Structure Of Language Research Articles

English Lexical Borrowing in Filipino: Morphophonological Adaptation of English Lexemes and Loanwords

English has profoundly influenced the Philippine language through the assimilation of source language words into the recipient language. This linguistic exchange, influenced by historical and cultural contacts, has resulted in a notable transformation of linguistic aspects in the Philippines. Over time, English has seamlessly been incorporated into the Filipino language, highlighting a notable process of linguistic exchange. This study specifically delved into the morphological and phonological adaptations of English loanwords in Filipino, examining nuances and shifts in linguistic structure and meaning during the borrowing process through purposive sampling. Qualitative research methods and content analysis were employed, focusing on loanwords extracted from Bob Ong’s novels as a linguistic corpus, delving into the process of incorporating English loanwords into the Filipino language, exploring how this integration instigates a transformation to align with the grammatical and linguistic structure of the target language, and revealing notable morphophonological adaptations and semantic shifts that occur during the borrowing process. Inflections of English lexemes, complemented with Filipino morphemes, were observed, along with modifications to phonological rules, phonotactic constraints, morphemes, and shifts in semantic meaning. The analysis revealed an overall change in the morphophonological structure of phrases and sentences within the corpus. This research underscores the impact of cultural and contextual factors on the adaptation of English loanwords into Filipino, emphasizing specific patterns or structures in the vocabulary borrowing process tailored to the target language. This study contributes valuable insights for linguistic researchers, educators, and language enthusiasts interested in tracing language development and evolution through borrowing and adaptation.

Език, култура и дейност: Съпоставително изследване на български и шведски разговорен език

Spoken language is fundamental for human cognition and for the development of the human brain and human society yet it is not as rigorously studied as language struc-ture. One of the reasons is the difficulty of combining qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis in longitudinal studies based on authentic multimodal interaction data. The purpose of this paper is to examine cross-activity linguistic differences and similarities of spoken Bulgarian and Swedish and to propose methods for analysis of the relation between activity, culture and language in spoken language interaction. The results of this empirical study show that activity type has strongest impact on face-to-face spoken language interaction. The article presents hybrid qualitative-quantitative methods and sixteen measures for cross-linguistic cross-activity spoken language analysis.

Populatie en de verspreiding van taalverandering

The morphosyntactic structure of languages largely depends on the demographic structure of the speech community. Larger languages in high-contact communities tend to be morphologically less complex. Complex morphology is harder to acquire for adults, so morphology tends to become simpler with the increasing proportion of L2 speakers. Differences in morphosyntactic complexity are the result of diachronic processes, so the propagation of these processes should occur more rapidly in cities with a larger population, since the growth of cities is often due to immigration, yielding an influx of L2 learners. This hypothesis is tested on two alternations in the recent history of Dutch: the deflection of veel and the hortative alternation. For both changes I build a logistic regression model with the change as the dependent variable and time as the independent variable in interaction with the population size. The results for the hortative alternation indicate that language change is indeed faster in larger cities compared to smaller towns. However, the deflection of veel does not confirm this.

Promotion Strategy of @hobimakan_garut Instagram Account to Increase Sales

This research is motivated by the large amount of competition in the culinary business, this competition makes business people compete to carry out promotions in various ways, one of which is using the social media Instagram. There are still many culinary business actors who have not used or utilized social media properly and correctly. The aim of this research is to explain the promotional strategy carried out by @hobimakan_garut in promoting culinary delights using the Marketing Mix 4C Context, Communication, Collaboration and Connection approach. The research method used in this research is a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques use in-depth interviews, literature study, documentation and observation. The subjects in this research were business actors who had promoted the Instagram account @hobimakan_garut, totaling 2 business actors and 3 managers @hobimakan_garut. The research results show that aspects of the Context approach always pay attention to managing language structure, conveying information, characteristics and clarity in every content posted through a photo or video. In Communication @hobimakan_garut utilizes various features to communicate with followers, such as feeds, reels, comments columns, direct messages, insta stories, Instagram live and question boxes. Collaboration applies the tagline "guys guys guys". @hobimakan_garut connection by regularly uploading content every day. The conclusion is that business actors who have carried out promotions on the Instagram account @hobimakan_garut have experienced an increase in sales.

Cultural Imagery of Tolaki Mekongga Community of Kolaka in Mowindahako Ritual

This paper aims to discover and describe cultural imagery in mowindahako ritual utterances (custom settlement) in the Tolaki Mekongga community of Southeast Sulawesi. The approach used in this study was a qualitative approach, where the data and data sources were in the form of oral data spoken by traditional interpreters/traditional figures in traditional processions. The techniques used were observation, recording, notes, interviews and documentation techniques. Meanwhile, the theory used was the Cultural Linguistics theory. This theory examines the comparative relationship between language structure and societal culture. The results of this study indicated that in mowindahako ritual, various cultural imageries were found, namely: (1) imageries of beauty, (2) imageries of unity and togetherness, (3) imageries of respect/politeness, (4) imageries of deliberation, and (5) imageries of loyalty and obedience.

Cognitive Flexibility Moderates the Predictive Effect of Phonological Awareness on Focus Structures in Chinese Preschool Children.

Focus structures, a complex aspect of information structure in language, have garnered significant attention in psycholinguistics. The question of whether Chinese preschoolers aged 4-6 years possess the ability to process focus structures in oral communication, and how cognitive factors influence this ability, remains a research focal point. To address this, we recruited 100 Chinese preschoolers aged 4-6 years as participants in our study. This study manipulated the positions of focus particles in sentences to investigate the impact of phonological awareness on young children's comprehension of focus structures. Additionally, we examined the mediating roles of cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control. Our findings indicate the following: (1) phonological awareness positively predicted the accuracy of focus structural processing; (2) inhibitory control did not significantly predict the accuracy of focus structural processing; and (3) cognitive flexibility partially mediated the relationship between phonological awareness and focus structural comprehension. These results confirmed the predictive effect of cognitive flexibility on children's comprehension of focus structures. Moreover, they demonstrate that young children's phonological awareness can predict their focus structure comprehension ability through the mediating role of cognitive flexibility. This suggests that children's cognitive flexibility can aid in understanding sentences with focus structures.

Medication Recommendation System Based on Natural Language Processing for Patient Emotion Analysis

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is an interdisciplinary field of computer science, artificial intelligence, and linguistics that focuses on the ability of computers to understand, process, generate, and simulate human language in order to achieve the ability to have natural conversations with humans. The underlying principles of natural language processing are at multiple levels, including linguistics, computer science, and statistics. It involves the study of language structure, semantics, grammar and pragmatics, as well as the statistical analysis and modeling of large-scale corpora. In the process of concrete implementation, it is necessary to process natural language at multiple levels. Based on this, this paper combined deep learning and natural language processing technology to conduct sentiment analysis on patients' comments, so as to recommend drugs that are more suitable for patients, thus achieving accurate drug prescribing and personalized recommendation.

Comprehension for Emergent Readers: Revisiting the Reading Rope

AbstractThis article discusses language comprehension and developing skills with emergent readers, in particular verbal reasoning and language structures, that are necessary for later reading comprehension.

Strategi Guru dalam Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berbicara Bahasa Arab di Wilayah Al Mawaddah Pondok Pesantren Nurul Jadid

The purpose of this article is to find out the strategies used by teachers to improve Arabic speaking skills in the Arabic Language Development Program of Al Mawaddah area of Nurul Jadid Islamic Boarding School. This research is a qualitative descriptive research. Two data collection methods were used: observation and interview. The data sources studied were teachers, students, and various literatures relevant to the research object. A descriptive-analytic model was used for the data analysis. The results showed that Arabic teachers in the Al Mawaddah area of Nurul Jadid Islamic Boarding School used interactive and communicative strategies. The communicative strategy is carried out by requiring students to participate proactively in learning speaking and speaking skills. The communicative strategy requires students to understand and use communication directly from the language structure. With these two strategies, students become more communicative and better at speaking Arabic.

Interferensi Penerjemahan Indonesia-Arab

Translation means the transfer of one language to another. In the translation process, of course, you will be faced with linguistic problems and non-linguistic problems. Linguistic problems that often occur such as mastery of vocabulary and mastery of the structure of the source language are low so that in the process of translating words and sentences they experience many obstacles. Meanwhile, non-linguistic factors related to social and cultural aspects such as equivalence in translation. This study aims to reveal meaning deviations in the selection of diction or inappropriate words and sentences that occur due to language interference that occurs in the translator, where the translation results seem stiff and difficult to understand. In addition to choosing the right diction, the translator's sense of language (dzauq) should not be ignored. Because the sense of language arises from the social and cultural side that is automatically attached to a language. This research is a type of library research, which describes a research conducted solely based on facts or phenomena contained in the data. The data is taken from the thesis proposal of BSA FUAD IAIn Metro students. In this study using three stages in the data processing process, namely data collection techniques using listening and note-taking techniques, data analysis techniques using a language approach, and the last technique is the presentation of the results of data analysis carried out by parsing each data. Through these several stages, it can be found that these problems occur due to bilingualism and lack of mastery of the sense of language (dzauqul lughoh).

MEDIATEXTOLOGY: A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF THE MODERN MEDIA LANGUAGE FORMAT AND GENRE DIVERSITY

The purpose of this article is to present the basics of a systematic integrated approach to the study of the format and genre diversity of modern media speech, designed within the framework of a separate direction of media linguistic research - media textology. The relevance of the development of media textology as an independent direction is due to the rapid diversification of the format and genre structure of the modern media language under the influence of constant improvement of information and communication technologies and the emergence of new multimedia opportunities for the creation and distribution of media content. The theoretical and methodological apparatus of media textology is built on the basis of previous experience in typological description of speech media practices, taking into account the dynamics of media speech, the spread of new forms of media content representation and the peculiarities of its structuring, including the tendency to hybridization and convergence. The key principle of mediatextology is the selection of media texts proper from the set of texts functioning on the Internet, i.e. those that are created by professional journalists for online media and form the basic media content. Unlike other types of network texts created and distributed by individual users on various network platforms for personal purposes, network media texts are produced and distributed on media platforms that have the status of an official mass media.

Social Media as a Learning Platform for EFL Learning: A Case of Undergraduate Students

Social media is one of the most popular learning platforms among youths, especially for the university level EFL students. The paper aims to explore how undergraduate level EFL students in a university utilize social media to improve their English writing skills. Using a meta-analysis approach, seventeen peer-researched articles published in the last five years were downloaded from google scholar and closely reviewed. Based on the review, the study concluded that social media was used as one of the informal learning platforms for writing in English. Students were reported to have been engaged in independent writing in social media while communicating with their peers, and relatives, thereby developing confidence in writing in English, though the use of more informal language structures were preferred. The findings of the study imply that higher engagement of EFL students in social media communication positively impacts their writing skills, so institutions are to increase the use of ICT in their pedagogical practices for students’ meaningful learning.

LANGUAGE IDEOLOGY: SOCIOLINGUISTIC MEANING OF THE CONCEPT

The article discusses the sociolinguistic concept of language ideology against the background of the international and Ukrainian research of the subject. Language ideology is usually treated a set of widely held beliefs about the language articulated by users as a rationalization or justification of perceived language structure and language practice. Language ideologies are not always clearly articulated and often include all kinds of assumptions about the nature of language and its use. Language ideology is shaped in the public discourse that involves a wide range of participants and it plays a significant role in the processes of language standardisation and in the formulation of language policy. Also discussed is the standard language ideology which refers to the belief that the variety that has its roots in the speech of the most powerful group in society is superior to other ways of speaking the language. Language ideology may be quite influential at the grassroots level and in the absence of formal law it can work as «policy with the manager left out». The article also addresses the issue of the structure of language ideology as a complex multidimensional construction consisting of a set of ideologemes. It is assumed that the influence of individual ideologemes may increase or go down, depending on a variety of socio-political, economical, demographic and other variables. Presumably language ideology has a core part and a periphery where new ideologemes are generated some of which gain influence and some decline. Top-down language ideology is determined by the government policy while bottom-up ideology is generated by the civil society institutions, scientific and academic community, language activists, the media etc. Ukrainian and international experience demonstrate that top-down and bottom-up language ideologies may alternate or combine simultaneously or at different times.

On the temporality and modality of the internal predicates of lexical meanings (on the material of personal names)

The article examines the lexical semantics of personal names and the modality of "internal predicates of meaning" hidden in this semantics on the material of the modern Russian language. The study is relevant due to the insufficient knowledge of the modality of internal predicates of personal names. The article aims to identify and analyse the temporal and modal semantics of internal predicates of lexical meanings. The theoretical significance of the research is determined by the observational results the authors arrive at while studying the semantics and modality of the lexical meanings of personal names and their internal predicates in modern Russian. The article concludes: 1) direct and metonymical meanings of personal names in dictionary entries have "internal predicates" of real modality in their semantic structure although they are characterised by emotional-expressive modality to varying degrees; 2) implicit predicates of irrealis modality are inherent in metaphorical meanings; 3) functional names and relatives contain predicates of real modality in their semantics; 4) some personal names include predicates with perfective semantics; 5) a group of names designates a person by a visually observable actual action; 6) different meanings can include a predicate in different modal-temporal aspects in the semantic structure of a polysemantic word; 7) the semantic structure of one meaning may combine the perfective meaning of the predicate and the meaning of the usual present. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that it attempts to resolve the issues of correctness, ambiguity, or even nonstandardness of certain types of syntactic constructions. Such language structures include the analysed personal names with one or another modal-temporal characteristic of the internal predicate.

Metaphorical model of semantization of ideas of law

Law as a special kind of ideal being, generates its own system of ideas and meanings, the verbal representation of which involves not only directly nominative linguistic units, but also semantic tropes, namely, metaphor. Metaphor is a little-studied linguistic phenomenon in legal science, whose functioning in the language of law is denied by many researchers. However, metaphor is an integral component of the nature of law, realized in its various sources. Stemmed from the deep structures of language, metaphor allows appealing to a priori ideas of law of metaphysical level, not subject to rational argumentation, which becomes an integral part of the legal system, making the legal text understandable and accessible to the recipient. The relevance of the chosen topic is conditioned by the necessity to study the metaphorical meanings of legal language at the stage of creating law and interpreting legal realities. For this end the author uses the methods of semantic analysis, and, in general, raises interest in metaphor and metaphorical model in modern science, as well as functioning of metaphor in the legal space. The novelty of the idea underlying the paper lies in applying metaphorical models for legal texts interpretation. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to prove that metaphorical mechanisms are not alien to the language of law; metaphorical model is one of the most productive in the process of semantization of ideas of law. In the light of the above, application of linguistic tools, primarily, the methods of semantic analysis, to the study of legal language and the language of law, in particular, is relevant. Modern methodological tools of linguistics are able to supplement the traditional methods of legal argumentation and interpretation, actualizing their form and content. The main methods of the research are the linguistic-legal method, logical-linguistic method, methods of historical, contextual and motivational analysis. Frequency and universality of the mechanism of metaphorical modelling for the language of law, actualize new functions of metaphor.

Indonesian Language Education as an Agent of Social Change: Sociological and Religious Approaches

This study aims to explore the role of Indonesian language education as an agent of social change by adopting sociological and religious approaches. The research is conducted in Lombok Barat and Lombok Utara, Indonesia. The study employs a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data collection techniques involve in-depth interviews with educators, curriculum document analysis, and observation of the learning process. The collected data is analyzed using qualitative analysis techniques, including thematic and interpretative analysis. The results indicate that Indonesian language education holds significant potential as an agent of social change through the integration of sociological and religious approaches in the learning process. The sociological approach allows for a deeper understanding of the relationship between language, identity, and social structure, while the religious approach provides a strong moral and ethical foundation in shaping individual and societal character. The implications of this research underscore the need for further integration of sociological and religious approaches in the development of the Indonesian language curriculum to strengthen the role of education in facilitating positive and sustainable social change.

Exploring The Utilization of Folktales as Reading Materials for EFL Students

This literature review examines the utilization of folktales as reading materials for English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students. Folktales have long been recognized as valuable cultural resources that can enhance language learning and promote cultural understanding. The purpose of this review is to explore the existing research on the use of folktales in EFL classrooms and identify their potential benefits and challenges. The review follows a systematic approach, gathering relevant studies from various sources such as academic databases, books, and journals. The selected studies cover a wide range of contexts, including different grade levels, language proficiency levels, and cultural backgrounds. The findings indicate that incorporating folktales into EFL instruction offers several advantages. Firstly, folktales provide authentic and engaging reading materials that can capture students' interest and motivation. They also expose learners to diverse language structures, vocabulary, and cultural aspects, promoting both linguistic and cultural competence. Moreover, folktales encourage critical thinking, imagination, and creativity through the exploration of themes, morals, and characters. Strategies such as pre-reading activities, vocabulary support, and post-reading discussions are suggested to overcome these challenges and maximize the benefits of using folktales. As a result, the literature review underscores the potential of folktales as effective reading materials for EFL students. It calls for further research and practical applications that consider context-specific factors to optimize the integration of folktales in EFL classrooms and facilitate language learning and cultural appreciation.Keywords: Folktales, reading materials, EFL classrooms

A Contrastive Analysis of Demonstratives in English and Ikwerre Languages

Demonstratives, an essential linguistic element embodying deixis and indicating precise spatial and contextual relationships, serve as fundamental building blocks in communicative processes. This paper, therefore, examines the complex syntactic and morphological dynamics of demonstratives in English and Ikwerre languages and the differences and similarities in the use of demonstratives in both languages which may pose problems to the Ikwerre learner of English as a second language. This study uses the contrastive analysis theory and the descriptive grammar theory to guide its analysis of data. This eclectic approach provides a meticulous and exhaustive analysis, examining the distinctive features, elusive variations, and multifaceted usage of demonstratives within the framework of English and Ikwerre grammar. This paper meticulously explores both proximal and distal forms of demonstratives, dissecting their roles as determiners, adjectives, and possessive markers in the linguistic structures of both languages. The findings of this study reveal that similar to English, Ikwerre demonstratives function as determiners, adjectives, and indicators of possession. Notably, the post-head position of Ikwerre determiners, distinct from English, reflects the language's head-first structure, shaping its grammatical features. In the adjectival function, both Ikwerre and English utilize demonstratives in predicative contexts, imparting specific attributes or conditions to nouns. Structural disparities, such as the head-first language structure and the inclusion of a pronominal element in Ikwerre demonstratives, further distinguish their syntactic characteristics. Morphologically, Ikwerre introduces a unique structure for plural nouns, utilizing both pre-head and post-head demonstratives to enhance specificity. This stands in contrast to English's use of a single demonstrative for plural reference. The findings thus, offer invaluable contributions to the overarching realm of cross-

The Influence of Negative Transfer of Mother Tongue on Oral English in Senior High Schools and Its Countermeasures

This study discusses the phenomenon of negative transfer of mother tongue, which is common in oral English learning in senior high schools. The research topic is divided into two parts: the influence of negative transfer of the mother tongue and its countermeasures, covering vocabulary misuse, phonetic influence and corresponding teaching strategies. Through literature analysis and theoretical comparison, the phenomenon of rigid mother tongue order and mechanical Chinglish is deeply discussed, and some countermeasures are put forward to solve the problem of negative transfer of mother tongue, such as contextualization practice, in-depth understanding of language characteristics and structure, application of cooperation and correction strategies, peer discussion and cooperative activities. The results show that these strategies can effectively reduce the negative impact of the mother tongue on oral English learning. The research conclusion emphasizes that in order to overcome the challenge of negative transfer of mother tongue, diversified and practical teaching methods should be adopted, emphasizing practical communication and cultural integration, aiming at cultivating students' all-round English application ability and cross-cultural communication ability.

A STUDY ON ETHNIC CONFLICT IN NORTH EAST INDIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE STATE OF TRIPURA

The North East region of India is known for its rich cultural diversity, with numerous ethnic groups, languages, identities and traditions coexisting in harmony. However, this region has also experienced its share of ethnic conflicts and communal violence over the years. The complexities of ethnicity and the history of inter-community tensions have contributed to occasional outbreaks of violence, leading to significant challenges in maintaining peace and stability. This article delves into the underlying factors that contribute to ethnicity-based communal violence in North East India and explores potential solutions to foster harmony and unity among the diverse communities. North East India comprises eight states with distinct ethnic identities and historical backgrounds. The region has over 200 ethnic groups, including Nagas, Kukis, Meiteis, Assamese, Bodos, and many others. The concept of ethnicity is deeply embedded in the cultural fabric of these communities, shaping their language, customs, and social structures. Ethnicity-based communal violence often arises from a sense of identity and belonging. Conflicts often emerge when communities perceive threats to their identity, language, cultural, political, or economic rights. Historical grievances, land disputes, and resource competition exacerbate tensions, leading to outbreaks of violence. KEYWORDS: Language, Identity Assertion, Ethnicity, Culture and Communities.