Sugar Analysis Research Articles

Comparison of fatty liver index with fibroscan in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an escalating global health issue. Early detection and precise diagnosis are imperative for effective management. To evaluate the sociodemographic and clinical attributes of study participants concerning their ultrasound grading with FibroScan and FLI values. A cross-sectional study was carried out among patients visiting gastroenterology clinics at a tertiary care hospital situated in Karachi, Pakistan. We included participants after written informed consent underwent an extensive array of laboratory assessments, encompassing liver function tests, lipid profile, fasting blood sugar analysis, hepatitis B and C screening, and abdominal ultrasound, while those with positive hepatitis B or C markers, documented alcohol use, or those who declined to offer informed consent were excluded from the study. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26. Around 225 patients were studied with a median age of 42 years (IQR = 34-50 years). Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was present in 61.8%. Steatosis was not found among 4.9% of patients, whereas severe steatosis was seen among 51.1% of patients. Significant variations in BMI, WC, GGT, and TG levels were identified when comparing FLI scores. The same was observed for the frequency of MetS as FLI scores increased. The agreement between FLI and ultrasound observations was found to be slight (k = 0.077, P = 0.027). On the multivariable regression model, having diabetes, elevated serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase levels and mild disease on ultrasound were associated with increased odds of severe steatosis. FLI is a good predictor of frequency of MetS and NAFLD and correlates well with increasing steatosis score (CAP) on FibroScan which can be utilized for early detection of NAFLD in primary care.

Structure of the K141 capsular polysaccharide produced by Acinetobacter baumannii isolate KZ1106 that carries KL141 at the chromosomal K locus

The structure of the K141 type capsular polysaccharide (CPS) produced by Acinetobacter baumannii KZ1106, a clinical isolate recovered from Kazakhstan in 2016, was established by sugar analyses and one- and two-dimensional 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The CPS was shown to consist of branched tetrasaccharide repeating units (K-units) with the following structure: [Display omitted] This structure was found to be consistent with the genetic content of the KL141 CPS biosynthesis gene cluster at the chromosomal K locus in the KZ1106 whole genome sequence. Assignment of the encoded enzymes allowed the first sugar of the K unit to be identified, which revealed that the β-d-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-d-GlcpNAc bond is the linkage between K-units formed by the WzyKL141 polymerase.

Determination of sugar contents in Hyacinthella Schur bulbs and identification of sugars by cluster analysis method

Türkiye has a rich floristic diversity and is accepted as the gene center of the Hyacinthella genus. Nineteen species of the Hyacinthella genus have been described in the World, and eleven of these species are distributed in Türkiye. Additionally, ten of the eleven Hyacinthella species are endemic to our country. Therefore, any study on these species will contribute to the protection, promotion and sustainability of our country's genetic resources. Plants may have different metabolite contents depending on their genetic structure and environmental conditions. Sugar content in bulbous plants depends on sucrose metabolism and varies with species and environmental effects. In this study, the sugar contents of 11 different Hyacinthella species distributed in our country were analyzed. The presence of 9 different sugar types in the species was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. In addition, depending on the sugar content, identification and grouping techniques were used with the Cluster Analysis Method. As a result of sugar analysis, while glucose, sucrose and fructose are found in all species, differences were detected between species in other sugar contents In cluster analysis, Hyacinthella species were divided into 3 different groups in terms of sugar content. The study both identifies the sugar contents found in the bulbs of Hyacinthella species and suggests a different identification method By combining morphological, molecular and metabolic data, a complete and accurate identification of species will be achieved.

Analysis of Knowledge Level, Consumption Habits, Sugar and Calories Content in Ice Cream on the Nutritional Status of Depok Students

Background: Obesity is a nutritional problem in Indonesia. A factor that influences the incidence of obesity is a high-sugar diet (ex., ice cream products). The consumption rate of ice cream increases every year and is also accompanied by an increasing number of outlets providing ice cream products. Added sugar in ice cream contributes to an increased intake of high-calorie foods that leads to obesity.
 Objectives: To analyze level of knowledge, consumption habits, sugar and calorie content of ice cream on the nutritional status of Depok students.
 Methods: Observational research with cross-sectional design, analyzed with frequency distribution and chi-square test. Data were obtained using online questionnaire. The research was conducted in the city of Depok, involving 939 samples of Depok students selected with purposive sampling methods.
 Results: 667 (71,0%) students have a good level of nutritional knowledge and 578 (61,6%) students unusually eat ice cream. There is no relationship between the level of nutritional knowledge (p-value: 0,609) and ice cream consumption habits (p-value: 0,211) on the nutritional status of students. Vanilla ice cream cup with cookies and cream topping is the most preferred ice cream, containing 13,28 grams of sugar and 154,11 kcal calories.
 Conclusions: Depok students have good nutritional knowledge and unusually eat ice cream. The sugar and calorie content of the ice cream are high.

Honey produced by apini and meliponini in Brazil: multivariate analysis of physicochemical parameters, sugar and metabolite profiles

The objective of this study was to investigate honey samples from two bee tribes grouped in Meliponini (stingless bee) and Apini (Apis mellifera) honeys from Brazil, in order to compare their chemical composition. Thirty-four honey samples were collected and evaluated by proton NMR spectroscopy, HPLC and physicochemical parameters, using chemometric methods. Principal component analysis (PCA) was able to discriminate Apini and Meliponini goups. Additionally, the partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models were able to predict the Apini and Meliponini honey samples with sensitivity, specificity and accuracy values close to 100%. Frequency values between 4.00 − 3.00 ppm, corresponding to the sugar region, were important for the classification by the PLS-DA model using NMR data. For the PLS-DA model using physicochemical data, the main parameters for classification were water activity, reducing sugar, moisture, refractive index, total soluble solids, maltose and glucose. Since stingless honeys have no regulation, the data presented in this study can compose a database to assist in the establishment of regulatory criteria. Moreover, the chemometric models proposed can be used as a tool for the quality control of honey, especially for authentication purposes.

Changes and correlation analysis of volatile flavor compounds, amino acids, and soluble sugars in durian during different drying processes

Durian contains rich flavor components that undergo complex changes during drying. In this study, durian was subjected to integrated freeze-drying (IFD), conventional freeze-drying (CFD), and hot air drying (AD). Compared with the fresh samples, those dried by IFD, CFD, and AD lost 11, 9, and 7 original volatile compounds, respectively, and generated 7, 6, and 8 new volatile compounds, respectively, and showed a rapid and then slow decreasing trend in the total content during drying. However, the types of amino acids and soluble sugars remained unchanged during each of the drying methods. Furthermore, volatile compounds showed a significant negative correlation with the majority of amino acids and a significant positive correlation with soluble sugars. The IFD samples had the highest content of volatile compounds, amino acids, and soluble sugars. Therefore, IFD is recommended as a preferable drying method for durian.

Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles From Marine Actinobacterium Micromonospora sp. and Their Bioactive Potential.

Background The biosynthesis of nanoparticles represents a rapid, environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and straightforward technology. This approach allows for the production of nanoparticles with a wide range of chemical compositions, sizes, shapes, high uniformity, and scalability. One of the principal advantages of biogenic nanoparticles is their water solubility and compatibility with biological systems. Biologically synthesized nanoparticles have demonstrated superior efficiency compared to conventionally synthesized particles. Among biosynthesis, microbial-mediated biosynthesis is a promising one that has a selectively reducing ability on specific metal ions through electron transfer. Objectives Evaluation of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of silver nanoparticle synthesized by actinobacteria Micromonospora sp. which is isolated from marine environment. Materials and methods In this study, actinobacteria were isolated from the marine sediment using the spread plate method. The isolates were identified based on morphological observation, cell wall amino acids, sugar analysis, and micromorphological analysis. The silver nanoparticle synthesis from microbes and their inhibition against clinical pathogens have been evaluated by the disc diffusion method.Antioxidant efficiency was evaluated in termsof total antioxidant activity through ammonium molybdenum assay. Results A total of five isolates were isolated from the sediment sample. The cell-free extract of MBIT-MSA4 can synthesize silver nanoparticles that have potential antimicrobial activity against the clinical pathogens Streptococcus mutans at a zone of inhibition 6 mm, 10 mm inhibition zone of Klebsiella pneumonia,and 8 mm zone of inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus. Also, it has significant antioxidant activity up to 73% of free radical inhibition. Conclusion Marine microbial-mediated biosynthesized silver nanoparticles have potential antimicrobial activity against S.mutansand methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) and inhibit the oxidation process through antioxidant activity. Thisenhanced efficient biosynthesisednanoparticle has significantly reduced the concentration of free radicals caused by pathogens.

Development of a quantification method for the analysis of sugars in apple fruit juice using attenuated total reflection‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with multivariate regression modeling

AbstractBackgroundSugars are a major component of apple juices. Sugar content plays an important role in quality analysis of the apple juice. In this study, an attempt is made to develop a simple and reliable method for the direct estimation of sugar content in apple juice using attenuated total reflection‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR) coupled with chemometric technique. The spectral information obtained from the FTIR is utilized to develop predictive models based on partial least square regression (PLS‐R) and principal component regression (PCR) for sugar analysis.ResultsBased on the analysis of FTIR spectra, a fingerprint region (between 1200 and 900 cm−1) for carbohydrates in apple juice was identified. This region was utilized to develop PLS‐R and PCR models. Ultimately, PLS‐R models were selected for prediction because of their superiority in terms of root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC), root mean standard error for cross‐validation (RMSECV), and R2 over PCR models. For fructose and glucose content, the prediction model generated with raw spectra obtained the best optimized statistical parameters (R2 fructose; 0.9952, R2 glucose; 0.9961). However, for total sugar and sucrose (R2 total sugar; 0.9968, R2 sucrose; 0.9983) content, first‐derivative FTIR models were found best suitable for the prediction of test set.ConclusionsThis study offers a reliable, rapid, and nondestructive method with least sample preparation for the direct estimation of sugars in apple juices. It allows the determination of several sugars in a single measurement, which is worth emphasizing. The fundamental methodology of the proposed model can also be advantageous for simultaneous determination of major sugars in complex matrices other than fruit juices.

Does harvesting age matter? Changes in structure and rheology of a shear-thickening polysaccharide from Cyathea medullaris as a function of age

A shear-thickening polysaccharide from the New Zealand Black tree fern (Cyathea medullaris, commonly known as mamaku) extracted from different age fronds (stage 1: young, stage 2: fully grown and stage 3: old) was characterised in terms of structure and rheological properties. Constituent sugar analysis and 1H and 13C NMR revealed a repeating backbone of −4)-β-D-GlcpA-(1 → 2)-α-D-Manp-(1→, for all mamaku polysaccharide (MP) samples from different age fronds without any alterations in molecular structure. However, the molecular weight (Mw) was reduced with increasing age, from ~4.1 × 106 to ~2.1 × 106 Da from stage 1 to stage 3, respectively. This decrease in Mw (and size) consequently reduced the shear viscosity (ηs-Stage 1 > ηs-Stage 2 > ηs-Stage 3). However, the extent of shear-thickening and uniaxial extensional viscosity of MP stage 2 was greater than MP stage 1, which was attributed to a greater intermolecular interaction occurring in the former. Shear-thickening behaviour was not observed in MP stage 3.

Comparative analysis of sol and sugar of milk under Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Comparative analysis of sol and sugar of milk under Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Analysis of Raffinose Metabolism-Related Sugar Components in Seeds.

Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) are synthesized from sucrose and subsequent addition of galactose moieties which was provided by galactinol. Galactinol is synthesized from UDP-galactose and myo-inositol. RFOs accumulate at late stage of seed development and play important roles in seed longevity. RFOs are major components in seeds of many plant species. Here, we document a methodology for extraction and quantitative analysis of raffinose metabolism-related soluble sugars or the derivative alcohols in plant seeds. This protocol, based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), achieves the efficient separation and accurate quantification of sucrose, myo-inositol, galactinol, and raffinose within 25min of retention time.

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors among Women with Eating Disorders in Saudi Arabia.

To assess selected cardiometabolic risk factors among Saudi women with eating disorders. An epidemiological, cross-sectional study included women aged between 18 and 50 years with eating disorders (EDs). Women with chronic diseases, pregnant, or lactating were excluded. The weight and height were measured for the calculation of the body mass index (BMI). Fasting blood samples were drawn for the analysis of blood sugar, glycated haemoglobin, lipid profile, albumin, haemoglobin, and C-reactive levels. The atherogenic dyslipidemia index (AIP) was also calculated. Patients (n = 100) were enrolled. Fasting blood glucose levels were critically low among women with anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) but normal among those with binge eating disorders (BEDs). All women with ED suffered from anaemia based on their haemoglobin levels as well as dyslipidemia, hypoalbuminaemia, and high C-reactive protein levels. Women with AN had low cardiovascular (CV) risks based on their normal AIP values. However, women with BN and BED had intermediate CV risks. On average, women with AN suffered from severe thinness and those with BN had normal BMIs, whereas those with BED were overweight. Women (90%) with BN and BED were overweight and/or obese. Women with ED had a high risk of cardiovascular diseases defined by their hypoalbuminaemia, dyslipidemia, anaemia, and high AIP levels. Dietitians and psychiatrists are advised to collaborate in assessing the potential risk of having eating disorders to provide counselling sessions to women on healthy balanced diets and their effect on health.

Study of sugar, Carotenoid, Antioxidant, Mineral and Biomass Content of Mango, Water Apple, and Banana

Mango, water apple, and banana fruits are the staple fruit crops in Asia, Europe, America, and also all over the world. Fruits are mainly used as fruit, juice, and a source of different food products. These are traditional and common fruits with health benefits and nutritional, pharmaceutical, and medicinal value. The study evaluated the carbohydrate content represented by glucose, fructose, total soluble solids, carotenoids, flavonoids, antioxidants, and phenolics. pH and minerals are micro-macro nutrient content in mango, water apple, and banana. 48 fruits were collected: mango, water apple, and banana. Samples were collected randomly following the completely randomized design. An atomic emission (AE) spectroscopic multi-element analyzer was used for minerals, and GC-FID was used for sugar analysis. Fruit fructose and glucose were higher in bananas and mangoes than in water apples. pH content was found higher in apples than in mango and banana. In addition, total soluble solids (TSS) content was the highest in mango. Potassium content was higher in bananas and mangoes than in mangoes. However, Phosphorus and calcium content were the highest in bananas. Moreover, magnesium (Mg) content was higher in water apples than in bananas and mango. Comparatively, more micronutrients were found in bananas and water apples than in mangoes. Fe, Zn, Na, and Mn were higher in water apples and mangoes than in bananas. The highest fiber and moisture were found in bananas. Flavonoids and carotenoids were found higher in water apples than in other fruits. Antioxidant and phenolic content were higher in mangos compared to the others. The results conclude that banana and water apples contain better biochemical (glucose, TSS, and pH) content than mango, and bioactive compound (flavonoid, phenolic, and carotenoids) was found higher in mangos and water apples, which can be used in the pharmaceutical industry for biomedicine production.

Development, bioactive and sensory analysis of the honey-filled chocolate pralines infused with ground ivy (Glechoma hederacea L.) extract

Chocolate is consumed largely worldwide and it is known as one of the most craved foods. The market of chocolate products is growing steadily and is expected to continue to grow in the coming years. The aim of the present study was to formulate chocolate pralines with enriched sensory and bioactive attributes by incorporating different types of honey (false indigo, buckwheat, rapeseed, mandarin and sage) and ground ivy (Glechoma hederacea L.) extract as ingredients of the filler. The honey samples were subjected to physico-chemical analysis, sugar analysis using the HPLC-RID methodology, as well as to evaluation of antioxidant capacity. The bioactive and sensory properties and sugar composition of the formulated pralines were determined. Bioactive characterization included the determination of phenolic profile by HPLC-PAD methodology. Buckwheat honey showed the most pronounced antioxidant capacity with the value of 3.21 and 2.06 µmol Trolox/g dmb, determined by ABTS and DPPH assays, respectively, while the lowest values were measured for mandarin honey (0.41 and 0.32 µmol Trolox/g dmb). Specific bioactive compounds of cocoa: epicatechin, theobromine and caffeine, were detected in all formulated chocolate pralines, as well as the most predominant phenolic compounds of ground ivy: chlorogenic, caffeic, rosmarinic acid and rutin. Such enriched bioactive composition contributed to the pronounced antioxidant capacity of chocolate pralines. Finally, chocolate pralines prepared with mandarin honey were sensory evaluated as the sweetest and gained the highest scores for the overall acceptability.

Combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis of sugar and fatty acid of aromatic coconut and non-aromatic coconut in China

Sugar and fatty acid content are among the important factors that contribute to the intensity of flavor in aromatic coconut. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of the sugar and fatty acid metabolites in the flesh of aromatic coconuts, along with identifying the key synthetic genes, is of significant importance for improving the development of desirable character traits in these coconuts. However, the related conjoint analysis of metabolic targets and molecular synthesis mechanisms has not been carried out in aromatic coconut until now. UPLC-MS/MS combined with RNA-Seq were performed in aromatic coconut (AC) and non-aromatic coconut (NAC) meat at 7, 9 and 11 months. The results showed that D-fructose in AC coconut meat was 3.48, 2.56 and 3.45 fold higher than that in NAC coconut meat. Similarly, D-glucose in AC coconut meat was 2.48, 2.25 and 3.91 fold higher than that in NAC coconut meat. The NAC coconut meat showed a 1.22-fold rise in the content of lauric acid compared to the AC coconut meat when it reached 11 months of age. Myristic acid content in NAC coconut meat was 1.47, 1.44 and 1.13 fold higher than that in AC coconut meat. The palmitic acid content in NAC coconut meat was 1.62 and 1.34 fold higher than that in AC coconut meat. The genes SPS, GAE, GALE, GLCAK, UGE, UGDH, FBP, GMLS, PFK, GPI, RHM, ACC, FabF, FatA, FabG, and FabI exhibited a negative correlation with D-fructose (r = –0.81) and D-glucose (r = –0.99) contents, while showing a positive correlation (r = 0.85–0.96) with lauric acid and myristic acid. Furthermore, GALE, GLCAK, FBP, GMLS, and ACC displayed a positive correlation (r = 0.83–0.94) with palmitic acid content. The sugar/organic acid ratio exhibited a positive correlation with SPS, GAE, UGE, FabF, FabZ and FabI.

Revised structure of the polysaccharide from Acinetobacter baumannii LUH5551 assigned as the K63 type capsular polysaccharide

K63 capsular polysaccharide produced by Acinetobacter baumannii isolate LUH5551 (previously designated isolate O24) was re-examined using sugar analysis, Smith degradation, and one- and two-dimensional 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Though previously reported as O24 consisting of linear tetrasaccharide units that include a 7-acetamido-5-acylamino form of 8-epilegionaminic acid [8eLeg5R7Ac, acylated at C5 with (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl or acetyl (1:1)], the elucidated structure of the K63 type capsule was found to include a derivative of 5,7-diamino-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-d-glycero-d-galacto-non-2-ulosonic (legionaminic) acid, Leg5Ac7R, where R is either (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl or an acetyl group (∼1:1 ratio). This finding is consistent with the presence of the lgaABCHIFG gene module for Leg5Ac7R biosynthesis in the KL63 gene cluster at the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) biosynthesis K locus in the LUH5551 genome. The glycosyltransferases (Gtrs) and Wzy polymerase encoded by KL63 were assigned to linkages in the linear K63 tetrasaccharide unit and linkage of the K63 units.

Effects of Hydrolysis Condition and Detection Method on the Monosaccharide Composition Analysis of Polysaccharides from Natural Sources

Monosaccharide composition analysis is essential to the structural characterization and research into the biological activity of polysaccharides. In this study, a systematic comparison was performed among commonly used monosaccharide composition analysis methods, including colorimetric and chromatographic methods. These were tested on 16 aldoses, ketoses, alditols, amino sugars, and uronic acids. Furthermore, the effect of hydrolysis methods was also investigated. The results showed that the phenol sulfuric acid method is greatly affected by the type of monosaccharide that is used as the reference substance. The determination of uronic acid using sulfuric acid carbazole is less affected by neutral sugars than that method using m-hydroxybiphenyl. The high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method can simultaneously analyze multiple samples and accurately determine the type of uronic acid. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) can provide a good qualitative and quantitative analysis of aldose, amino sugars, and uronic acids, while gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) can detect aldose, ketose, and alditols. Fructose was detected in a large amount in inulin and Codonopsis pilosula after one-step hydrolysis, while it was totally destroyed in two-step hydrolysis. The release of galacturonic acid significantly increased after two-step hydrolysis in pectin and Lycium barbarum, which indicated that one-step hydrolysis is not enough for acidic polysaccharides. The results of this study are beneficial for selecting appropriate hydrolysis and analysis methods in order to accurately analyze the monosaccharide compositions of natural polysaccharides.

High-performance bioelectronic tongue for the simultaneous analysis of phenols, sugars and organic acids in wines.

Electronic tongues have been widely used to analyze wines. However, due to the complexity of the matrix, the problem is not completely solved and further improvements are required. A high-performance potentiometric bio-electronic tongue (bio-ET) specifically devoted to the assessment of wine components is presented. The novelty of this system is due to two innovative approaches. First, the improved performance is obtained through the use of potentiometric biosensors based on carboxylated PVC membranes where enzymes specific to compounds of interest (glucose oxidase, tyrosinase, laccase and lyase) are linked covalently. Secondly, the performance is further enhanced by introducing in the PVC membrane electron mediators (AuNPs or CuPc) that facilitate the electron transfer process. Individual sensors exposed to target analytes (glucose, catechol, cysteine or tartaric acid) show a linear behavior with limits of detection in the range of 10-4 M for all the compounds analyzed, with excellent reproducibility (CV lower than 3%). Sensors combined to form a bio-ET, show excellent capabilities. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), can discriminate monovarietal white wines (PC1 77%; PC2 15%) and red wines (PC1 63%; PC2 30%). Using Partial Least Squares (PLS) the bio-ET can provide information about chemical parameters including Glucose, Total Polyphenols, Total Anthocyanins, Free SO2 , Total SO2 , Total acidity and pH with square correlation coefficients (R2 ) between 0.91 and 0.98 in calibration and between 0.89 and 0.98 in validation. This advanced instrument is able to assess the levels of seven parameters in a single measurement providing an advantageous method to the wine industry. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides-chemical properties and pharmacodynamic effects on the airways in experimental conditions.

The study aimed to analyze the effects of Dendrobium polysaccharides on the cough and airway reactivity and compare them with the effects of clinically used antitussives (codeine phosphate and butamirate citrate) and bronchodilators (salbutamol), using the guinea pig test system. Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides contained proteins (4.0 wt%) and phenolic compounds (1.7 wt%) with a molecular weight of 25,000 g/mol. The sugar analysis revealed a dominance of glucose (93.7 wt%) and a lesser amount of mannose (5.1 wt%) while other sugar quantities were negligible. Methylation analysis indicated the presence of highly branched polysaccharides. Glucose was found mainly as terminal, 1,4- and 1,6-linked. Furthermore, some 1,4- and 1,6-linked glucose units were found branched at O2, O3, and O6/O4. Mannose was terminal and 1,4-linked. NMR spectra signals indicate the presence of the (1→4)-linked α-d-glucan, (1→4)-linked β-d-glucan branched at position O6, (1→6)-linked β-d-glucan branched at position O3 and (1→4)-linked glucomannan. Pharmacological studies showed statistically significant antitussive activity of Dendrobium polysaccharides, exceeding the effect of clinically used antitussives, which may be partially associated with confirmed bronchodilation and the ability of polysaccharides to increase the threshold of cough receptor activation. Dendrobium polysaccharides may increase the possibility of symptomatic treatment of cough, especially in asthmatics.

Sensory Perception and Consumer Acceptance of Carrot Cultivars Are Influenced by Their Metabolic Profiles for Volatile and Non-Volatile Organic Compounds.

Sensory parameters as well as the volatile and non-volatile compound profiles of sixteen carrot cultivars were recorded to obtain insight into consumer preference decisions. The sensory test was carried out with a consumer panel of 88 untrained testers allowing a clear acceptance-based differentiation of the cultivars. Five individual sensory characters (sweetness, overall aroma, bitterness, astringency and off-flavor) supported this discrimination. Chemical analyses of volatile organic compounds, polyacetylenes, phenylpropanoids and sugars enabled us to correlate the influence of these ingredients on sensory perception. Higher concentrations of α-pinene, hexanal, styrene and acetophenone correlated with a better acceptance, as well as sweetness and overall aroma perception. In contrast, a low acceptance as well as a stronger perception of bitterness, astringency and off-flavor correlated with enhanced concentrations of camphene, bornylacetate, borneol, myristicine, falcarindiol, falcarindiol-3-acetate, laserin and epilaserin. The present study should support the development of new breeding strategies for carrot cultivars that better satisfy consumer demands.