Production Structure Research Articles

Productivity and Vegetation Structure Evolution of Complex Mixtures of Perennial Forage Grasses and Leguminous Species, in the Conditions of the Center of Moldova, Romania

Research in our country on the number of species needed to set up temporary grasslands has highlighted the productive and structural superiority of complex mixtures of more than two species. Although for the composition of mixtures is intended to use species and varieties as well as possible adapted to the environment, annual climatic variations sometimes influence the behaviour of the species and therefore productivity. The need to reduce doses of chemical fertilizers in the exploitation of temporary grasslands requires finding solutions to saturate the multiple ecological niches of temporary grassland ecosystems. These can be achieved by using a mix of a larger number of species adapted to the pedo-climatic conditions specific to the cultivation area, as well as by using an appropriate ratio between these species. The purpose of the study was to follow the productivity and evolution of the vegetation structure in some crop mixtures, in different conditions of fertilization. The research was conducted under the conditions of the Center of Moldova from Romania at ARDS Secuieni - Neamţ, during the 2018-2021 period,. The production of dry matter according to the type of mixture and the doses of fertilizers used the percentage of participation of perennial grasses and leguminous species in the vegetation structure, as well as its quality was analysed. From the analysis of the obtained data, the highest feed production (24.82 Mg·ha-1 DM) was obtained in the variant fertilized with N80P40 and sown with the mixture consisting of 70% grasses (Festuca arundinacea 30% + Dactylis glomerata 20% + Festuca pratensis 20%) and 30% leguminous (Medicago sativa 20% + Trifolium pratense 10%). At the first cut, in the mixture of 70% grasses (Festuca arundinacea 30% + Dactylis glomerata 20% + Festuca pratensis 20%) and 30% leguminous (Medicago sativa 20% + Trifolium pratense 10%), the participation percentage of grasses in the vegetation structure varied from 57% in the non-fertilized variant, to 61% in the variant fertilized with N80+40P40. The quality of the feed obtained was good for all variants studied.

Exploring the Importance of Trace Elements in Nutrition: Understanding Their Vital Role in Health and Well-being

Trace elements despite being needed in extremely small amounts, trace elements are essential for many body’s physiological processes. The relevance of trace elements in human nutrition is examined in this abstract, which also conclude their functions in immunological response, hormone production, enzyme activity, and tissue structure maintenance. It is crucial to maintain a balanced intake of these nutrients since deficiencies or excesses of them might have negative effects on one's health. People can get these trace elements—which are necessary for general health—by eating a varied and nourishing diet. The complex functions that trace elements play in human health are still being uncovered by ongoing research, which emphasises how important it is to comprehend and maximise their presence in our diets. To provide accessibility to essential micronutrients and to promote optimal health, trace elements must be included in dietary recommendations.

Перспективы углеродной нейтральности в сельском хозяйстве России по сценариям SSP: анализ на уровне страны и региона

Sustainable development and reduction of the carbon footprint is an important issue on the development agenda of the Russian national economy and, in particular, the agricultural sector. The study of long-term trajectories of development of the agricultural economy and the conditions for achieving carbon neutrality should take into account the expected climatic and socio-economic changes in the world, which are enshrined in a number of widely used scenarios – ‘Shared Socioeconomic Pathways’ (SSPs) and, as a rule, are based on the use of integral multi-sector models land use dynamics. The study is focused on obtaining projections of climate change and scenarios SSP1, SSP2 and SSP3 on the dynamics of crop production in Russia until 2050, with an emphasis on the development of a large agricultural region of Siberia – Altai Krai, in the context of analyzing the timing and conditions for achieving carbon neutrality. The GLOBIOM model, adapted for modeling at the level of Russian regions, was used as a toolkit. The results of scenario modeling made it possible to assess changes in the scale of production and cropland structure, greenhouse gas emissions in carbon units and the overall dynamics of the carbon footprint as well as expected consequences for Russian economy and harnessing the export potential of crops. It has been revealed that achieving carbon neutrality on the regional level (Altai Krai) is a challenge that requires a significant change in the structure of sown areas, the introduction of environmentally-oriented technologies and a significant increase in the productivity of agricultural land. The results contribute to deepening the understanding of regional economic management processes using the example of the Altai Kray and ways to achieve sustainable development goals, in particular achieving carbon neutrality in crop production. The practice of such research can be transferred to other regions of Russia

E-LEARNING IN MATHEMATICS EDUCATION: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS (2012-2022)

This study aims to create a comprehensive bibliometric map of published scientific articles on e-learning in mathematics education (ME). We used Web of Science (WoS) database to analyzed 341 articles published by 1018 authors representing 79 countries between 2012 and 2022. In this context, we examined scientific articles in terms of scientific production, network analysis, trend topics, thematic change, and conceptual structure. Bibliometric analysis was performed in the study. According to findings, the number of published articles differ according to the years, but the number of citations is constantly increasing. Albano, and Dello Iacono are the most prolific authors. The most productive institutions are Salerno and Black Sea Technical Universities. China, USA, and Russia lead the countries of the corresponding authors. According to the network analysis, the journals of Computers & Education and Computers in Human Behavior form strong links. The most used keywords are students, technology, and mathematics. The pandemic, covid, reality, and process are trend topic titles. It determined that the best size reduction obtained in the conceptual analysis constituted approximately 31% of the total variability. We presented some suggestions based on the findings obtained at the end of the research.

Розробка методики забезпечення якісного лакофарбового покриття під час виконання малярно-кузовних робіт в системах автосервісу

A technique has been developed that makes it possible to determine the quality of paintwork in car service systems. This technique is based on the determination of important parameters that describe the technological process of applying a paint coating. Based on the Farrar-Glober algorithm, among the 16 parameters of the system, 8 independent ones affecting the quality of the coating were singled out and their degree of importance was determined. Isolation of independent parameters contributed to the construction of an adequate model for predicting the quality of the paint coating. This makes it possible to organize competitive car service systems for the restoration of vehicle paint coatings. Thanks to the proposed methodology, it becomes possible to provide the organizational and technological structure of production with the necessary equipment and technologies. The efficiency of car service enterprises increases, costs decrease. This technique can also be used to predict the quality of the paint coating, taking into account the important factors of this process. When implementing the proposed methodology, a mathematical model was developed for determining the quality of the paint coating from the factors affecting this process. The average quadratic deviation of the model values of the quality level of the obtained paint coating from the statistical values was =0,0008, which confirms the adequacy of the model. So, it can be concluded that the obtained linear model describing the level of quality of the applied paint coating can be used to predict the quality of the paint coating, knowing the 8 input parameters of the system, namely: - lighting of the dyeing chamber; - polymerization furnace (principle of operation); – method of paint feding; – compressed air source capacity; – amount of diluent; - temperature of the applied material; - distance from the spray gun to the base; - the number of applied material layers.

Justification of anti-crisis measures in the management of dairy cattle breeding based on mathematical modeling

Milk and dairy products occupy a significant share in the human diet. Every year the demand for it increases, and the current production is unable to satisfy it. There is a need to develop a set of measures to improve dairy cattle breeding and aimed at maintaining the food security of the region as a whole. Thus, the purpose of the research is to develop a methodology for the design and substantiation of anti-crisis measures in dairy cattle breeding in the region based on the resources of the state program. In connection with this goal, the article discusses the contribution of scientists to the problems of anti-crisis management and increasing the efficiency of dairy cattle breeding. The role of state regulation of the market for dairy products of the Smolensk region is substantiated on the basis of data obtained as a result of a computer experiment, set on a partial equilibrium model. A systematic approach was used to develop and substantiate measures aimed at overcoming the crisis in dairy farming. An assessment is made of the feasibility of applying the system modeling methodology to coordinate the investment plan of an organization with the sectoral anti-crisis program on the example of two agricultural organizations. Projects for solving the problems of releasing land and labor resources that have arisen as a result of optimizing the structure of production are substantiated. In conclusion, the scope of application of the presented methodology and further directions of its development are considered.

Energy efficiency analysis of caustic soda production process

The increase in the cost of fuel and energy resources motivates industrial enterprises to introduce new technical solutions for their effective use. At the same time, as a result of the production ac-tivities of industrial enterprises, a significant amount of waste is generated that negatively affect human health and the environment. Such enterprises include caustic soda production plants, the technology of which is associated with the formation of thermal and combustible secondary energy resources in the form of steam, condensate, process water, etc. Such types of resources may be useful to use for the production of thermal energy for the company's own needs, or heating of raw materials or material flows involved in the technological chain. The technology of caustic soda production is considered it this paper, the basic structure of production is discussed, the material balance is given, options for improving the efficiency of energy resources are proposed.

Structural capital in the system of technological development of s

The current state of socio-economic development, characterized by a radical change in the technical and technological paradigm in a globalized world, is marked by new phenomena and processes. In contrast to previous eras, when the formation of new technological methods of production was based on a small number of breakthrough inventions that changed the structure of production, today we observe an avalanche-like development of inventions, the products of which destroy the stability of all spheres of society. Accordingly, all resources possessed by a modern company must meet the requirements of the time in terms of their quality. Under such conditions, not only intellectual capital but also other components, that enable companies to maneuver in their innovative development, become very important. Based on the analysis of modern conceptual approaches to determining the essence of the categories “structural capital” and “intellectual capital”, the article forms the concept of “national structural capital”. The latter is presented as an infrastructure for the formation, implementation and development of national human capital, an organizational and institutional system for the expanded reproduction of knowledge and skills of members of society. For the quantitative measurement of national structural capital, a methodological framework is proposed, which is based on the integral index of national structural capital created by the authors; its components are justified: knowledge & technology outputs, intangible assets, research & development (R&D), knowledge workers, knowledge absorption. Based on the proposed methodology for determining the integral index of national structural capital, its value was calculated for 26 countries for 2018-2020 and the dynamics for the period under study were shown.

IMPROVEMENT OF THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF FACTORS THAT HINDER THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NON-OIL INDUSTRY BASED ON INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE

The study of the problems of improving the mechanism of the management of the factors that slow down the development of the non-oil industry confirms the instability of the development rates of the Azerbaijani industry in 2005-2021, the disparities in the development of the industry in the production and processing areas, as well as in the regions. As a result of the study, the classification of internal and external factors that hinder the development of the non-oil industry is justified. Application of ISO standards in enterprises operating for the creation of a non-oil industry based on innovative economy, a new concept of regulation of production activities based on the data of technical projects, technical and economic justifications and project estimates were presented as the main direction of improving the management system of factors that hinder the development process of the non-oil industry. The relevance of the subject. In recent years, factors such as creating an inter-sector balance and effective use of natural and material resources have played an important role in ensuring economic stability in our country, but it is necessary to solve the economic and institutional regulation issues related to the development of the non-oil sector of the industry. Because ensuring the development of the non-oil sector has been set as a priority direction and main task of the state’s economic policy. The main goal in the implementation of the specified task is to increase the level of welfare of the population, transition to an export-oriented economy and improve the competitiveness of the economy. From this point of view, the relevance of the research of the subject is not in doubt. The purpose of the article. The main goal of the research is to create an effective management structure, which ensures the elimination of obstacles that slow down the development of this section of the industry, taking into account the role of the non-oil industrial sector in ensuring the sustainable development of the country’s economy and raising the standard of living of the population, through the formation and evaluation of a qualitatively new model of sustainable economic development of added value growth and structural changes in production areas and enterprises. Elucidation of practical aspects of using the concepts «technical structure of production», «organic structure of capital and turnover rate» to improve the management system of non-oil industries and enterprises, which are considered as objects of study of economic theory, is a priority direction of research. Research methods. The article was written on the basis of scientific research methods which includes theoretical analysis, systematic analysis, statistical analysis, generalization, comparative structural analysis, etc. Scientific innovation. In the article, based on the analysis of the production structure and current situation of the non-oil industry in 2005-2021, the classification of the obstacles that slow down the development of the industry was justified for the first time, and specific proposals for their elimination were put forward. Acknowledging the dependence of solving issues such as the application of ISO standards in the non-oil industry sector and the admission of the Republic of Azerbaijan to the World Trade Organization on the condition of ensuring the quality and safety of goods and services, determination of the technical structure of production on the basis of project-estimate documents and proposals for regulating the distribution of income (profit) according to the capital structure and turnover rate should be evaluated as innovative development directions of management in the industry.

Generating modern heritage through changing urban environments and identities: A case study from Prato's (Italy) industrial district, history, and multiculturalism in a polycentric urban setting

AbstractFollowing economic crises, the evolution of industrial districts (IDs) has frequently caused the crisis within entire urban systems. Being IDs based on individual will and competences, rather than on big industries, their failure can compromise the city's identity. The Italian manufacturing industry consistently relied on this process, and this paper analyzes the case study of Prato, a medieval core city in central Italy that, since the mid‐twentieth century, developed a world‐class textile district based on a polycentric production structure and widespread family entrepreneurialism. During the global economic crisis of the early 2000s, production almost stalled, leaving the city without the core of a collective identity, but with a legacy of empty spaces. Significant foreign migration, in particular from China, filled these spaces, consolidating the clothing sector. The study investigated the city's contemporary identities resulting from the rapid change in people, activities, and spaces.

Carbon and financial performance nexus of the heavily polluting companies in the context of resource management during COVID-19 period

The depletion of fossil fuels and the new EU climate policy goals to achieve a zero-emission economy after 2050 encourage highly polluting companies to increase the efficiency of energy conversion from non-renewable energy sources, develop renewable energy sources and implement resource management systems in production. Studying the relationship between environmental performance and financial performance of firms is particularly important in times of the Covid-19 pandemic, as companies' decisions to limit or continue green investments and low-emission transformation may impact access to external financing sources. The aim of this study is to identify the shape of the relationship between the carbon and financial results of heavily polluting enterprises in the context of resource management and to assess the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the considered relationship. For a panel sample of Polish enterprises representing highly polluting industries with manufacturing plants covered by the EU ETS in 2009–2021, a third-degree polynomial describing this relationship was estimated. A U-shaped relationship was identified between carbon emission intensity and return on sales and return on assets, which can be explained by the ‘too-little-of-a-good-thing’ effect. Increase in share of renewable energy in the production structure significantly reduces firms’ profitability, which can be explained by the relatively high costs associated with the development of renewable energy and the changing legal regulations regarding this type of investment. It has been shown that companies with high carbon emission intensity achieved lower sales profits and return on assets compared to companies with lower carbon intensity during the Covid-19 pandemic. The lower scale of allocation of free emission allowances compared to previous years, combined with the increase in emission allowance prices under the influence of shocks generated by the pandemic, had a negative impact on the profitability of heavily polluting companies. The modelling results provide important information to managers who, based on them, can make more informed decisions regarding the use of natural resources in production and the involvement of enterprises in investments aimed at the use of cleaner production technologies and the development of renewable energy.

Permanences and changes in the production structure of agriculture in Parana, 2006-2017

Resumo Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a dinâmica das mudanças na estrutura produtiva da agropecuária do Estado do Paraná a partir das informações dos Censos Agropecuários de 2006 e 2017. Foram utilizadas as análises multivariadas, fatorial e cluster, para caracterizar as mudanças temporais e espaciais, considerando vinte indicadores da modernização da agropecuária associados ao uso da terra, tecnificação e capitalização, mão de obra e condição do produtor e dos estabelecimentos. Os resultados da pesquisa evidenciam transformações significativas na agropecuária do Estado do Paraná, mas que ainda privilegiam as tradicionais tendências do país, com expansão da agropecuária voltada para exportação e redução da agricultura familiar, a qual ainda absorve a maior parcela da ocupação no meio rural.

Permanências e mudanças na estrutura produtiva da agropecuária paranaense, 2006-2017

Abstract The objective of this work is to analyze the dynamics of changes in the productive structure of agriculture in the State of Paraná, based on information from the 2006 and 2017 Agricultural Censuses. Multivariate analyzes, factorial and cluster, were used to characterize temporal changes and spatial, considering twenty indicators of the modernization of agriculture associated with land use, technology and capitalization, labor and condition of the producer and establishments. The research results show significant transformations in agriculture in the State of Paraná, but still favoring the country's traditional trends, with expansion of agriculture for export and reduction of family farming, which still absorbs the largest share of occupation in rural areas.

Industrialização e desindustrialização: uma análise empírica das causas de mudança estrutural no Brasil, 1947-2021

ABSTRACT This article investigates the causes of structural change in Brazil, through the rise and the fall of the manufacturing industry, and the consequences for total factor productivity and manufacturing labour productivity, from 1947 to 2021. Our results show that the industrialization of the Brazilian productive structure is positively associated with expansions in infrastructure investments and with the pursuit of a competitive real exchange rate, that is, with policies oriented towards economic development. Our findings also indicate that such variables exert a direct influence on total factor productivity and manufacturing labour productivity and an indirect influence through their impacts on the Brazilian productive structure. Our conclusions suggest that an important cause of the Brazilian premature deindustrialization, and then of its poor performance in terms of total factor productivity and manufacturing labour productivity, is the adoption of policies not oriented towards economic development adopted since the neoliberal reforms of the 1980s and 1990s.

Thermoeconomic simulation of a complex energy system for performance analysis and prediction in deep peak shaving

The establishment of a cost model for complex energy systems based on thermoeconomics can provide technical and economic evaluation indicators for complex energy systems. At the same time, to integrate more renewable energy into the grid, complex energy systems must participate in deep peak shaving. To evaluate the technical-economic performance of complex energy systems involved in deep peak shaving, a novel thermoeconomic cost construction method is proposed based on the production structure diagram, using the gas-steam combined cycle system as an example. these can effectively avoid the derivation error of high-dimensional models, improve the modeling and calculation speed, and obtain the variation trend of system thermoeconomics cost under load changes and operating parameter changes. The results show that the external and internal factor can change the power generator thermoeconomic cost. the power generation cost of the system increases with increasing natural gas price and environmental temperature When the compressor pressure ratio increases, the power generation cost of the system also increases. At 100% load, the power generation cost reaches its lowest value when the exhaust temperature is equal to 615?C.

КОМПЛЕКСНЕ ОЦІНЮВАННЯ МАРКЕТИНГОВОГО КОМПЛЕКСУ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА АГРАРНОЇ СФЕРИ В УМОВАХ ЦИФРОВІЗАЦІЇ ТА ГЛОБАЛІЗАЦІЇ БІЗНЕСУ

The article examines the issue of formation and comprehensive assessment of the marketing complex of agricultural enterprises both from the standpoint of increasing their efficiency on the local market, and in the context of increasing their competitiveness at the global level. The situation in agrarian business is significantly complicated by the fact that agricultural enterprises are mostly unable to quickly respond to adverse external challenges by optimizing the production structure and maintain the current level of financial and economic efficiency during global crisis events. The authors identified the main problems that agricultural producers had to face during the war: complicated logistics, a decrease in the purchasing power of the population, restrictions on the operation of agro-food markets, and in some regions, the closure of sales points for a while. Such conditions of operation revealed for the agrarian business its instability and vulnerability to uncertainties in the implementation of activities. Therefore, the development of agrarian enterprises is possible thanks to an effective marketing complex and the use of innovative methods, approaches, and digital technologies that will make it possible to reformat to the latest business conditions. Methodical approaches to the comprehensive assessment of the elements of the marketing complex of the enterprise based on the determination of the integral indicator of the effectiveness of marketing activities are analyzed. It has been proven that an enterprise can have a high indicator of the effectiveness of marketing activities, but this does not mean that it can stop there, because the agricultural market is a rather unstable environment and a stable position in the market today may be occupied by competitors tomorrow. Therefore, a list of measures is proposed in order to maintain a high level of effective marketing complex. It is well-founded that the introduction of digital technologies and tools in marketing activities brings many advantages to agricultural business. These benefits include improving the quality of products, improving communication with consumers, improving the image of the company, optimizing prices, and transparency of the company's internal and external processes. The use of digital tools will also help increase the competitive status of an agricultural enterprise and create a mechanism for implementing parity business conditions.

Consumption Culture in the Metaverse Economy as New Communication Technologies (ChatGPT Analysing)

The intense technological revolution in the field of communication and information technologies has naturally affected economic and social life. As the economy evolves towards Industry 4.0 and the metaverse universe, digital transformation has started to reshape production and consumption relations. Thanks to advanced technology and mass media, the world has shrunk, communication has intensified and access to information is realised with a single click. At the last point, the Metaverse appears as a digital virtual universe. The Metaverse world, which provides a parallel but virtual reality for human beings, can be considered as a twin world where we live with our avatars. However, the virtual twin world changes the known consumption, production and financing patterns of the economic system and creates a commodity universe economy, or in other words, the Metaverse economy. In this context, the aim of this systematic review is to understand the consumption of individuals in the new economic life that comes with the changing world order. Many global, popular and world giant brands include the Metaverse in their production methods. When the Metaverse fully enters our lives, a new economic life will be formed in our daily work, working life and social life thanks to the Metaverse tools we will use. Keeping up with advanced communication and information technologies will harmonise both the production and consumption structure of society with technological change. In this context, the aim of this study is to draw attention to the culture of consumption in the Metaverse economy as new communication technologies. For this reason, the Metaverse economy and ChatGPT analysis method were chosen in the context of the originality of the subject. The research questions of the study are, will the Metaverse economy as a new communication technology increase the consumption culture? Will people shop with their avatars in virtual stores? The originality of the study stems from the fact that there is no study on this subject and ChatGPT analysis method has not been used. Its contribution to the literature will be in this context. A literature review was also conducted. ChatGPT analysis method was applied in the study. With the ChatGPT analysis method, Internet 1.0 consumption culture, social media consumption culture and metaverse period consumption culture change processes were compared.

The impact of economic complexity and industry specialization on the gross regional product of Russian regions

The economic complexity index defines the basis of the modern theory of economic complexity and reflects the level of knowledge embedded in the production structure of the economy. This study examines the direct relationship between the economic complexity index and gross regional product (GRP) while taking into account other factors of the GRP production function in its generalized representation. As a result, we can isolate the impact of the economic complexity index from other phenomena. The non-linear nature of the relationship between economic complexity and GRP is revealed, and the direct relationship is manifested only at sufficiently high values of economic complexity, exceeding a certain threshold, which is found endogenously using econometric methods. In addition, the paper studies the relationship between economic complexity and indices of sectoral specialization. We found that there is a direct relationship between economic complexity and the extractive industry index and no relationship with the level of development of manufacturing industry. We obtained a clarification of the generalized production function of GRP, in which the threshold effect of the influence of economic complexity manifested itself as a factor of nonlinear dependence describing the elasticity of labor: a high level of economic complexity provides greater labor productivity. Overall, the results of the study of the dependence of GRP on economic complexity lead to the conclusion that increasing economic complexity can be an effective way to stimulate economic growth and development, but only starting from a certain threshold level. This suggests that an economy must reach a minimum level of diversity and complexity in its industrial activities before it can experience the productivity gains necessary for substantial GRP growth.

Economic Resilience of Polish Regions and its Determinants in the Period of Covid-19 Pandemic

The aim of the research was to identify, based on available literature, factors determining the level of economic resilience of Polish regions and then verify whether they actually contributed to a more effective amortization of the demand and supply shock caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The thesis was put forward that regions with a diversified and competitive production and employment structure experienced the negative effects of the economic slowdown to a lesser extent in the initial period of the pandemic and built their production potential faster in the following years. Based on the results obtained, the relationship between the level of diversification of the production structure and the economic resilience of the studied regions was not confirmed. On the other hand, it was noticed that voivodeships with a competitive production structure were more likely to experience a decline in the growth rate of GDP per capuita in the year of the outbreak of the pandemic. At the same time, in subsequent periods they returned to a relatively dynamic path of economic growth more quickly.

Raw hydrocarbons base of the republic of Uzbekistan - growth and production structure

The article considers the existing, actual raw material base of hydrocarbon raw materials of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Brief information is given on the number of discovered oil and gas fields, their distribution in the oil and gas regions of the republic, according to the degree of development, the type of fluids and the size of the reserves. Share participation of initial total resources in the context of oil and gas bearing regions is shown. Information is presented on the results of exploration work of two time periods - before 1991 and from 1991 to the present, where the growth rates of reserves of industrial categories for the first and second stages and the distribution of cumulative oil and gas production are considered. From the above data, it can be seen that the main increase in hydrocarbon reserves in the Republic of Uzbekistan was due to the discovery of unique and large fields in terms of hydrocarbon reserves. Based on the results of the analysis of the actual material, a con-clusion was made, indicating the high potential of the subsoil of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the feasibility of conducting exploration work in the long term, given the presence of significant forecast hydrocarbon resources. Keywords: field; oil; gas; hydrocarbons; reserves; oil and gas potential; initial total resources.