression since 2014 is noticeable. In the future, we have in mind to investigate the level of trust of Ukrainians in international organizations that passively reacted to the environmental and humanitarian disaster after the terrorists blew up the Kakhovska hydroelectric power station.

Legal regulation of the language issue in ukraine during a full-scale invasion russian federation

Introduction. Language is the main fundamental principle of the consolidation of Ukrainian society, the driver of changes in national consciousness, a tool that hardens and adds strength. In the future, the formation of national solidarity, the formation of a highly cultural linguistic personality, the education of the younger generation, and in general, perhaps, our future existence as a nation, as a people, as a country, will depend on everyone's attitude towards the Ukrainian language. The language issue has always been a field of interest: from the study of its paradoxical nature in general, to the study of political manipulations and speculations that arose every time it became profitable for someone; observation of language processes that took place in the country under the guise of "mutual influence" and "mutual enrichment", but in fact were a cover for the total fusion of most of Ukraine and the decline of the prestige of the Ukrainian language, etc. Short list of main results. The article states that the history of legislation regulating the language issue in Ukraine begins with its bans during the statelessness of Ukraine as part of the Russian Empire and other states. The reasons for the long-term dominance of the Russian language in Ukraine and its consequences include centuries-old Russification, the migration of Russians to the territory of Ukraine, the physical destruction, deportation and forced emigration of Ukrainians outside of Ukraine, the formation of a "Russian" situation, when nationally conscious Ukrainians are forced to defend themselves from migrants. A number of normative acts, the adoption of which at different times was intended to regulate the language issue in Ukraine, are listed and characterized. Conclusions. The language front is another front, but not a battlefield, but a new opportunity to defend our values. To know and communicate in Ukrainian is to protect national interests and bring our victory closer. War sets the tone. With the beginning of the full-scale Russian invasion, Ukrainians began to abandon the language of the aggressor en masse, and support for Ukraine as a single state is unprecedented in all the years of independence.

The Council of Europe’s Support for Ukraine in the Face of the Russian Federation’s Aggression

A year will have passed on 24 February 2023 since the Russian Federation invaded Ukraine, violating the territorial integrity and sovereignty of the state and some fundamental norms of international law. Europe faced a grave refugee crisis, the largest since the end of the WW2, in connection with forced population movements – around 14 million were forced to leave their homes. Ukraine is still suffering from the bombing and shelling of its civilians and critical infrastructure, death, destruction, resettlements, and suffering on an unprecedented scale, with no end in sight. Since the beginning of the Russian aggression, Ukraine has been receiving diverse support from other countries or international organisations. The Council of Europe, with Ukraine as a member since 1995, has assisted that nation in many fields.

THE EU-UKRAINE PARTNERSHIP IN THE CONTEXT OF THE COMMON FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICY: A CRITICAL REVIEW

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the partnership between the European Union (EU) and Ukraine in the context of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). The analysis is based on a thorough review of relevant literature, official documents, and expert opinions, and aims to identify the main challenges and achievements of the partnership and offer recommendations for its further development. The author emphasizes the successes and challenges of the EU-Ukraine partnership in areas such as political cooperation, economic integration, and security cooperation. While the EU's support for Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity has been a key factor in the partnership's success, the article also highlights several limitations and shortcomings of the partnership. These include the slow pace of reforms in Ukraine, the impact of corruption on the country's development, and the EU's limited leverage over Russia's actions. To address these challenges, the article offers recommendations for how the EU-Ukraine partnership can be strengthened, including deeper engagement on issues such as energy security, human rights, and rule of law as well as a more proactive approach to supporting Ukraine's democratic development and reform agenda. The analysis suggests that these steps are crucial for ensuring the partnership's continued relevance and effectiveness, and for supporting Ukraine's path towards European integration and democratic consolidation. Overall, this article provides a critical and nuanced assessment of the EU-Ukraine partnership in the context of the CFSP, offering important insights for scholars, policymakers, and practitioners in the fields of EU foreign policy, Ukrainian politics, and international relations.

Media and сultural agenda in the EU countries against the background of russian military aggression in Ukraine (sociological and contextual research)

The relevance of the problem is due to the importance of the media agenda for the information security of society and the state. The purpose of the study is to analyze the formation of a common media and cultural agenda in the EU countries regarding the coverage of the Russian-Ukrainian war since February 2022. The study uses theoretical (analysis, synthesis, systematization, generalization and interpretation of results) and empirical (data collection, observation, comparison) research methods. The content of online versions of print media that shape public opinion in Poland and Germany was analyzed. The results showed that the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 led to the formation of a common media agenda in the EU, the unanimous recognition of Russia as a party to the conflict and an aggressor country, the realization of a rethinking of EU international policy and the need to identify new strategic partners. German publications recognize the war as a new reality and raise the issue of mobilizing Europe for collective security. Energy dependence on Russia is recognized as a political mistake, and support for Ukraine's statehood and European integration course is expressed through the theme of common European values and solidarity in the fight against the aggressor. The Polish media demonstrate maximum support for both military and civilian Ukrainians from Polish society, sympathy for refugees, and the need to achieve peace through Russia's military defeat. The cultural agenda in the media of both countries is presented primarily through the topic of preserving monuments threatened by military operations on the territory of Ukraine. The results of the study deepen the understanding of the mechanisms of public opinion formation and its influence on political decisions, and are of practical importance for information security specialists, journalists, politicians, diplomats and anyone interested in the role of the media in civil society.

Statistical analysis of the labor market in Ukraine and the EU countries in the context of the current development

This paper explores the labor market of Ukraine and individual European countries: Germany, Switzerland, Poland and Spain - during the period of transformation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and a full-scale war on the territory of Ukraine. The works and publications of many domestic and foreign scientists devoted to this topic are analyzed. Perspective directions for the development of the domestic labor market and ways to overcome possible risks are determined. The main criteria characterizing the efficiency of the functioning of the labor market of Ukraine, as well as the number of vacancies by types of economic activity, their trends in recent events are considered and investigated. The labor market in Ukraine is complex and unstable, and there are numerous problems complicating the situation. One of the biggest problems is the high unemployment rate, which periodically reaches double digits. Currently, Ukraine is actively developing and implementing various programs and measures to improve the situation on the labor market, such as creating favorable conditions for business, developing infrastructure and improving the skills of employees. The labor markets of individual European countries are analyzed, which are especially distinguished by their support for Ukraine during the war. Unemployment levels, a social package are considered, a list of professions in demand in the labor markets of the countries represented is determined. On the basis of statistical data presented on official platforms, the strengths and weaknesses of the functioning of the labor market of European countries are recorded. The results obtained are evidence of the effective work of power structures, the population. Based on the studied practice of foreign countries, the main advantages, trends and directions of development that can be applied in the labor market of Ukraine are determined. In general, the paper gives readers the opportunity to better understand the state of the labor market in different countries and to identify the most important criteria that affect employment.

Current challenges of agricultural trade liberalisation between Ukraine and the EU

Agriculture is the main specialisation of Ukraine in the international arena, which is associated with its geographical features and relatively inexpensive labour. Despite this, it remains relevant to find opportunities for the development of this industry in the country through the use of all available methods. The purpose of the study is to describe the current challenges that arise in the trade relations between these subjects of international entities. This paper examines how the situation in the agricultural sector can be improved by liberalising trade between Ukraine and the European Union. The main methods used are analysis, prediction, abstraction, and deduction. Within the framework of this study, trends in trade in agricultural products between Ukraine and the European Union are evaluated. The paper establishes that this union became the largest Ukrainian trading partner after the outbreak of war. This was caused both by actions on the part of the European Union in support of Ukraine and by the blockade of seaports, which limited the country's export options to only the land route. The study describes the features of changes in the structure of external trade between the unions in the agricultural sector and proposes specific methods to address existing issues in international interactions between countries to better understand the specific features of economic relations between Ukraine and the European Union. In addition, the study includes recommendations on how to improve relations between these subjects of international relations in the future and solve the difficulties that still exist between them in the trade in agricultural products.

ANALYSIS OF THE LINGUISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MEDIA CORPUS ON THE TOPIC "WAR IN UKRAINE"

The article studies the linguistic characteristics of the corpus of media texts on the topic of "war in Ukraine". The research characterizes the phenomenon of media texts in the scientific literature. The article analyzes theoretical and methodological foundations of linguistic characteristics of media texts. The main linguistic characteristics of media texts on the topic of "war in Ukraine" are identified, namely: the prevalence of emotionally colored vocabulary, a significant percentage of lemmas from the categories "presence of anthroponyms", "use of place names", "use of chrononyms", "use of lexical combinations", "use of numerals", "use of abbreviations", but we note a small percentage of news reflecting the category "indication of age categories of participants in events".
 Given that the issue of Russia's war with Ukraine, Western partners' support for Ukraine, and new terrorist attacks by Russia have become one of the most important topics in the media, this problem requires a detailed study, namely linguistic, because modern media can perform a manipulative function, changing the interpretation of information in the minds and perceptions of readers. Using the Sketch Engine corpus analysis of media texts on the topic "War in Ukraine" based on the material of the leading Ukrainian online publication "Gazeta po-Ukrayinsky" of 2022-2023, the linguistic features of news reports are analyzed: there are a significant number of abbreviations in the news texts, namely, "Armed Forces" and "Air Defense"; among anthroponyms, the most commonly used word is "Zelensky"; as for place names, a list of lemmas used in the news headline is revealed: "Bakhmut", "Luhansk", "Donetsk", "Bucha", "Russia", "Ukraine", "West"; lexical combinations in which the lemma "personnel" prevails are analyzed; the category "use of numerals" demonstrates that the General Staff provides generalized statistics in the news texts on the topic "War in Ukraine" in accordance with the request, which provoked a small number of news from the category "indication of age categories of participants in the events", and as a result, this category is based on the most sensational reports, especially those that highlight the age and condition of dead or injured children. The article reveals the presence of accurately used Ukrainian military slang in the category of "emotionally colored vocabulary", which has taken root and gained considerable popularity among news texts on the topic of "War in Ukraine" in the online publication "Gazeta po-Ukrayinsky" and in the Internet space in general.
 Due to the ambiguity of terms, hidden meaning, and lack of equivalents for neologisms, especially in military topics, there are difficulties with translation and understanding of the text. When selecting equivalents for a term, it is worth using a corpus tool that allows analyzing the word in context, frequency of use, and building a synonymous and antonymic series of words.

Calling for continuous surgical support in Ukraine.

Wireko, Andrew A. MBBSa; Ng, Jyi Cheng MDb; David, Lian MBBSc; Abdul-Rahman, Toufik MBBSa; Sikora, Vladyslav MD, PhDa; Isik, Arda FEBS, FACS, MDd Author Information

Turnabout or continuity? The German Zeitenwende and the reaction of the V4 countries to it

ABSTRACT During Angela Merkel’s term as Chancellor, Germany did not play a leading role in the realm of security and defense; moreover, estrangement with the German government’s allies based on its attitude towards Putin’s Russia slowly grew. Since Russia’s war against Ukraine began, the situation has changed dramatically. This article will show the different reactions of the Visegrád 4 (V4) countries (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary) to the Zeitenwende [turning point] in Germany, focusing on Germany´s relationship with Russia, its energy security policy, defense, and support for Ukraine. The question is whether Germany is shaping the Zeitenwende into a 180° turnaround in policy or a 360° pirouette resulting in continuity of its former policies and further mutual loss of trust. Germany is unlikely to become a pre-eminent military leader but can make positive contributions if it implements the Zeitenwende and regains the trust of its eastern partners.