Sumbawa Island Research Articles

Invasive toads are close to but absent from Komodo National Park

The islands of Komodo National Park in the Wallacea region are the habitats of Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis). Although the Wallacea islands have lower species richness compared to the other large islands in Indonesia, they are rich in endemics, and the occurrence of invasive species would therefore threatened the ecological, economic and social balance of the regions. Several papers have hinted at the possibility of the invasion of Komodo National Parks by Asian toads, a situation which would potentially affect the survival of the Komodo dragon. To detect the presence of the invansive toad Duttaphrynus melanostictus in Komodo National Park and its surroundings areas we carried out an amphibian survey using a Visual Encounter Survey method during February to April 2018. The surveyed location consisted of two main islands within Komodo National Park (Rinca island and Komodo island), Flores island (Labuan Bajo and Cumbi village) and Sumbawa island (Sape). Two species of amphibians were found in Komodo National Park (Rinca island and Komodo island), while seven species of amphibians were found across all four locations. No D. melanostictus toads were found in Flores (including in Komodo National Park), however the toad was found to be abundant in Sape (Sumbawa island).

Characteristics and return period of hydrological drought base on reservoir capacity reliability: case study of Mamak Dam in Sumbawa Island, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

The analysis of hydrological drought indices by using the reservoir will obtain an actual and real drought indefinite and have a clear physical meaning. In this research, we use daily data of the water level of reservoir, inflow and outflow. The research method used to obtain the hydrological drought index (HDI) is the water balance method in the reservoir. Based on selected distribution, for the estimation of drought in a certain return period using the log Pearson type III. The results showed that the extreme drought on Sumbawa Island took place on average for 265 days with a maximum deficit of 35,378 × 103 m3 from the effective storage. The hydrological drought index (HDI) ranges from −1.31 to −0.01 with very severe drought criteria to weak drought. The hydrologic drought in the return period of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200 years, i.e., respectively −0.01, −0.54, −0.90, −1.04 and −1.12.

Seismic risk for Sumbawa Island based on seismicity and peak ground acceleration

Sumbawa Island, West Nusa Tenggara Province, is one of the regions in Indonesia that has a relatively moderate to high seismic activity because the area is flanked by two earthquake sources. These two sources cause an area prone to earthquake hazards. This research aims to determine the seismic risk in Sumbawa Island based on seismicity and Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) value. The results of Gutenberg-Richter parameters are a-value 7.43 and b-value 0.80 that indicated medium to high categories of seismicity. The PGA value of earthquake events is between 0.001g and 0.203g. The result of this analysis is shown within the probabilistic seismic hazard curve that indicates seismic risk level at Sumbawa Island.

The differential account of white blood cell as an image of immune system from flying fox (Pteropus spp) as a reservoir host

Flying fox (Pteropus spp) has been reported as a host reservoir of several microorganisms. Reservoir host is a species that serves primarily as a maintenance host for a pathogen related to the immune system. The purpose of this research is to describe the white blood cells differential account of Flying-foxes as a picture of the immune system and bioindicator of environmental changes. The Bloods are collected from The two adult Flying fox bats in December 2018. They were bought from a hunter in Wera Village, Bima district, Sumbawa Island. The Blood samples were collected from the axillaries vein of the bat for blood smears. The blood smears were Giemsa stained then examined for The white blood cells differential counts. The differential white blood cell (WBC) counts (%) of blood smear of Flying foxes are Eosinophils (2.25±1.71%), Neutrophils (14.00±2.45%), Basophils (13.75±4.11%), Monocytes (29.75±4.99%), and a Lymphocytes (40.25±9.03%). The highest percentage of Lymphocytes describe of the effectors of adaptive immunity and the highest percentage of Monocytes describe of the effectors of innate immunity. The lymphocytes and monocytes have an important role in the immune system and can be bio-indicator of environmental changes.

Characteristics and return period of hydrological drought base on reservoir capacity reliability: case study of Mamak Dam in Sumbawa Island, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Characteristics and return period of hydrological drought base on reservoir capacity reliability: case study of Mamak Dam in Sumbawa Island, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Analysis of Drought Potential in Sumba Island until 2040 Caused by Climate Change

Climate Change is one of the events that can change climate components due to global warming events. One of the changes in climate components can cause changes in rainfall in an area. While changes in rainfall conditions in an area can cause increased vulnerability of a region to potential of drought. In this research, the effects of climate change on the drought potential in Sumbawa Island region was investigated, where this region is one of the areas prone to drought in Indonesia. Climate projection until 2040 was carried out using the Conformal Cubic Atmospheric Model (CCAM) model with 14 km spatial resolution and monthly temporal resolution. While the drought index is calculated by the SPI (Standardize Precipitation Index) method where positive numbers tend to mean wet, lift between -1 to 1 is neutral, and increasingly negative numbers tend to mean dry. It is known that in 2040 January was known that there would be no drought on Sumbawa Island with values ranging from -1 to 2. While in August of 2040, the potential for drought disaster should be watched out. This is because in this month the drought index value ranges from -2.5 to - 2. The potential for drought itself is known to increase in August 5 years until 2040 when compared with 5-year data, 2025 and 2030 in August in the Bima region. Meanwhile, based on time series analysis, it is estimated that there will be some extreme dry conditions, in August 2022, 2024, 2028, 2030, and 2033. Knowing these extreme conditions, it is hoped that this will become the basis for regional planning systems, starting from planning infrastructure and social systems to climate change mitigation and adaptation.

Struktur Populasi Genetik Ayam Hutan Hijau Menggunakan Sekuen Hypervariable 1 D-Loop DNA Mitokondria

Thirty-three individuals from four populations of green junglefowl (Gallus varius) were collected throughout Indonesia: 14 from Central Java, 4 from Eastern Java, 3 from Sumbawa island and 12 from Flores island. The mitochondrial DNA D-loop the samples were analysed for sequence diversity. Twenty-five haplotypes with 28 polymorphic sites were identified within the first hypervariable-1 fragment (397 bp) of the D-loop. Fu’s Fs value was -25.96 (all samples, P=0), indicating high genetic diversity and population expansion; a conclusion supported by a neighbor–joining analysis of the haplotypes. Though sample size per population varied between 3 and 14, the Fs values for the four populations, between -2.20 and -10.76, were all significant (P=0). Only one haplotype was shared between three populations (Central Java, Sumbawa island, and Flores island) by a total of seven individuals. Within populations, only three haplotypes were shared by three individuals. The remaining haplotypes were unique, indicating genetic differentiation between populations as confirmed by significant pairwise Fst values at P=0.05 in four out of the six population pairs (except two pairs of Central Java & Sumbawa island and Flores island & Sumbawa island). The diversity pattern observed at the mtDNA of the green junglefowl provides a baseline which may help to understand the recent population expansions of domesticated chickens from multiple centres of domestications. Our observations also suggest careful interpretation of the results of genetic characterization may be needed when applied to the management and conservation of species like the green junglefowl. As in other multiparous birds and mammals with a short reproductive interval, green junglefowl may have established distinct genetic entities in metapopulations across its geographic distribution.

Pengelompokan kata berdasarkan kemiripan ucapan pada kamus menggunakan algoritma metaphone pada sistem operasi Android

Indonesia is an archipelagic country consisting of various tribes and cultures and different languages. One of them is the Sumbawa language used by the people of the western part of the island of Sumbawa. Sumbawa language has 4 dialects namely Samawa, Taliwang, Jereweh, and Tongo. In Sumbawa there are also homophonic, homonim, and homograph words. Grouping words based on the similarity of speech to the Sumbawa dictionary used Metaphone algorithm on the android operating system is discussed in this study. Metaphone algorithms can be applied to multiple languages with rules that have been modified according to the desired language characteristic. Based on the results of testing the recall and precision on the new rules Metaphone algorithm can be concluded that the grouping of words based on similarity of speech in Sumbawa language can be said to be effective. The average percentage index of the recall test is 98,97% and the precision is 78,52%.

Oldest description of a caldera-forming eruption in Southeast Asia unveiled in forgotten written sources

As one of the most powerful volcanic events of the Holocene era with a Volcanic Explosivity Index of seven, the 1257 CE eruption of Samalas volcano in the Rinjani Volcanic Complex had large consequences for Lombok Island (Indonesia) and its surrounding area. This huge eruption with an enormous volume of ejected material (4435 ± 5.5 × 106 m3), was recorded in local written sources, called Babad, that were compiled around the sixteenth century and contain oral stories and myths. In this study, we present two written sources, namely Babad Lombok and Babad Suwung, which undoubtedly refer to the 1257 CE ultraplinian eruption of Samalas volcano. In addition to detailed analysis of the volcanic deposits, interviews with old Javanese linguists and museum employees were carried out to clarify the meanings of some words as well as the genesis of the Babads. The results from field observation and interviews were analyzed and compared with previous research. Babad Lombok describes the process of the Samalas eruption, the formation of the Segara Anak caldera, and the impacts of the voluminous ash fall and pyroclastic flows on Lombok Island. Meanwhile, Babad Suwung describes the impacts of the 1257 CE volcanic eruption on Talkuwang (Taliwang), on the western coast of Sumbawa Island. This description encompasses several volcanic processes including fallout and pyroclastic surges. The exegesis of Babad Lombok and Babad Suwung could be the oldest observations of a caldera-forming eruption in Southeast Asia. They also document the oldest pyroclastic surges in the world after those of Vesuvius as described by Pliny the Younger in 79 CE.

Mineral levels of Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) from different types of land in Bali, Nusa Penida, and Sumbawa Islands (Indonesia)

Abstract. Besung INK, Watiniasih NL, Mahardika GNK, Agustina KK, Suwiti NK. 2019. Mineral levels of Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) from four different types of land in different rearing areas in Bali, Nusa Penida, and Sumbawa Islands (Indonesia). Biodiversitas 20: 2931-2936. This study aims to prove that the mineral level of Bali cattle in serum is dependent on the origin and raising habitat. Serum samples were collected from three islands in Indonesia, i.e. Bali, Nusa Penida, and Sumbawa. Samples from Bali were further classified into four different areas (i.e. agroforestry, perennial plantation, horticultural plantation, and rice field). Blood samples were collected in the jugular vein without anticoagulant. The contents of macrominerals (Ca, Mg, Na, K, P) and microminerals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Co, Mn) were measured using the flame method in atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed that the level of phosphor (P) macromineral and all microminerals under study were influenced by the origin of cattle. The macrominerals are statistically varied in different cattle raising environments. The same is also valid for all microminerals, with an exception of Fe. All mineral levels under study were statistically equal in male and female Bali cattle. Phosphor macromineral and all microminerals levels were origin and environment-dependent. Supplementation of deficient minerals in a certain area and land type is recommended to improve the performance of Bali cattle.

Adoption of leucaena-based feeding systems in Sumbawa, eastern Indonesia and its impact on cattle productivity and farm profitability

Keynote paper presented at the International Leucaena Conference, 1‒3 November 2018, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.Leucaena has been fed to cattle by the Balinese community in Sumbawa and West Sumbawa districts on Sumbawa Island since the 1980s. However, prior to 2011, this practice was not adopted by the local Sumbawanese farmers. Since then, a model leucaena-based cattle fattening system was developed in Sumbawa and West Sumbawa districts in a collaborative research project between the Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology (BPTP), University of Mataram and The University of Queensland (UQ) funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), followed by a scaling-out project involving collaboration between the University of Mataram and CSIRO (Applied Research and Innovation Systems in Agriculture - ARISA project) funded by DFAT (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade) promoting public-private partnerships. Further promotion of leucaena-based fattening systems occurred in Dompu, Sumbawa, through a project with the University of Mataram and Massey University funded by the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT). By the end of October 2018, more than 2,500 farmers on Sumbawa Island were practicing leucaena-based cattle fattening. The main drivers of adoption of cattle fattening with leucaena were: (1) The high growth rates achieved (0.4–0.6 kg/d for bulls fed 100% leucaena and 0.66 kg/d when maize grain was added to the leucaena basal diet) compared with 0.16 kg/d for the traditional system, combined with high profitability; (2) the needs of farmers being met in terms of relevance and cultural appropriateness; (3) field extension staff being well trained and mentored, and respected by the farmers; (4) the local government being highly supportive of leucaena-based cattle fattening; and (5) additional benefits being increased dressing percentage and high carcass quality. The rapid increase in the use of leucaena for cattle fattening in eastern Indonesia is expected to have a significant positive impact on household incomes as well as on regional economic growth.

Sejarah Perkembangan Islam di Pulau Lombok pada Abad Ke-17

This paper describes the history of the development of islam in Lombokin the 17 thcentury, showing that the island of Lombok is one of theplaces where Islam carried out by Sunan Prapen from East Java. Thehistory of the spread of Islam is very interesting to study in the regionbicause some buildings show that Islam has spread very quickly. SinceIslam entered the Island of Lombok which began around the 17 thcentury AD was brought from South Sulawesi, and distributed throughthe island of Sumbawa. After the arrival of Islam the teachings have notbeen maximally applied on the island of Lombok. This can be seen in thedevelopment of Islamic teachings in Lima and the teachings of Islam ofTelu Time until now, which are still developing, such as in Bayan andLingsar.

Samawa Language Part of Speech Tagging with Probabilistic Approach: Comparison of Unigram, HMM and TnT Models

Samawa language is one of living languages with more than 500K native speakers in Sumbawa island, Indonesia. There are, however, extremely small amounts of available resources and efforts to develop tools in the Natural Language Processing (NLP) discipline area. In this paper, we observe and evaluate three models of probabilistic approach which are Unigram, Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and Trigram’n’Tags (TnT) models for part of speech tagging problem, which is a process to label either word or punctuation in a sentence. We used k-fold cross-validation (with k = 5 and 10) and tagged corpus around 20K tokens with 24 tags. TnT model gives the best performance reached 96.18% compared with the other models. This result shows that TnT model could be considered and used to extend Samawa corpora and help some NLP tasks in the future.

Ground Deformation Identification related to 2018 Lombok Earthquake Series based on Sentinel-1 Data

Lombok Island was hit by a series of earthquakes in July and August 2018 with magnitude 6 class. This series of earthquakes resulted in fatalities and material losses that even reached Sumbawa Island to the east of Lombok Island. The earthquake was triggered by Flores back arc thrust resulting in ground deformation. Ground deformation can be identified by satellite-based remote sensing method. The Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-1B satellites are two satellites carrying C-band SAR sensors with a temporal resolution of 12 days each for the same orbit, and the difference in time between the two is 6 days. Therefore, ground deformation related to seismo-tectonic or volcanic activities can be identified by interfering two SAR images (interferometric synthetic aperture radar or InSAR) at least in 6 days. By utilizing Sentinel Application Platform (SNAP) a free open source software (FOSS) and combining with other InSAR software, an interferogram that represents line of sight displacement (LOS) between ground and satellite can be generated. Line of sight displacement can then be interpreted as ground deformation signals. It is shown that the series of Lombok earthquake cause an uplift up to 70cm and subsidence up to 25cm. This deformation affects areas around epicentre. A field survey was conducted to obtain information directly and it was seen that the ground deformation that was identified with the InSAR technique were consistent with the findings in the field. This shows the advantages of remote sensing in terms of ability to cover a wide area in a short time.

The Establishment of an Air Defense Identification Zone as an Opportunity in Enforcing the Sovereignty of the State and Law in Indonesia

An Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) is part of a state’s air defense system. Within international law, no specific law regulates the state’s authority to establish ADIZ nor explicitly prohibits them to set their own ADIZ. Consequently, it is through states own various interpretations of provisions within international law that states have based their authority to determine its ADIZ. Following the practice of other states, Indonesia has also established ADIZ as part of Indonesia’s air defense system to enforce the sovereignty of the State and law over airspace. The Indonesian ADIZ is the airspace covering of a small portion of South Sumatra, Java and Madura, Bali, Lombok and a fraction of the western part of Sumbawa Island. A closer look to Indonesia’s ADIZ reveals that the zone is still within Indonesia’s national territorial airspace. Notably, this is contrary to several states practice in establishing its own ADIZ whose zone is outside its national airspace. DOI : 10.7176/JLPG/85-09 Publication date :May 31 st 2019

SOSIALISASI POTENSI ENERGI TERBARUKAN ANGIN (BAYU) ANTARA UNIVERSITAS MATARAM (UNRAM) BEKERSAMA DENGAN UVERSITAS TEKNOLOGI SUMBAWA (UTS) DI PULAU SUMBAWA

National Energy Policy, is to increase energy diversification through efforts to use renewable energy such as renewable non-fossil fuels, especially wind energy until 2025. By utilizing renewable energy, the dependence on fossil fuels on the national energy supply system can decrease. Sumbawa Island has the potential for wind energy around 220 KW (assuming each location is built 10 units)

GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITE INFECTION ON BALI CATTLE RAISED IN SEMI-INTENSIVE FARMING SYSTEM IN DOMPU, SUMBAWA ISLAND: A PRELIMINARY STUDY

To date, there are very few studies have been carried out on the effect of parasite infection on Bali cattle, and more importantly, there is no published data on the epidemiology of worm infections on Bali cattle in the island of Sumbawa, Indonesia. This research aimed to undertake a preliminary study on gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic infection on Bali cattle raised under semi-intensive farming system in five different sites in district of Dompu, Sumbawa island. Fecal samples of 76 Bali cattle, from three farmer groups namely site number 1, 4 and 5, were collected, processed and examined under a microscope, with 100x magnification, for egg fecal counting or oocyst fecal counting using the modified McMaster technique. The number of eggs/oocysts observed was then determined and identified. The results show that the eggs/oocysts ranged from 50-14800. The types of GI parasites identified were Strongyloides sp, Strongyle sp, Toxocara sp, Trichuris sp, and Coccidia. Coccidia oocyst is a type of parasite which was found with the highest percentage of 23.68% followed by Strongyle sp. (18.42%) and Toxocara sp. (10.52%). The overall prevalence of GI parasitic infection in cattle accounted for 43.42%. Young calves (0-3 months old) was more susceptible to GI parasitic infection among other age groups. This preliminary data could be used as a basic data on gastrointestinal parasitic infection in Dompu district. These results may also indicate the need to develop control strategies aiming at lowering the gastrointestinal parasitism.

Short Communication: Exploration of bidara laut (Strychnos lucida) parent trees in Gunung Tunak Ecotourism Park, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Abstract. Setyayudi A, Krisnawati, Nandini R. 2019. Short Communication: Exploration of bidara laut (Strychnos lucida) parent trees in Gunung Tunak Ecotourism Park, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 374-378. Bidara laut (Strychnos lucida R. Brown) is one of the widely used medicinal plants. There is a bidara laut wood processing industry in West Nusa Tenggara that produces drinking cups called ‘health cups’ utilizing bidara laut. All raw materials used for the production of health cups are, however, obtained from bidara laut stands in forest areas, which may cause the extinction of this medicinal plant species if the highly intensive raw material harvesting in the forest is not supported with cultivation of this plant species. To preserve this plant species, the Institute for Research and Development of Non-Timber Forest Products Technology (NTFP-RDI) has carried out breeding activities by developing a collection garden of this species from the populations of Bali and West Nusa Tenggara (Lombok and Sumbawa Islands). The initial step carried out was the exploration of the parent trees followed by collection of generative materials (seeds) and nurseries. Exploration of bidara laut parent trees on Lombok Island was carried out in Gunung Tunak Ecotourism Park using a purposive sampling method, followed by collection of fruits to obtain seed propagating materials for establishment of seedling nurseries. Twenty-five parent trees were identified with average height of nine m, stem diameter of 24 cm and stem straightness scales of 1-3. The average seed produced was 413 seeds tree-1. Three parent trees were selected based on the highest seed germination rates, namely parent trees number 6, 14 and 20. This result provides useful information for the next bidara laut breeding activities.

Origins and spread of novel genetic variants of sulfadoxine\u2013pyrimethamine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum isolates in Indonesia

BackgroundWhile malaria incidence in Indonesia has decreased threefold in the last decade, more than 200,000 cases were reported in 2016. Different endemicity of Plasmodium falciparum malaria among several islands in Indonesia has been recognized and two unique mutations of P. falciparum dihydropteroate synthase (pfdhps) affecting sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (SP) resistance were detected from the research of SP efficiency and genotype analysis in South Kalimantan. In this study, geographical distribution and origin of these pfdhps K540T and I588F mutations were analysed.MethodsMalaria parasites DNA from several endemic areas in Indonesia; Sumatera, Java, Kalimantan, Lombok, Sumbawa, Timor, Sulawesi, and Papua islands; in two periods, 2004–2006 and 2009–2012 were subjected for pfdhfr and pfdhps sequence analysis.ResultsDifferent genotype polymorphisms of pfdhfr and pfdhps were observed in the parasites from various regions in Indonesia and relatively more divergent genotypes were determined from Kalimantan isolates in both 2004–2006 and 2009–2012. The parasites containing K540T mutation were identified in 2004–2006 isolates from East Kalimantan, East Java and Sumbawa as an SGTGA haplotype. The other I588F mutation was also determined in 2004–2006 parasites, isolated from Lombok and Sumbawa islands as an SGEAA(588F) haplotype. The parasites with pfdhfr/pfdhps quintuple or sextuple mutation, a genotype marker of SP resistance, were determined mostly in Kalimantan in both 2004–2006 and 2009–2012.ConclusionAnalysis of the prevalence and pfdhfr/pfdhps combined genotypes of K540T or I588F mutations suggested that K540T might be origin in Kalimantan Island and I588F in Sumbawa Island and then these were spread to other areas along with people movement. This research indicates regular monitoring of drug efficacy and parasite genotype analysis is important to keep efficiency and prevent the spread of resistance. It is also essential for the latest anti-malarial drug artemisinin-based combination therapy.

EKSISTENSI BIMA DALAM PELAYARAN DAN PERDAGANGAN ANTAR PULAU

Bima is a region in eastern Sumbawa Island. It has been a port town docked by many merchant ship from many region for centuries. It cannot be denied that trading activity in Bima Port is dominated by merchants from Bugis-Makassar and Malay who played up their trade widely into another island such as Flores and other eastern region, because Islamization and its closely relationship between South Sulawesi and Malay merchants. Since 16th century, Bima considered as one of the most important trade town, with the result that VOC endeavour to make a monopoly trade with ruler of Bima. The number of sailors and merchants from any direction makes Bima more crowdly. The great commodity of Bima is Kayu Sapan.