Production Structure Research Articles

Забезпечення та підвищення надійності й ефективності процесу автомобільних вантажних перевезень побудовою дерева відмов структурних елементів транспортної системи

It was found that to ensure and improve the reliability of transport systems, it is necessary to have an effective toolkit for identification and classification of their failures, the number for a given period of operation and the determination of the required number of structural elements in the form of participants.
 It is shown that the construction of a tree of their failures is an effective tool for identification and classification of transport system failures. The procedure for its construction and its implementation is presented on the example of a transport system for the transportation of rock mass for the production of crushed stone. A tree of failures of this system was built and the main directions of its activity were developed to ensure the technical serviceability of the rolling stock and prevent its failures. Attention is focused on the coefficient of technical readiness of the vehicle fleet, an analysis of various types of formulas for evaluating this complex indicator of reliability and ways to increase its level are provided. Factors affecting the reliability of the transport system are determined and their list is given.
 It was found that regardless of the mutual location of the elements of the transport system, it is difficult to assign any of them to the main category. At the same time, the main argument is that the failure of any structural element of the transport system can lead to its complete failure, with the exception of elements connected in parallel.
 A number of assumptions have been made regarding the formation of the organizational and production structure of a trucking company based on functional characteristics, when the grouping and selection of elements of the company's production system is carried out in accordance with the commonality of performed functions. Areas of activity of trucking companies to prevent failures in the transport system caused by technical malfunctions of rolling stock are given.
 It was established that based on the results of the analysis of possible failures in the transport system, the optimization of the number of elements of the structural and functional scheme of the production process of transportation is carried out, when solving the problem, the minimum necessary number of its participants is determined. At the same time, the optimization criterion is selected taking into account the cost of the transportation process, which includes conditionally constant and variable costs directly for the movement of the object of transportation and its terminal processing on the way of passage.

The shift of embodied energy flows among the Global South and Global North in the post-globalisation era

Concerns about the energy associated with the manufacturing of a product or service or so-called embodied energy in international trade have been increasing due to global energy shortages and environmental degradation. With globalisation slowing, the shifting global spatial patterns and driving forces of energy embodied in international trade deserve deeper investigation. Using the most up-to-date multi-regional input-output database (GTAP 11), we analyse the spatial pattern and driving forces of change for energy embodied in international trade among the Global North and South, namely developed and developing countries, from 2000 to 2019. The results show that North-North trade dominates global embodied energy transfers, although its dominance is waning. The growth of embodied energy transfers is shifting from South-North to South-South trade. Yet the difference in embodied energy transfers between the Global South to Global North remains huge. In further parsing the drivers behind embodied energy transfers, we find that the scale of trade was the primary driver of growth in global embodied energy transfers, but its effect was fading and even had a weak negative effect on North-North and North-South embodied energy transfers between 2014 and 2019. Energy intensity was the primary inhibitor of global embodied energy transfers but with a declining influence except for South-South trade in the later stage (−24.28% during 2014–2019). The role of trade structure effects on global embodied energy transfers became increasingly evident, especially in the later phase (2014–2019) for South-South (33.08%) and South-North trade (13.22%). In contrast, changes in production structure had a small impact on global embodied energy transfers. The findings show the importance of portraying embodied energy flows to help identify the main drivers and reemphasize the need to reduce energy consumption along global value chains.

Analysis of the Impact of Agricultural Production Type and Traffic on Nitrogen Oxide Emissions

The protection of air from pollution is one of the basic principles of sustainable development, and this article analyzes the joint impact of various types of agricultural production and traffic on nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. The goal of this research is the development of a new methodology for assessing the combined impact of different types of agricultural production, traffic load, and traffic flow structure on the emission of nitrogen oxides. For the analysis of the joint impact of traffic and agricultural production, a new impact assessment methodology was developed, which is based on two selected impact prediction models. The following two models were used to predict the impact: the BioGrace model and the microsimulation model VISSIM. The developed methodology was applied to a case study in real field conditions. The results showed that the difference in the emission of NOx gases, depending on the type of agricultural production, indicates a reduction in NOx emissions in the walnut–winter-wheat system by 30%, compared to the production of winter wheat in an open field. The statistical analysis showed that there is no statistically significant difference between NOx emissions for different vehicle arrival scenarios for the same traffic load. The results of the joint impact show that the lowest NOx emission was found in walnut orchards and counted traffic. In this example, the difference between the one-hour emission load of three different agricultural types of production and traffic is not large; however, in the cumulative load, it can lead to significant differences. Emphasizing the importance of adopting new agricultural practices and the impact of traffic and the share of freight and heavy goods vehicles in agricultural production, we position them as a proactive and sustainable response to the critical ecological and agricultural challenges highlighted in European and Croatian policy.

The future of agriculture and agricultural policy: perceptions of non-farmers and farmers

We examined the views of Finnish non-farmers and farmers on the desirable future developments of agriculture and agricultural policy using principal component and cluster analysis by focusing on three key themes: the structure of agricultural production, agri-environmental issues, and the funding of agriculture. There is strong public support for maintaining the viability of domestic agriculture through government intervention, but views differ on allocation of agricultural support and how agricultural production should be developed. A significant number of respondents supported the idea that climate and other environmental issues should be better considered in agricultural policy. However, about half of the respondents accepted environmental damage caused by agriculture and one-fifth perceived the importance of agriculture in a society as declining. These views, not prominent in the public debate, emphasize the importance of regular investigation of citizen opinions for including all the relevant stands in policy discussion to design legitimate policy measures.

Analysis of import substitution and development of the domestic fruit and berry market in Russia

In the context of international sanctions, the issue of providing the population with domestically produced fruits and berries remains relevant for Russia. Currently, our own production of fruits and berries provides approximately 22 kg/year per person, with an annual requirement of 100 kg. The article discusses the features of providing the Russian market with fruits and berries in the context of the ongoing policy of import substitution. Particular attention is paid to domestic production of apples; the structure of production and consumption of apples by region is given. The import of apples into Russia has been analyzed, and trends in its decline have been noted.

Investigating economic synergy in the spatial structure of Tehran metropolitan region

Economic synergy is essential in functional polycentric metropolitan regions due to their high collaborative potential between area centers and subcenters, which results in greater competition. Our results indicate that, based on the theory of economic geography, economic activities in metropolitan regions tend to be concentrated and agglomerated initially due to economies of scale, before intentionally decentralizing due to diseconomies of scale arising from agglomeration. The spatial structure of metropolitan regions also tends to be morphologically polycentric, although there is evidence for a tendency toward functional polycentricity as well. Tehran metropolitan region has attracted industrial workshops over time due to the economies of scale and agglomeration economies, which in turn have increased functional centralization and spatial concentration in the region. Yet in recent decades, after the implementation of spatial policies of economic synergy, both the rate of specialization and diversification in the region's production structure have gradually increased; this can be considered a result of spatial policies of economic synergy. The example of Tehran's illustrates how policing strategies can promote a region's transition from monocentric to functional polycentric, enhancing the economic role of medium‐sized cities, creating specialized centers and clustered enterprises, and supporting network interaction between urban centers.

Realization of the potential of diversification of agricultural business to reduce the risks of sustainable development

The deepening of the global problems of human development requires new approaches to solving the strategic tasks of further existence. With this approach, under modern conditions, the concept of sustainable development appears, with the help of which it is possible to ensure the achievement of the goals of sustainable development of national economies and society. Agriculture is the primary sector of Ukraine's national economy, and the state of development largely determines the economic growth rate. In recent years, many problematic issues have accumulated in the agricultural sector, which requires intensifying the diversification processes of economic activity. The article identifies the principal risks and problems that can be solved based on directions for expanding the diversification of agrarian business, among them optimizing the sectoral balance, increasing the rationality and environmental friendliness of the use of natural resources, restoring biodiversity, reviving the human resources potential of rural areas and mitigating the consequences of inclusive gaps between rural and urban areas of the country. The composition of the potential for diversification of economic activity of agrarian business entities based on sustainable development is substantiated. Among the main elements proposed are food security, climate neutrality and preservation of biological resources, inclusiveness of development of rural areas, and economic opportunities. The analysis of the production structure of agriculture showed the dominance of crop production and a decrease in the share of livestock production. Based on the results of the conducted research, it is proposed to consider the diversification of agrarian business as a way of restoring and ensuring the biodiversity of crops and animals, which is based on the principles of rational use of bioresource agricultural potential to achieve the goals of sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas. The fundamental principles of diversification of economic activities of agricultural enterprises based on sustainable development were defined as eco-tolerance of agricultural production, food sufficiency, inclusiveness, achievement of sectoral balance of agricultural production, efficiency, improvement of the level of well-being and quality of the country's population. Keywords: diversification, agriculture, rural areas, development, opportunities.

The significance of women’s cooperatives in promoting the sustainability of local gastronomic products: The case of Bor women’s agricultural development cooperative

Women’s cooperatives are organizations that support women in taking an active role in production and economic structure. Local products, on the other hand, are important tourist attraction elements that express the cultural structure specific to a destination. Women’s cooperatives make it possible to use local gastronomic products as sustainable and touristic attractions. It is important to include women in planning within the framework of tourism in order to provide economic returns by using the female workforce effectively and efficiently. In this regard, it is aimed at determining the awareness and views of the Bor women’s cooperative operating in the province of Niğde on the production and marketing of gastronomic products. Secondary data was used as the research method, and the survey technique, one of the quantitative research methods, was applied in the study. As a consequence of the research, it was concluded that the women working in the cooperative supported the production and marketing of local gastronomic products within the context of tourism, and some recommendations have been presented accordingly.

Productive Structure Optimization under Macroeconomic Constraints based on Input-Output Analysis

The term productive restructuring refers to the transformation of an economic system for reaching predefined economic and social goals. The aim of this paper is to develop a methodological framework of productive restructuring, based on input-output analysis, targeting the optimization of the productive structure of an economy. The process of the productive restructuring involves: firstly, the reallocation of production among different economic sectors and, secondly, a process of intermediate input substitution. The proposed optimization model aims at the maximization of the total employment under macroeconomic constraints. A Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm is employed for the solution of the optimization problem. The proposed methodology is applied to the Greek economy. Results appear to show that the productive restructuring should focus on manufacturing sectors, mainly those of high and medium-high technological level. The findings of the research suggest that industrial structure adjustments have great potential for policy development.

Towards energy sustainability: Exploring the nexus between global value chain participation and energy security in developing and developed countries.

International trade has a significant impact on global environmental quality and sustainable economic development. Global value chains (GVCs) have become a crucial component of international trade and development policy. The global production structure has become more complicated with the inclusion of domestic markets in GVC, putting significant pressure on world energy resources and environmental sustainability. Therefore, traditional trade measures no longer accurately reflect how global trade affects the energy security of developing and developed countries. Thus, this study is the first to use a panel-corrected standard error method to look at the relationship between GVC participation and energy security by using a global sample of 35 developed and 27 developing nations from 1995 to 2018. A feasible generalized least squares model was also applied to confirm the robustness of the model. Six indicators-foreign direct investment, industrialization level, capital formation, human capital index, political stability, and GVC-were used in this research to look at their impact on the four fundamental pillars of energy security (availability, applicability, sustainability, and affordability) for sustainable economic development. For developed countries, it was confirmed that there is a non-linear relationship between GVC participation and energy intensity, renewable energy consumption, and non-fossil fuel use. In the case of developing countries, the non-linear relationship in terms of all aspects of energy security was also confirmed. The findings also indicated that GVC's involvement benefits all four dimensions of energy security in both developing and developed countries once it reaches a certain threshold. Our findings further support the impacts of long-term cointegration between GVC and energy security for sustainable economic development. Therefore, the nations must promote technology transfer and capacity building within GVCs for inclusive energy security. Similarly, they may foster sustainable practices through collaborative governance for a stable global energy network by acknowledging the positive impact of income levels on energy security.

Habitat partitioning among sympatric tinamous in semiarid woodlands of central Argentina.

Sympatric, phylogenetically related and morphologically similar species that overlap in their distributions at a regional scale display different patterns of co-occurrence at local assemblages. Occurrence of each species at local scales might be the result of interspecific competition for limiting resources. However, these patterns could also arise from species-specific habitat preferences along the abiotic or land use gradients. To assess the role of these mechanisms, we investigated niche partitioning among sympatric tinamou species occurring in semiarid woodlands of central Argentina. We used occupancy models incorporating habitat characteristics and interspecific interactions, while accounting for detectability, to examine the spatial overlap among elegant crested tinamous (Eudromia elegans), brushland tinamous (Nothoprocta cinerascens), and nothura tinamous (Nothura darwinii and N. maculosa) across a wide regional scale. In addition, we investigated time partitioning among these species by estimating the degree of overlap in their daily activity patterns. The regional distribution of the three species was influenced by the gradient in plant productivity and vegetation structure, in agreement with their broad habitat requirements. We also found that the occurrence of each species was presumably affected by the presence of one or two predator species. Models including interactions among tinamou species found weak negative and positive interactions among species pairs, suggesting that co-occurrence patterns were mainly driven by species-specific habitat use rather than interspecific competition. The three species were diurnal, showing two main peaks of activity, and overlapped widely in their overall diel activity, although subordinate species tended to shift their activity patterns to reduce encounters with the dominant tinamou species, suggesting some segregation in this niche dimension. Projected changes in rainfall seasonality and warmer conditions in this region could benefit elegant crested tinamous over the other two species, although climate and land use changes will likely have a negative impact on all tinamou species.

Technological and industrial sovereignty: problems of ensuring and contours of macroeconomic and sectoral policy.

The article presents an overview of the features of the economic development of the country during the period of liberal transformations and the problems associated with ensuring technological sovereignty in Russia. The main ones are: a low share of innovations in the structure of industrial production, as well as enterprises that carry them out; obsolescence of a significant part of fixed assets in industry; a high key rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, which does not contribute to economic growth and acceleration of industrial modernization in Russia. The article attempts to identify the elements of macroeconomic policy that contribute to ensuring technological sovereignty. To achieve economic growth, it is necessary to significantly increase the share of investments in fixed and human capital. To activate investment activity in the real sector of the economy, it is necessary to reduce the discount rate. In order to overcome the technological gap and solve the problem of import substitution, it is also necessary to optimize the industry and antimonopoly policy. It is necessary to reconsider the attitude to the integration policy of enterprises in the markets in order to increase their production efficiency, despite the increase in the level of concentration, and also to determine which structure in key industries is optimal for solving the problem of import substitution and restoring production chains destroyed as a result of sanctions.

Global economic structure transition boosts PM2.5-related human health impact in Belt and Road Initiative

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is an open platform for international cooperation proposed by China to promote common global development and prosperity. The BRI can promote the optimal allocation of resources and promote in-depth cooperation in international trade. Meanwhile, it can establish a green supply chain cooperation network to help BRI countries achieve green transformation. BRI has made a notable contribution to the rapid growth of cross-border trade. However, it has also brought environmental impacts. Given that little attention has been paid to the trade-embodied particulate matter 2.5 related human health impacts (PM2.5-HHI) throughout the BRI, this study accounts for and traces the embodied PM2.5-HHI flows between the BRI countries and non-Belt and Road Initiative (non-BRI) countries. Moreover, this study also uncovers the critical socioeconomic drivers of PM2.5-HHI changes in BRI countries during 1990–2015, based on the multi-regional input-output based structural decomposition analysis (MRIO-SDA). Results show that, firstly, BRI countries had significantly increased their economic added value by exporting products to the non-BRI countries. They also have brought PM2.5-HHI to themselves. Secondly, the final demand of BRI countries was the largest potential driving force of PM2.5-HHI of BRI countries. Thirdly, the emission intensity change of BRI is the key socioeconomic factor for reducing PM2.5-HHI. While per capita final demand level change of BRI and production structure change of non-BRI are the key socioeconomic factors for increasing PM2.5-HHI. The study's findings on the one hand can help reduce the PM2.5-HHI and impacts of environmental pollution of BRI countries from a global perspective by providing scientific support. On the other hand, they can help provide relevant policy recommendations for the green transformation of BRI and the construction of green BRI.

Research on Regional Industrial Layout and Structural Adjustment and Upgrading under Digital Economy

Digital transformation promotes the change of urban governance. Based on the concept of "system", this paper focuses on exploring the influencing factors and evaluation indicators of the industrial structure adjustment and energy production and consumption structure adjustment of green smart cities in the new era under the promotion of digital economy, providing a strong theoretical basis for the comprehensive evaluation of the influencing factors in the later period.

Advanced exergo-economic analysis of an advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage system with the modified productive structure analysis method and multi-objective optimization study

In this study, conventional and advanced exergy/exergo economic analyses of an advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage system (AA-CAES) system with a power output of 6 MW were performed. In addition, sensitivity analysis and multi-objective optimization study of the proposed system were also carried out. For the first time in the literature, advanced exergo-economic analysis was applied to the AA-CAES system with the Modified Productive Structure Analysis (MOPSA) method, and a new parameter was introduced as a performance criterion for this method. As a result of the study, the system's exergy efficiencies were found to be 54.51 % and 77 %, respectively, according to the conventional and advanced exergy analyses of the system. According to the conventional exergy analysis, the first three system components that should be given priority are the wind turbine (WT), the regulator (REG), and the heat exchangers-3 (HE-3), respectively. According to the advanced exergy analysis, this order changes as WT, the compressor-1 (C-1), and the compressor-2 (C-2). 40 % of the system's exergy destruction and exergy destruction cost rates are avoidable endogenous. This value shows the improvement potential of the system. As a result of the multi-objective optimization study, the modified exergy efficiency was found to be 94.58 %. The average unit product-exergy destruction cost was 59.51 $/GJ; these values were 22.83 % and 1.6 % improvement, respectively, compared to the base case.

Inline Determination of the Gel Elastic Modulus During Milk Coagulation Using a Multifiber Optical Probe

AbstractFrom a state-of-the-art point of view, it is currently possible to optically monitor the enzymatic coagulation of milk for real time estimation of the elastic modulus to cut the gel at optimum gel firmness. However, European cheese industry produces a wide variety of cheeses, many of them artisanal, and has a very fragmented productive structure with many small-, medium-sized companies. Therefore, if the technology is to be successfully uptake, it must be not only accurate but very low-cost. The objective of this work was to evaluate a low-cost commercial multifiber probe, for inline optical determination of curd firmness during cheese making. Preliminary tests were carried out to select the most appropriate fiber core size and wavelength and after that coagulation trials were performed following a fully randomized factorial design with two factors, i.e., concentration of protein (3.2, 3.6 and 4.0%) and added calcium (150, 200 and 250 mg L−1), with three replicates. The observed linear increase of the least square means of the initial voltage with the protein content (V0 = 0.15[P, %] + 0.88; R2 = 0.999), will be likely synergistic with the elastic modulus prediction if the model needs to be corrected for protein. Finally, the multifiber probe allowed predicting curd firmness using the proposed model with SEP values < 7 Pa. The present work has proven that a low-cost multifiber probe is suitable for accurate, real-time prediction of curd firmness during cheese manufacture.

On the conflict of natural resources abundance and export upgrading in upper-middle and high-income countries

Globalization created immense competition among economies in international markets, which spurs the need for export upgrading and the effective use of natural resources to avoid the Dutch Disease phenomenon. This study investigates the direct and indirect effect of natural resources via infrastructure development on export upgrading. This research constructs a panel of 55 countries with upper-middle-income (UM) and high-income (HI) economies from 2010 to 2018. Export upgrading is measured from export sophistication score based on SITC 3-digit level exports and GDP per capita (PPP, constant US$ 2017). Moreover, the principal component analysis is applied to logistic (LGC), banking (BNK), digitalization (DGT), and telecommunication (TLC) sectoral infrastructure to measure the development level of infrastructure. To overcome the problem of cross-sectional dependence, this study applies within estimator with Driscoll-Kraay standard errors. This study explores the indirect influence of natural resource rent as a moderator between export sophistication and infrastructure development. On the other hand, natural resources positively impact export upgrading via infrastructure development. The thought behind this indirect effect is that a country effectively boosts its production structure and exports when it uses the money it earns from natural resources and the government earnings collected during the boom in the aggregate economic activity generated by natural resources to develop its banking, telecommunication, logistics, and information technology. Our results suggest that to avoid the phenomenon of Dutch Disease, such countries should invest earnings earned from natural resources in developing sectoral infrastructure.

Microbiome processing of organic nitrogen input supports growth and cyanotoxin production of Microcystis aeruginosa cultures.

Nutrient-induced blooms of the globally abundant freshwater toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis cause worldwide public and ecosystem health concerns. The response of Microcystis growth and toxin production to new and recycled nitrogen (N) inputs and the impact of heterotrophic bacteria in the Microcystis phycosphere on these processes are not well understood. Here, using microbiome transplant experiments, cyanotoxin analysis, and nanometer-scale stable isotope probing to measure N incorporation and exchange at single cell resolution, we monitored the growth, cyanotoxin production, and microbiome community structure of several Microcystis strains grown on amino acids or proteins as the sole N source. We demonstrate that the type of organic N available shaped the microbial community associated with Microcystis, and external organic N input led to decreased bacterial colonization of Microcystis colonies. Our data also suggest that certain Microcystis strains could directly uptake amino acids, but with lower rates than heterotrophic bacteria. Toxin analysis showed that biomass-specific microcystin production was not impacted by N source (i.e. nitrate, amino acids, or protein) but rather by total N availability. Single-cell isotope incorporation revealed that some bacterial communities competed with Microcystis for organic N, but other communities promoted increased N uptake by Microcystis, likely through ammonification or organic N modification. Our laboratory culture data suggest that organic N input could support Microcystis blooms and toxin production in nature, and Microcystis-associated microbial communities likely play critical roles in this process by influencing cyanobacterial succession through either decreasing (via competition) or increasing (via biotransformation) N availability, especially under inorganic N scarcity.

MODELING THE RELATIONSHIP OF STRUCTURAL SHIFTS IN INDUSTRY AND THE IMPACT OF EXPORTS OF HIGH-TECH PRODUCTS ON THE DOMESTIC MARKETS OF THE UNITED STATES AND CHINA

The relevance of identifying the relationship between structural shifts in industry and the impact of exports of high-tech products on the price and cost parameters of the domestic markets of the leading countries of the modern world economy is caused by the need for a comprehensive study of uncertainty and imbalance under the influence of structural-cyclical factors of market development. The development of relevant models that contribute to the identification and empirical justification of the desired relationship from the standpoint of partial equilibrium in the external and internal markets of the United States and China has both theoretical and applied significance in the context of the reindustrial turn based on convergent technologies. The purpose of modeling is to establish and substantiate the possible relationship between structural shifts in the industry and the impact of exports of high-tech products on the domestic markets of the United States and China. On the basis of previous experience, a complex econometric model has been developed, including computational-mathematical and regression-functional tools that allow analyzing dependent and factor variables within two successive cyclical waves of the current century. The interrelations of structural shifts in industry and the impact of exports of high-tech products on the domestic markets of the leading countries of the world industrial and technological rivalry – the USA and China – have been identified and substantiated. The modeling performed allows not only to identify comparative advantages at the country, national-economic level in terms of the impact of convergent technologies on the structure of production and exports in various cyclical variations, but also reflects the utility function for consumers of high-tech products in the domestic market of the United States and China. The dependences revealed as a result of modeling not only empirically, but also conceptually link the competition between manufacturers of high-tech products of each of the countries, alternately correlated as an exporting country and a global exporting country of the corresponding commodity groups. This creates a unique opportunity to show the multi-level relationship in the system "structural shifts - exports - domestic market" by comparing the dependent and factor variables of econometric and regression calculations. The results obtained correspond to the current practice in the world economy, revealing the desired relationships more consistently than when analyzing the competition of specific companies operating in the oligopolistic markets of the compared exporting countries.

ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ В СИСТЕМЕ ЗАЩИТНЫХ МЕРОПРИЯТИЙ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ АГРАРНОГО СЕКТОРА

This article discusses the issue of the system of protective measures at enterprises of the agricultural sector. Energy plays a key role in farming. The cultivation of crops is based on the conversion of solar energy into biomass. Energy flows are located between two worlds: although energy is a strategic component of the economy, it is also a thermodynamic state variable for describing ecosystems. This situation once again highlights the need to analyze energy flows in agricultural systems. There is a wide variety of approaches used to calculate farm-scale energy flows. This analysis highlights the lack of clear definition of system boundaries in farm-scale research. In addition, most of the research is mainly devoted to socio-economic flows in the sectoral context. However, internal biomass flows, which play a role in maintaining the functionality of the agroecosystem, can also be considered in accordance with a circular/systemic perspective. Thus, some recommendations are given for conducting an exhaustive energy assessment of farming systems, as well as for future research directions. An attempt has been made to conceptualize the implementation of energy expertise in the system of protective measures of the agro-industrial complex enterprise against pests (insects, rodents, birds). The separation of energy in the working part into calculated consumption and losses is proposed, with the transfer of this division to energy consumption and energy intensity of products. Thus, using this method gives a figure of the real value of energy efficiency. This eliminates the uncertainty of the traditional calculation of the energy intensity of products. It also allows for energy expertise of design and technological solutions and to obtain correct information about energy needs. Material products made from raw materials acquire, through the influence of energy, those properties that determine their need in the market. These properties and qualities are given to raw materials in a process called energy technology. There are basically two formulations of the technological process. According to the first, the technological process is a sequence and a set of operations, according to the second, more capacious and arising from the content of the term itself, technology is the science of ways to influence the material, allowing to optimize this effect. The first definition refers more to the organization and structure of production.