Structure Of Language Research Articles

Linguistic analysis of fiction texts in the context of the frame theory

The aim of the study is to identify and analyse frame structures, activators, and concepts in texts to reveal their impact on the reader' s perception. The research employed the methods of semantic, structural, and intertextual frame analysis. Cronbach' s alpha was also used to verify the instruments used. The following cases were used in the work: Oxford English Corpus and International Corpus of English (ICE). It is noted that frame activators such as "great heat", "hell heat", "hot wind", and "scorching sun" evoke associations with scorching heat and unusual warmth in the desert. These frames convey the impression of life danger, exhaustion, and severity of conditions. In turn, phraseological units such as "fresh waters", "bloody sunset", and "dried earth" reveal the contradictory nature of the image of the desert, where even such natural phenomena as water and sunset acquire a new, deep shade of meaning. The application of this theory was found to reveal complex language structures and their influence on the understanding and perception of texts. The obtained results open up new opportunities for educational and literary analysis, deepening the understanding of language mechanisms in fiction. Further studies in the field of linguistic analysis of texts should be aimed at considering the interaction between different works of art, focusing on the frame perspective. It is also worth paying attention to the possibilities of using the theory of frames to fulfill practical assignments, such as automatic text analysis.

Exploring Language Teaching Methods: An in-Depth Analysis of Grammar Translation, Direct Method, and Audiolingual Method: A Literature Review

The present literature study delves into the development of language teaching methodologies, with particular emphasis on three well-known techniques: Grammar Translation, Direct Method, and Audiolingual Method. The background underscores how pedagogical ideas have changed throughout time and stresses the historical context of language learning. The evaluation analyzes important academic publications, instructional resources, and empirical investigations using a thorough methodology to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. Findings of the discussion show that educators can make informed decisions about selecting and adapting methodologies to optimize language instruction for diverse learner populations if they understand their historical development, theoretical underpinnings, practical implications, and limitations. This approach combines elements from each method while addressing their limitations, resulting in dynamic and effective language learning experiences that cater to diverse learner needs and goals. And the review concludes that Language teaching strategies vary, with each method having unique characteristics and methods. The Direct Method promotes natural language learning, the Audiolingual Method emphasizes habit building, and the Grammar Translation Method emphasizes formal language structures. To enhance effectiveness, teachers should combine technology, communicative teaching practices, and a learner-centered environment.

Teachers to Learners: Portfolio, please! New Techniques of Portfolio Assessment in ESL Classrooms

Portfolio assessment is considered to be one of the more advanced approaches to enhancing the proficiency of English among second language (ESL) students. The research examines how ESL learners' writing processes involved in portfolio creation influence their overall writing performance, specifically focusing on electronic portfolios (EPs) and paper-based portfolios (PPs). The research also identifies the challenges that Saudi ESL learners face when using the writing portfolio. A mixed-method approach was adopted for the research. The quantitative method consists of ESL tests distributed among one hundred and twenty male ESL learners at Yanbu Industrial College in Saudi Arabia to determine the effect of various writing portfolios on students’ writing performance. A qualitative method, which consists of classroom observations, document analysis, and interviews with twelve ESL students and seven ESL teachers from different universities in Saudi Arabia, has also been utilized. The research highlights the fact that although there is no significant difference between paper-based (PPs) portfolios and electronic portfolios (EPs) in developing students' performance in writing, specific pedagogical approaches should be implemented in assessing the writing portfolios, such as the students’ reflections and their peers' assessments, to raise their awareness of language structures. ESL teachers should also adopt a correction method that only highlights common mistakes to help students notice their errors and avoid charging them with negative feelings of excessive corrections. The research’s outcome could raise ESL teachers’ awareness of the best pedagogical methods of evaluating the writing portfolio and provide some strategies to help students develop their writing performance.

Shaping The Way to Teach? Exploring the Adoption of Digital Multimodal Texts As Instructional Tools in EFL Teaching Practicum

This research scrutinizes a case study conducted with 15 pre-service English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers in a microteaching class at the English Education Department at UIN Walisongo Semarang. The purpose of the study was to examine the forms, implementation, and reflection of digital multimodal instructional media utilized by pre-service teachers. Observations of classrooms and document analysis were employed to acquire data. Pre-service EFL teachers employ digital multimodal instructional media, including PowerPoint presentations, films, and songs, to enhance English language learning. These tools integrate text, images, video, and audio elements to teach language structures, vocabulary, and emotions effectively. Student portfolios showcase diverse educational strategies across different grade levels, using videos, songs, and PowerPoint presentations to engage students and reinforce language skills. Educator reflections underline the significance of digital multimodal media in simplifying complex topics, improving comprehension, and fostering a holistic learning experience. They also stress the importance of adequate equipment and resources for successful multimedia implementation, affirming the value of multimodal approaches in providing impactful and engaging English language education. The study highlights the potential for these digital tools to provide an engaging and interactive learning environment for EFL students. It is recommended that more research investigate ways for optimizing the use of digital multimodal media in diverse EFL teaching scenarios.

An optimal framework for natural English translate processing: On the application of artificial neural network and Adam optimization algorithm

Traditional rule-based and statistical methods have limitations when dealing with complex language structures and semantics. In neural network machine translation algorithms, the objective function is usually to improve the accuracy of n-ary words. However, this does not guarantee a more natural and accurate translation. To overcome these challenges, this paper proposes an optimization algorithm for English natural translation processing based on neural networks, which combines Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) and Transformer models. In GAN, the generative model uses the Transformer model to generate false samples, while the discriminative model uses a binary classifier based on convolutional neural networks and attention mechanisms to distinguish between true and false samples. During the training process, reinforcement learning algorithms are added to evaluate and adjust the generated sentences, and the parameters of the generated model are updated. The classification results of the discriminative model are used together with the Bilingual Evaluation Basis Value (BLEU) objective function to evaluate false samples, and the results are fed back to the generating model to guide parameter updates and optimization. Extensive experiments were conducted on a standard English-Chinese machine translation dataset to evaluate our method. Compared with the benchmark model that only uses supervised learning methods, our neural network-based optimization algorithm for English natural translation processing has achieved significant improvements in translation quality. According to statistical comparison, compared with the Transformer model (BLUE = 33.63 and AP = 90%) and the deep learning model based on long-term and short-term memory (BLUE = 30.26 and AP = 83%), the GAN and Transformer models proposed as the best framework exhibit better performance in bilingual evaluation deficiency (BLEU) (34.35) and accuracy (AP = 95%).

Construction of Algorithms for English Learners to Read Foreign Literature Based on Machine Translation Technology

The construction of algorithms for English learners to read foreign literature based on machine translation technology involves several key steps. Initially, the algorithm utilizes machine translation to convert the foreign text into English, ensuring accessibility for learners. Next, it employs natural language processing (NLP) techniques to enhance the readability and comprehension of the translated text, such as simplifying complex sentences, clarifying ambiguous phrases, and providing annotations or explanations for cultural or linguistic nuances. Additionally, the algorithm may incorporate adaptive learning mechanisms to personalize the reading experience, adjusting the difficulty level and content based on the learner's proficiency and preferences. This paper explores the development and implementation of algorithms designed to facilitate English learners' comprehension of foreign literature using machine translation technology. Leveraging Probability Path analysis and classification techniques, investigate the effectiveness of various algorithms in improving translation accuracy, fluency, and comprehension for English learners. Through the Probability Path analysis, we delve into the complexities of language structures, translation probabilities, learner interaction, and linguistic adaptation, illuminating the intricate dynamics of machine translation in the context of language learning. Additionally, classification results provide insights into the performance of different algorithms in translating diverse literary genres, showcasing their potential to support English learners in comprehending foreign texts. The findings reveal translation accuracies ranging from 87.8% to 92.0%, with corresponding fluency scores ranging from 4.0 to 4.6. Additionally, algorithms result in comprehension improvements of 23% to 30% for English learners.

Some questions of studying the category of finality in the sentence structure of the english language

This article is devoted to the consideration of the aspect of category offinality in a sentence structure of the English language. The object of study is to consider the expression of finality. The expressions of processuality and actionality are proved by means of omission transformation. The research is carried out both in syntagmatic and paradigmatic terms.

The Recesses of the Unconscious in Eugene O’Neill’s Long Day’s Journey into Night

In Eugene O’Neill’s Long Day’s Journey into Night, four members of the Tyrone family make some choices about their careers and family life. It is apparent that the adverse outcomes of Tyrones’ respective decisions that they have reached hold sway and torment the rest of their lives. Although James Tyrone, the head of the family, announces his credo as keeping his family together and healthy, his two sons Jamie and Edmund and his wife Mary suffer from different types of addiction, from not being able to position themselves in a respectable environment and to develop healthy relationships. The play takes place on a single day, starting from 8.30 in the morning to midnight, which is quite parallel with the descending mood of the characters and events. Each of these characters’ tragedies can be traced not only in their seemingly conscious choices but in their collective unconscious which can be anatomized with some Lacanian conceptual backcloths. This paper forms its basis on discovering the ulterior motives of the characters’ actions and the way they speak language by scrutinizing their unconscious, which reveals itself in a structure of language in Lacanian outlook. Thus, this study aims to create a hermeneutical frame by laying the underlying reasons for why the Tyrone family suffer, which can be traced in how these family members fail to identify themselves with the symbolic father which is a functional metaphor for rules and regulations in the society and by highlighting what kind of master signifiers the Tyrone family keep using to substitute the Name-of-the-Father.

Membangun Kesadaran Berbahasa : Memahami Sejarah Bahasa Indonesia Dan Kemunculan Bahasa Gaul Di Era Globalisasi

Indonesian as a national language has an important role in preserving identity and cultural diversity in Indonesia. This research aims to examine the origin and development of Indonesian through library research and historical methods whose stages consist of Heuristics or source collection, source criticism, Interpretation, Historiography. By utilizing library sources, this research found that Indonesian originated from the Malay language, Riau. In addition, Indonesian underwent three phases of development, namely as a language of unity, official state language, and international language. The development process of Bahasa Indonesia started from its birth on October 28, 1928 until the ratification of Law Number 24 of 2009. These phases reflect the evolution of Indonesian as the main means of communication in Indonesia, from its role as a language of unity in the fight against colonialism to becoming the official state language and international language in the era of globalization and modernization. The importance of the role of mass media in fostering and developing Indonesian is also highlighted in this study. Mass media has a role in strengthening the use of Indonesian as an effective communication tool in conveying information and enriching vocabulary and language structure. The conclusion of this study emphasizes the importance of preserving and developing Indonesian as a national identity that not only unites the Indonesian nation, but also becomes a communication medium.

Metathesis in Language Acquisition of Greek

This study investigates metathesis in children so that to see if it facilitates their language development and in which way. For this reason, thirteen Greek-speaking children are examined varying in age from 2;6.9 to 6;1.26. The data come from picture naming and spontaneous speech. Their examination reveals that its emergence lies to segmental, prosodic and phonotactic reasons. More specifically, metathesis helps children avoid specific sequences of consonants by switching them positions. It also assists them to avoid clusters located in unstressed syllables or illicit structures in the ambient language, as complex codas in loanwords. All metathesized segments are located in positions that can occupy according to the rules of Greek. For the data analysis, Optimality Theory is used (Prince & Smolensky, 1993), while we adopt the Multiple Parallel Grammars model (Revithiadou & Tzakosta, 2004) for the two different patterns attested in their speech.

Typology of speech errors by native speakers (on the example of the French language)

Importance. The characteristics of the concepts “linguistic errors” and “linguistic norm” (subjective and objective) in the process of teaching native and foreign languages are given, which determines the significance of work in the modern multicultural space. The definitions of “speech culture” and “usus” are considered, and a typology of speech errors is described, which is divided according to aspects of the language: phonetics, grammar and vocabulary (stylistics).Research Methods. Examples of speech errors by French speakers are presented and analyzed based on the analysis of statistical data conducted by the French publications Le Figaro, Le Conseil Rédaction, Toploc, which clearly demonstrate how the language norm manifests itself and works.Results and Discussion. The conditions for describing the comparative and comparative analysis of contacting languages are substantiated as an important condition for identifying language difficulties and errors in language structures for the further application of this knowledge in the methodology of teaching both the native language and French and other foreign languages.Conclusion. The knowledge gained will allow students to improve their sociolinguistic competencies in the future, and the results of the study can be used in revising existing programs for the French language and organizing training in a more detailed consideration of the methodological support for teaching French: creating teaching aids, developing video materials and control.

Adverbian Phrase Structure in Karo Language

In this research, adverbial phrases in the Karo language will be discussed. This research aims to find out, analyze and describe phrases in the Karo language. Data collection techniques were carried out using reading techniques and recording techniques or listening notes and analyzed using formal and informal qualitative descriptive analysis techniques. This research examines the structure of adverbial phrases in the Karo language, using qualitative research. Data were analyzed using distributional studies, there were 4 stages, namely data collection, data reduction, data presentation and conclusion of research findings and verification. The research results show that (1) there are three types of phrases found in the Karo language, namely: verb phrases (FV), adjective phrases (F Adj.) and adverb phrases (F. Ad).

The interplay of Students’ Habit On Watching English Movie And Listening In Toefl Test

The habit of watching English movies provides an opportunity to learn language skills. Movies can be difficult for students to understand because they speak more quickly than they do in everyday conversation or English, but they can also be entertaining and help to improve specific English language skills, like listening. To measure English language skills, especially listening, reading, and structure, the English language test or TOEFL has recently become a very important thing to master in facing global competition and has become a prerequisite for graduation on various campuses in Indonesia. The study aimed to determine whether students' habits of watching English-language films and their listening comprehension on the TOEFL were related. The students were members of the English Education Department at UIN Alauddin Makassar.The study design used a quantitative approach and the correlation method. The researcher employed tests and questionnaires to gather data. The study's participants consisted of third-semester English Education Department students at UIN Alauddin Makassar. There were one hundred students in the study's sample. Random sampling was used for this study.The method of using a questionnaire to gather information about students' viewing habits of English-language films. The TOEFL exam was the method used to gather listening data. This data analysis method made use of the Pearson product-moment correlation. The results of the study indicate a significant positive correlation (rxy = 0.826 > rtable = 0.196) between students' listening and watching habits in English during the TOEFL exam at UIN Alauddin Makassar. As a result, the null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected, and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted. This statement indicates that there is a positive and significant relationship between students' habit of watching English-language movies and their ability to listen on the TOEFL exam.

"Nolite te bastardes carborundorum": Corpus Stylistics and Language of Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale

This paper investigates the stylistic and linguistic characteristics of Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale, a novel of Canadian origin. Employing a corpus-based approach, the researcher aims to analyze its stylistic features in-depth, focusing on specific predetermined categories. Quantitative analysis was facilitated through WordSmith 8.0 software, enabling the identification of keywords in context, which serve as indicators of the linguistic style within the selected corpus. Results indicate that the novel employs simple language and concise sentence structures. Moreover, it demonstrates lexical diversity, encompassing various themes with a higher type-token ratio (TTR), indicative of a diverse vocabulary. Notably, there is a notable prevalence of first-person singular pronouns throughout the text. Regarding content word distribution, verbs are the most frequently utilized, followed by nouns, pronouns, adverbs, and adjectives—additionally, the analysis of keywords aids in uncovering stylistic and linguistic elements embedded within the text.

Comparative analysis of vowels in the phonological system of english, karakalpak and uzbek

In this article we try to explore the fundamental branch of linguistics that delves into the intricate structure of speech sounds, syllables, stress patterns, and intonation within a language. Phonetics is unique among linguistic disciplines as it not only investigates the linguistic function but also delves into the physical aspects of speech production, including the workings of the pronunciation apparatus and the acoustic properties of sound phenomena, as well as their interpretation by native speakers. Unlike non-linguistic fields, phonetics regards sound phenomena as integral components of a language system, essential for the transformation of words and sentences into audible forms crucial for communication. Phonetics considers both the acoustic-articulatory and functional-linguistic aspects of the sound system, thus distinguishing between phonetics proper and phonology. In essence, phonetics serves as a bridge between the abstract structures of language and their tangible manifestation in speech. It analyzes how sounds are produced by the human vocal tract, how they are perceived by listeners, and how they contribute to the overall meaning and communication process.

Linguistic Clarity in Mudharabah Contracts: Ensuring Transparency and Fairness in Indonesian Islamic Financial Institutions

This research aims to analyze the use of language in Sharia financial agreements, with a focus on a case study of mudarabah contracts. Sharia financial agreements play a crucial role in regulating financial transactions in accordance with Sharia principles. In the context of mudarabah contracts, the appropriate and clear use of language becomes a key aspect in maintaining transparency, clarity, and understanding among the parties involved. This research adopts a qualitative method with a case study approach. Research data is collected through document analysis, including mudarabah contract agreements in real practice. The data is then thematically analyzed, focusing on word selection, the use of characteristic clauses, sentence structure, and other language structures in mudarabah contracts. The results of the analysis indicate that the appropriate and clear selection of words in mudarabah contracts is important to reflect Sharia principles and maintain transparency. Furthermore, the use of characteristic clauses helps regulate profit sharing, loss sharing, and the responsibilities of the involved parties. Clear and structured sentence arrangements also ensure clarity and readability of the contract contents. Additionally, the use of distinctive Arabic language structures provides clarity in describing actions that have been taken and instructions that must be followed by the parties involved. This research contributes significantly to understanding the use of language in Sharia financial agreements, particularly in the context of mudarabah contracts. The findings of this research are expected to serve as a reference for practitioners and academics in developing effective Sharia financial agreements in accordance with Sharia principles.

The French linguistic varieties of Gypsies and Travellers: an original diastratic variation perspective

Abstract For centuries, France and the French-speaking areas of Belgium and Switzerland have been home to a large minority of Gypsies and Travellers, comprising about 300,000 individuals who all speak a form of French as their native language and form a close-knit sociolinguistic community. Their French sociolect, hitherto never described by linguists, differs from other varieties of French through a wide array of phenomena at all levels of language structure: phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexical semantics and morphology. Diachronic and contrastive analysis shows that these features are either (1) non-standard, archaic or regional characteristics now lost in other varieties of European French, but kept by the Travellers as diastratic variants; (2) internal innovations within the diasystem of Traveller French; (3) outcomes of contact with heritage languages of some of these groups (Sinti Romani, Jenisch, and Alemannic and Gallo-Romance dialects). Using predominantly new fieldwork I provide here the first description of this important set of diastratic varieties of French, which represents an outstanding case of linguistic variation in a context of social separation yet with sustained contact.

DETERMİNANTLAR VƏ CÜMLƏ ÜZVLƏRİNİN QARŞILIQLI ƏLAQƏSİNƏ DAİR

On the Relationship of Determinants and Parts of Sentences Summary In order for the language to carry out any kind of communication, all the links of the syntax that make up the structure of the language must be in place. The syntactic system of the language is made up of word combinations, sentences and text. Syntactic units in the language are connected with each other by meaning and grammatical relations and form the structural regularity of syntactic units, its regulator. As in every world language, the syntactic structure of the modern Oghuz Turkic languages consists of an ordered system of syntactic units. In this ordered system, the determinants have their own place and position along with word combinations, sentence parts, sentences and text. Key words: determiner, sentence, syntax, adverb, verb

Основы русской самобытности

<p>The identity of Russian culture and its historical development was determined by the most important verbal and visual archetypes. The first include some key words identified according to the principle of “basic lexemes of a given language” by M. Svodesh, and the language structure that arose in the Proto-Slavic and Old Slavic eras. The second should include the sacred plastic images of medieval Orthodoxy, largely inherited from the Old Russian pre-Christianity of the second half of the first millennium.</p>

Effectiveness of Grammar-Translation and Audio-Lingual Method in Learning English in Indonesian Universities

Background. The Grammar-Translation Method (GT) and Audio-Lingual Method (ALM) are two main approaches to English language learning that have long been used in Indonesian university settings. GT emphasizes understanding grammatical structures and classical texts, while ALM focuses on repeated practice and the use of audio as a source of language input. Purpose. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Grammar-Translation and Audio-Lingual Methods in English language learning in Indonesian universities, taking into account the views and experiences of lecturers and students. Method. Data were collected through an online survey asking respondents' opinions regarding the effectiveness of GT and ALM in English language learning. The survey included structured questions about respondents' perceptions of these learning methods. Results. Data analysis showed polarized opinions among respondents regarding the effectiveness of GT and ALM. Most respondents saw GT as effective in understanding language structures and classical texts, while ALM was considered effective in improving speaking and listening skills through repeated practice and audio. Conclusion. As a result of this study, it can be concluded that GT and ALM have their own advantages and disadvantages in English language learning in Indonesian universities. Therefore, a holistic and integrated approach that combines elements of both methods can be the most effective approach in preparing students for effective English communication in various contexts.