Structure Of Language Research Articles

French event framework language structure analysis

French event framework language structure analysis

Grammatical understanding predicts reading comprehension in secondary-level students: insights from a Finnish national survey

A lot of research into the relationship between explicit grammatical understanding and literacy development in L1 contexts has focused on writing. A lot less is known, however, about the interconnectedness of explicit grammatical understanding and reading. This study investigated the relationship between grammatical understanding and reading comprehension in Finnish 9th grade students. Using national assessment data (N = 6,044) and multilevel quantitative analyses, the study found that explicit grammatical understanding accounted for a significant portion of the variance in reading skills, even after controlling for various background factors such as school, family socioeconomic status, homework and book reading habits, attitudes towards studying L1, and writing ability. The findings suggest, without implying causality, that understanding language structure and making explicit metalinguistic observations are closely connected to reading comprehension. The study encourages further research on the benefits of explicit grammar teaching for reading comprehension using different study designs. Additionally, it highlights the need to investigate how grammar instruction can be linked to reading, as well as explore the effectiveness of such instruction in different educational and linguistic contexts.

An efficient method for disaster tweets classification using gradient-based optimized convolutional neural networks with BERT embeddings

Event of the disastrous scenarios are actively discussed on microblogging platforms like Twitter which can lead to chaotic situations. In the era of machine learning and deep learning, these chaotic situations can be effectively controlled by developing efficient methods and models that can assist in classifying real and fake tweets. In this research article, an efficient method named BERT Embedding based CNN model with RMSProp Optimizer is proposed to effectively classify the tweets related disastrous scenario. Tweet classification is carried out via some of the popular the machine learning algorithms such as logistic regression and decision tree classifiers. Noting the low accuracy of machine learning models, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based deep learning model is selected as the primary classification method. CNNs performance is improved via optimization of the parameters with gradient based optimizers. To further elevate accuracy and to capture contextual semantics from the text data, BERT embeddings are included in the proposed model. The performance of proposed method - BERT Embedding based CNN model with RMSProp Optimizer achieved an F1 score of 0.80 and an Accuracy of 0.83. The methodology presented in this research article is comprised of the following key contributions:•Identification of suitable text classification model that can effectively capture complex patterns when dealing with large vocabularies or nuanced language structures in disaster management scenarios.•The method explores the gradient based optimization techniques such as Adam Optimizer, Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) Optimizer, AdaGrad, and RMSprop Optimizer to identify the most appropriate optimizer that meets the characteristics of the dataset and the CNN model architecture.•“BERT Embedding based CNN model with RMSProp Optimizer” – a method to classify the disaster tweets and capture semantic representations by leveraging BERT embeddings with appropriate feature selection is presented and models are validated with appropriate comparative analysis.

Japanese] toilets are not garbage cans

Abstract Traditional linguistic landscape research focuses on the diversity, vitality, and structure of languages in public spaces. However, this study takes a critical lens and examines how certain multilingual signage reflects the normalised, harmful ideologies which target minorities in Japan. The study reveals examples of punitive multilingualism, highlighting the information disparities between languages in public signage found in Aichi, Hokkaido, and on the Internet. The paper discusses instances of discriminatory public signage, including online advertisements, based on the premise that foreigners are unruly, and official government signage that appears to target foreigners. The study also delves into problematic instructions posted in public restrooms, showing how the presentation of language(s) can reinforce stereotypes and implicit bias. Through a critical analysis of multilingual signage, this study reveals the challenges and consequences of punitive multilingualism in the context of Japanese sociolinguistics.

How Deep Neural Networks Learn Compositional Data: The Random Hierarchy Model

Deep learning algorithms demonstrate a surprising ability to learn high-dimensional tasks from limited examples. This is commonly attributed to the depth of neural networks, enabling them to build a hierarchy of abstract, low-dimensional data representations. However, how many training examples are required to learn such representations remains unknown. To quantitatively study this question, we introduce the random hierarchy model: a family of synthetic tasks inspired by the hierarchical structure of language and images. The model is a classification task where each class corresponds to a group of high-level features, chosen among several equivalent groups associated with the same class. In turn, each feature corresponds to a group of subfeatures chosen among several equivalent groups and so on, following a hierarchy of composition rules. We find that deep networks learn the task by developing internal representations invariant to exchanging equivalent groups. Moreover, the number of data required corresponds to the point where correlations between low-level features and classes become detectable. Overall, our results indicate how deep networks overcome the curse of dimensionality by building invariant representations and provide an estimate of the number of data required to learn a hierarchical task. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

СТРУКТУРНО-НОМИНАТИВНАЯ ТИПОЛОГИЯ ЕДИНИЦ ТОРГОВО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИИ: ТЕРМИНЫ-ЮКСТАПОЗИТЫ

This study explores the structural-nominative typology of trade and economic units, specifically juxtaposed terms, by evaluating various methods of defining them and their structural and semantic features. This increase in juxtaposition is due to the need to save linguistic resources and maintain intralingual relationships. This study investigates models based on the relationship between the original word and the structure of the juxtaposed term, including two-, three-, and multi-component juxtapositions. The presence of many synthetic units in the term system indicates its improvement and adherence to the requirements for term compactness. Most components of juxtaposed terms are borrowed from European languages but follow the structuring and inflection rules of the Russian language.

Valorativity of time-remote source text as a problem of cognitive-discursive Translation studies (case study of Ukrainian retranslations of Shakespeare’s Tragedies)

The article addresses an issue of reproduction of evaluation category in the translated text drawing on cognitive-discursive translation studies. The objective of the study is to reveal the potential of valorativity of the units of the original and justify the ways of translational reproduction of this potential in units of translation in terms of the cognitive-discursive paradigm. This is a case study of the tragedy “Macbeth” by W. Shakespeare (1605) as a time-remote original work and its Ukrainian retranslations, the authors of which are Panteleimon Kulish (1900), Todos Osmachka (1930), Yurii Koretskyi (1940), Borys Ten (1986), Oleksandr Hryaznov (2008). The article substantiates the definition of new terminology, namely “cognitive-discursive translation studies”, “valorativity”, “valorative cognitive variant”. The article focuses on the nature of cognitive-discursive paradigm, which is rooted in the interaction of language structures and cognitive processes. The paradigm proves to be the most relevant for considering the valorativity of the text, as it studies it in the context of human cognitive activity and takes into account the impact of linguistic elements on the perception and interpretation of the text. The article reveals that the effectiveness of the selection of means for the reproduction of valorativity of a time-remote original work is determined by the general cultural code of the authors of retranslations and the nature of the translators’ idiostyle and individual authorial worldview. The study affirms that both lexical- semantic and lexical-grammatical transformations were effective in translating evaluative units of the original text using valorative cognitive variants. At the same time, the valorative potential of the original unit when using valorative cognitive variants is either strengthened, or weakened, or transformed as the opposite one.

Discourse on the Extended Meaning of Shahada: A Cognitive-Pragmatic Approach

The existence of God is an extraordinary occurrence that presents a challenge for the limited human intellect to comprehend. Hence, arriving at that conviction necessitates unwavering trust and belief. In Islam, the affirmation of this conviction must be expressed in two lines known as the shahada. In addition to this paranormal event, the language structure pertaining to the two words found in the shahada includes the term أشهد (ashhadu), which translates as ‘I testify’. This statement assumes that the person testifying had prior knowledge of God’s existence, despite the fact that it is supernatural and challenging to ascertain. Why is the word أشهد (ashhadu) included in both sentences of the shahada? This essay seeks to examine the semantic significance of the linguistic expression realised in the proclamation of the two sentences of the shahada, specifically focusing on the word أشهد (ashhadu). This analysis will be conducted within a cognitive-pragmatic or sociocognitive framework. Typically, the cognitive pragmatics method considers not just the semantic meaning of a statement but also the pragmatic meaning of an utterance. During a speech or communication event, both of these meanings are consistently present as an individual intellectually constructs a representation of the context and scenario. The context encompasses not just tangible objects but also intangible aspects, for instance psychological and cognitive factors, including beliefs and knowledge. The findings obtained by this study indicate that the sentence أشهد (ashhadu), in addition to its semantic meaning of ‘I testify’, also possesses a pragmatic-psychological significance in the form of a linguistic texture (zauqullughoh) that may be experienced by the speaker. This may possibly offer psychological encouragement to individuals when they begin to self-explore or engage with their originator.

Ego State Trip or Ego State Trap: Unlocking Change Through Language

The article introduces a proposal for a linguistic model that combines the concepts of linguistic determinism from Sapir-Whorf, linguistic constructivism from Delia, and transactional analysis. Assuming that thinking and feeling are dependent on language structure, we can create a matrix representing our understanding of reality, distributed between ego states on an axis of time to which particular transactions refer. This matrix can be utilised to further work with clients, providing a direction for enquiry. Exploring transactions in this way promotes a movement to the meta-communication level, which, in turn, aids clients to develop their Integrating Adult. The article presented a brief analysis of work with clients in terms of the ego state timeline model (ESTM) with reflections on the significance of language in shaping one’s frame of reference, illustrated with practical examples of application.

Noam Chomsky's Contribution to Linguistics

This research paper explores Noam Chomsky's groundbreaking contributions to linguistics, focusing on his theories and their impact on our understanding of language acquisition and structure. Chomsky introduced the concept of transformational-generative grammar, revolutionising the study of syntax by proposing that all human languages share a common underlying structure, which he termed universal grammar. His work emphasized the innate nature of language acquisition, challenging behaviourist views and suggesting that humans are born predisposed to learn the language. The paper also examines the critical period hypothesis and how Chomsky's theories have influenced contemporary linguistic research and cognitive science. By delving into Chomsky's extensive work, this study highlights his role as a pioneering figure in modern linguistics and his enduring legacy in the field

Analyzing the Background and Problem Statement of Ph.D. Theses Written by Arabs in Selected Malaysian Universities

The background and problem statement to the study is the first part of the research and so, gives the reader a first impression. The background should explain the meaning of the concepts/variables; pay particular attention to the dependent variable; state its importance; and then link or relate it to the independent variables with appropriate references; but proceeding from general to specifics, It is what gives the reader the impression that the researcher has a good understanding of the research topic; and of course, the subject matter. This study aims to perform a genre analysis on the apparent structural linguistics and grammatical patterns of 30 PhD theses’ introductions and problem statements written by Arabic scholars in English, focusing primarily on the language structure and macro-level move analysis of the selected theses. This study used an updated CARS framework (Swales, 1990) for the move analysis which comprises three primary moves as the theoretical frame. There are three stages to this study. Stage 1 entails the data collection which is important to gain entry to the particular settings in the articles. The 30 PhD theses were accessed from various university library databases; their copies were later compiled in computer-readable form. Stage 2 entails the corpus compilation stage where the theses were edited and saved as a raw corpus to manually tag the moves and search the structural linguistics prior to conducting the search process. The final stage entails the genre analysis which consists of the move analysis and structural analysis. The main findings revealed that the problem statements and introductions of the descriptive theses are made up of two mandatory moves (Move 1: Situating the Research and Move 2: Presenting the Research) and three elective moves. Meanwhile, the informative theses comprise three mandatory moves (Move 1: Situating the Research, Move 2: Presenting the Research, and Move 3: Describing the Problem) along with two elective moves. The findings revealed differences between the descriptive and informative theses, whereby more phrasal lexical bundles exist compared to clausal ones. This study hence suggests the development of a viable pedagogical template to be integrated into the syllabus, which would serve as a coping strategy for students in responding to the rigorous demands of academic writing.

Особливості вербалізації концепту БРЕХНЯ (БРЕХАТИ) в українській лінгвокультурі

The paper discusses the prominent verbalization features of the LIES (LYING) concept at the level of the Ukrainian communicators’ paremic worldview, covering the linguistic and cultural aspects. The current piece of research is based upon the selected paremic units and displays the LIES (LYING) concept structure in the Ukrainian language, focusing on the analysis of relevant dictionary definitions as well as semantic and pragmatic load, and communicative tonality with specific social factors to be considered. The author finds that paremies conveying the LIES phenomenon are capable of modeling the justification, rebuke, encouragement, warning, reassurance, mistrust, support, irritation, and threat speech genres. The paper concludes that the LIES (LYING) concept verbalization is possible by means of imperative and exclamatory constructions with ironic, mocking, humorous, and pragmatic tonality to be expressed. Additionally, the author examines the relevant linguistic and philosophical postulates of the LIES phenomenon interpretation, typical of Ukrainian language communicators.

Інноваційні процеси творення аксіологійних значень в українській лінгвокультурі: проєкція на антропоніми та їхні похід

Some changes connected with sociolinguistic factors, in particular, the Russian-Ukrainian war, that are taking place in the Ukrainian vocabulary are characterized. The trends of rethinking anthroponyms and their derivatives, which, thanks to the linguistic creativity of Ukrainians, are widespread in modern Ukrainian media discourse and recorded in dictionaries of new words and meanings, as carriers of evaluatively marked meanings and senses, are highlighted. The lexical structure of the Ukrainian language is being updated on the basis of the innovative word formation processes system.

An Archaic Compound Suffix in Old Uyghur: +DXrtI

As many world languages, Turkic also has simple suffixes in terms of structure, as well as complex suffixes with controversial origins. Although some of these suffixes have been systematized and bound to certain rules, the emergence of some suffixes still remains a mystery. Old Uyghur, which is one of the historical periods of the Turkic language, has such an undeciphered suffix. The compound suffix of +DXrtI has been evaluated by some researchers to date; however, no definite conclusion has been reached regarding its origin and function. For this purpose, various structures in Altaic languages will be examined and a connection will be made between this suffix and the ‘extraordinary’ examples seen in Old Uyghur.

Continuous Theta-Burst Stimulation on the Left Posterior Inferior Frontal Gyrus Perturbs Complex Syntactic Processing Stability in Mandarin Chinese

Abstract The structure of human language is inherently hierarchical. The left posterior inferior frontal gyrus (LpIFG) is proposed to be a core region for constructing syntactic hierarchies. However, it remains unclear whether LpIFG plays a causal role in syntactic processing in Mandarin Chinese and whether its contribution depends on syntactic complexity, working memory, or both. We addressed these questions by applying inhibitory continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) over LpIFG. Thirty-two participants processed sentences containing embedded relative clauses (i.e., complex syntactic processing), syntactically simpler coordinated sentences (i.e., simple syntactic processing), and non-hierarchical word lists (i.e., word list processing) after receiving real or sham cTBS. We found that cTBS significantly increased the coefficient of variation, a representative index of processing stability, in complex syntactic processing (esp., when subject relative clause was embedded) but not in the other two conditions. No significant changes in d′ and reaction time were detected in these conditions. The findings suggest that (a) inhibitory effect of cTBS on the LpIFG might be prominent in perturbing the complex syntactic processing stability but subtle in altering the processing quality; and (b) the causal role of the LpIFG seems to be specific for syntactic processing rather than working memory capacity, further evidencing their separability in LpIFG. Collectively, these results support the notion of the LpIFG as a core region for complex syntactic processing across languages.

A low-activity cortical network selectively encodes syntax.

Syntax, the abstract structure of language, is a hallmark of human cognition. Despite its importance, its neural underpinnings remain obscured by inherent limitations of non-invasive brain measures and a near total focus on comprehension paradigms. Here, we address these limitations with high-resolution neurosurgical recordings (electrocorticography) and a controlled sentence production experiment. We uncover three syntactic networks that are broadly distributed across traditional language regions, but with focal concentrations in middle and inferior frontal gyri. In contrast to previous findings from comprehension studies, these networks process syntax mostly to the exclusion of words and meaning, supporting a cognitive architecture with a distinct syntactic system. Most strikingly, our data reveal an unexpected property of syntax: it is encoded independent of neural activity levels. We propose that this "low-activity coding" scheme represents a novel mechanism for encoding information, reserved for higher-order cognition more broadly.

Syair in the Life of Contemporary Malays in Singapore

Syair, a form of traditional Malay poetry believed to have been adapted from the Persian or Arab civilization, has been a popular performative art in the Malay world, including Singapore. It has evolved since its first introduction to the Malay Archipelago with the coming of Islam, and what constitutes as syair today is a culmination of its language structure, aesthetics, and depth of author’s insights as a form of the Malay community’s creative art. Once prevalent amongst the Malays until the 1970s, syair has significantly declined in popularity with the emergence of modern poetry and printed prose, and modern-day forms of entertainment, among other things, though it is still familiar to the urban and contemporary Malays in Singapore. Based on the data collected from a research project (2018 to 2020) in Singapore, this paper demonstrates that syair in the form of rare hikayat (tales) texts and manuscripts are still kept as personal collection and family heirloom. Albeit dwindling in number, the art of syair recital is slowly eroding if not for individuals who perceive the preservation of syairtexts and the art of syair recital as their honourable responsibility, akin to preserving the Malays’ social memory and collective wisdom.

Concurrent Immediate Reference Counting

Memory management for optimistic concurrency in unmanaged programming languages is challenging. Safe memory reclamation (SMR) algorithms help address this, but they are difficult to use correctly. Automatic reference counting provides a simpler interface, but it has been less efficient than SMR algorithms. Recently, there has been a push to apply the optimizations used in garbage collectors for managed languages to elide reference count updates from local references. Notably, Fast Reference Counter, OrcGC, and Concurrent Deferred Reference Counting use SMR algorithms to protect local references by deferring decrements or reclamation. While they show a significant performance improvement, their use of deferral may result in growing memory usage due to slow reclamation of linked structures, and suboptimal performance in update-heavy workloads. We present Concurrent Immediate Reference Counting (CIRC), a new combination of SMR algorithms with reference counting. CIRC employs deferral like other modern methods, but it avoids their problems with novel algorithms for (1) immediately reclaiming linked structures recursively by tracking the reachability of each object, and (2) applying decrements immediately and deferring only the reclamation. Our experiments show that CIRC’s memory usage does not grow over time and is only slightly higher than the underlying SMR. Moreover, CIRC further narrows the performance gap between the underlying SMR, positioning it as a promising solution to safe automatic memory management for highly concurrent data structures in unmanaged languages.

Al-Nakirah wa al-Ma'rifah fi Surati al-Naba'/النكرة والمعرفة في سورة النبأ

Surah An-Naba' in the Holy Qur'an is one of the chapters rich in message and meaning. This surah employs both nakirah (indefinite) and ma'rifah (definite) nouns, which play a crucial role in conveying the message and enriching the structure of the Arabic language. To date, studies specifically addressing the types of nakirah and ma'rifah nouns and their grammatical analysis in Surah An-Naba' are limited. Therefore, this research aims to provide an understanding of the "Types of Nakirah and Ma'rifah Nouns and Their Grammatical Analysis in Surah An-Naba'." The objectives of this study are: (1) To identify the types of nakirah nouns and analyze their grammatical roles in Surah An-Naba'. (2) To identify the types of ma'rifah nouns and analyze their grammatical roles in Surah An-Naba'. The research methodology employed by the author in this study is qualitative descriptive research. The method used for data collection is the library research method. The sources of the materials investigated in this study are divided into two types: primary sources and secondary sources. The findings of the research include several key points obtained through the author's procedures, such as: (1) The number of nakirah nouns in Surah An-Naba' is found in thirty-four (34) verses. (2) The number of ma'rifah nouns in Surah An-Naba' is found in thirty-two (32) verses. It can be concluded that the study of nakirah and ma'rifah nouns is essential for understanding the Qur'an. The purpose of this learning is to prevent errors in the interpretation of the Qur'an, the Hadith of the Prophet, and other texts.

Bibliography as a language communication tool

In scientific inquiry and the dissemination of knowledge, bibliographies emerge as cornerstone elements within the expansive communication system, serving multifaceted roles indispensable to scholarly dialogue and the popularization of scientific findings. This study delves into the intrinsic significance and application of bibliographies, highlighting their roles in the communication process and retrieval of diverse entities, including books, articles, and electronic resources. The construction of bibliography entries utilizes a specialized bibliographic language characterized by its quasi-natural, uncontrolled vocabulary designed to facilitate communication. The strength of this bibliographic language is notably anchored in its grammar, imparting to it a universal communicative capacity that allows for the comprehension of meanings solely through the bibliographic scheme. This research examines bibliographies embedded within scientific texts to confirm references to existing sources, aiming to assert the universality of bibliographies as a language tool in scientific communication. Through an analysis of the functions and structure of bibliographic language, it is demonstrated that such bibliographies not only enhance the flow of information but also play a crucial role in conveying reliable and verifiable data, thereby fostering the advancement of scientific discovery.