Structure Of Agricultural Production Research Articles

Migrants’ Remittances, Agricultural Producer Service and Wage Inequality in the Dual Economy

Previous literature finds that migrants’ remittance narrows down wage inequality between skilled and unskilled labor, since the external funds flow into the rural area and raise wage rate of unskilled labor. However, it should be noted that the structure of agricultural production has also changed and small-scale agriculture utilizes remittance to purchase producer service that could substitute unskilled labor. The paper establishes three-sector general equilibrium models and theoretically analyzes the impact of an increase in remittance rate on wage inequality between skilled and unskilled labor. In the primary stage of service sector, an increase in remittance rate reduces both skilled and unskilled wage rate and has an ambiguous impact on wage inequality. The obtained result of wage inequality is robust even when we extend the basic theoretical model by considering the popularization stage of service sector.

Methodological approaches to taking into account the influence of natural and economic conditions on the production structure and specialization of agricultural organizations

The article presents the results of systematization of methodological approaches to taking into account the influence of natural and economic conditions on the location, structure and specialization of agricultural production; recommendations of domestic scientists on the location of agricultural sectors and measures for its adaptation to climate change were considered; an algorithm has been proposed for improving the structure and specialization of agricultural production based on taking into account natural and economic factors.

EU Outlook for Biomass Flows and Bio‐based Products

SummaryThe Bioeconomy Strategy Action Plan calls for sustainable extraction, processing, and use of biological resources in Europe as a pathway to achieve environmental, social and economic goals. However, the transition towards sustainable food systems within and across countries is diverse due to the existing heterogeneous land patterns and agricultural production structures, the variety of potential industries competing for specific biomass feedstocks, and the national policy frameworks in place. Therefore, it is key for policymakers to understand how biomass is supplied, and how it flows through the economy and is used for alternative purposes. This calls for tools that can monitor and quantitatively analyse these aspects. BioMAT has projected the annual growth rate of the EU bio‐based chemical production from 2018 to 2030 to be four times higher than its fossil‐based counterpart. The associated net‐availability of industrial sugars in 2030 is quite balanced, but excess demands for starch and plant oils will increase to fulfil requirements of a growing bio‐based chemical sector. As a vast amount of biological feedstock for material use originates from non‐EU regions (e.g. palm oil), sustainable sourcing and a better use of biological residues should be emphasised. Scenario analyses are helpful to consider consequences of assessing different technical pathways or policies.

A study of mixer-feeder equipment operational reliability

Modern livestock development trends in the agricultural production structure include the use of feed mixers and distribution equipment. However, a stream of malfunctions and failures is reported for mixer-feeders due to factors that are specific to agricultural enterprises in Ukraine, which reduce the operational reliability of feed mixers and distributors. The study aims to evaluate the quantitative indicators of the in-service reliability of mixer-feeders and develop methods to improve them. The reliability test plan [NMT] was used, which implies a certain number of research objects (N), objects undergoing repair in case of performance loss (M), and tests terminated when the operating time (T) is reached. Initial information was collected and processed, and empirical data on the time between failures of KUHN PROFILE 12.2 DS and PROFILE 14.2 DS mixer-feeders in Ukraine were analysed. The analysis established that the faulty condition of mixers-feeders in the initial operation period is caused by the second complexity group failures. Failures related to the loss of the grinding and mixing mechanism, which limits the average time between failures of the feed mixture and distribution equipment, were identified among the second complexity malfunction group. A statistical analysis of the mixer-feeder failure occurrence was carried out. The failure probability of the grinding-mixing mechanism of the feed mixer was determined to be within the normal distribution law. The main parameters of the given theoretical distribution law were determined by calculation results. The calculations determined that the average time between failures is 3152.0 motor-hours; the standard deviation is 902.6 motor-hours; and the coefficient of variation is 0.40. An average time between failures of the study objects was proved to be consistent with the normal distribution law following Kolmogorov’s agreement criterion. Calculations determined that the average reliability index value, according to the normal distribution law, is within the confidence intervals: 1964.2 motor-hours – lower confidence limit; 4339.8 motor-hours – upper confidence limit. The obtained results may be used to improve the mixer-feeder operational reliability

Diversification as a strategy for ensuring security of business subjects in the agricultural sector

Agricultural business is one of the riskiest types of economic activity. In addition to the set of traditional risks, there are threats in agriculture caused by the specifics of agrarian entrepreneurship, which require the search for appropriate strategies and tools for neutralization. Diversification of economic activities of agricultural producers appears as one of these tools. The article examines vital risks that threaten the safe development of agrarian business entities. The main trends in the activity of Ukrainian agricultural enterprises during the last ten years and directly impacted the diversification processes of their economic activity were determined. Price (market) risks were identified as the determining risks of activating diversification processes. Existing processes and trends significantly influenced the formation of the philosophy and main principles of agrarian business, of which the commercial interests of the owners of agricultural structures became the priority. The article assesses the dynamics of the diversification level of agricultural enterprises' economic activity. It was revealed that over the past twenty years, the balance of the development of industries and their share in the structure of agricultural production has been disturbed. The specific weight of agribusiness structures' agricultural services and other non-agricultural activities remained practically unchanged. An analysis of the diversification structure of the plant and animal husbandry industries was carried out. The results showed the presence of problematic structural shifts, which are a consequence of the unjustified deepening of specialization of agricultural enterprises. It was revealed that the curtailment of diversification processes led to the disruption of the intra-industry structure and the emergence of threats to the disappearance of specific sub-sectors of domestic agriculture. Despite this, the agricultural sector of the Ukrainian economy has demonstrated a relatively high level of sustainability and efficiency. It was determined that diversification is an element of strategic agricultural management, which has a significant potential for reducing the level of riskiness of agrarian business and forming prerequisites for achieving the goals of sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas. Keywords: agricultural enterprises, business, diversification, risks, security, agricultural management.

Assessing sustainable transformation and development strategies for gully agricultural production: A case study in the Loess Plateau of China

The core of dual circulation in the Loess Plateau and the greening Yellow River is sustainable development. Gully agricultural sustainable production is extremely important to ensuring a more sustainable Loess Plateau. Here, we investigate the overall characteristics of gully agricultural production sustainable transformation (GAPT) in the Loess Plateau from a macro perspective. We also analyze the evolution, stage characteristics, and trends in gully agricultural production space using theoretical analysis and empirical research from the multi-dimensional perspective of spatio-temporal-development. The findings reveal that: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the gully agricultural production structure in the Loess Plateau exhibited a trend of hierarchical upgrading. In general, gully agricultural production in the Loess Plateau has entered a relatively stable new normal stage of structural adaptation adjustment. (2) Throughout the past two decades, gully agricultural production development in the Loess Plateau has gradually improved, progressing from a low to a high level. Additionally, overall regional disparity has diminished over time. (3) The overall fluctuation of GAPT in the Loess Plateau has increased, with more pronounced changes observed in agricultural functions and ecological security maintenance. At different stages, various factors had demonstrated varying effects on the GAPT, leading to significantly diverse outcomes in production sustainable transformation in response to changes in factor levels. Overall, understanding sustainable gully agricultural production is immensely important for exploring human-earth interactions and forging a sustainable path within this intricate balance. Our research outcomes offer valuable insights for fostering gully rural transformation, optimizing crop planting modes, enhancing the gully living environment, and ultimately propelling the Loess Plateau towards a more sustainable and prosperous future.

Agricultural tridimension pollution emission efficiency in China: An evaluation system and influencing factors

We innovated traditional one-sided agricultural carbon emission efficiency research, comprehensively explored the agricultural tridimension pollution emission efficiency (ATPEE), constructed an ATPEE evaluation system considering technological heterogeneity characteristics based on the meta-frontier nonradial directional distance function (NDDF) model in a total-factor framework, evaluated the ATPEE in 30 mainland China provinces from 1997 to 2021 for the first time, and empirically studied the factors influencing the ATPEE in China with the Tobit model. The results showed the following: (1) ATPEE improvement potentials of 75.16 % and 50.88 % occur under the meta and group frontiers, respectively. (2) The eastern region represents the potential optimal agricultural tridimension pollution emission technology, while the central and western regions exhibit a large gap with the national potential optimal technology level. (3) The ATPEE loss in the eastern and western regions mainly results from management inefficiency, while that in the central region largely results from technology gap inefficiency. (4) The effects of the industrialization rate, urban–rural income gap, agricultural production structure, financial support for agriculture, natural conditions and effective irrigation rate on the ATPEE in the different regions vary.

SPATIAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LEVEL OF AGRICULTURAL LOAD IN THE NOVOSIBIRSK REGION

A critical review of existing approaches to forming methods for assessing the agricultural load has been conducted. An author’s plan has been proposed, the distinctive feature of which is to obtain an integral, comprehensive assessment of crop and livestock load indicators (the share of the sown area from the district area and the cattle density in the calculation per 1 km2). In calculating the agricultural load, it is recommended to use not only actual but also forecast (target) indicators of the structure of agricultural production, which, when implementing public investment programs, will make it possible to manage the production system purposefully. The districts of the Novosibirsk region have identified that experience both the most significant agricultural load (in general and in the context of crop and livestock production) - Kochkovsky, Bagansky, Karasuksky, etc., and the smallest - Severny, Kyshtovsky government investment programs.

The Influence Mechanism of Farmer Behavior on the Spatial Pattern Evolution of Agricultural Production in the Yanhe River Basin

Featuring complex and fractured terrain, the Loess hilly and gully regions suffer poor grain production capacity. The behavior of farmers, the major users of agricultural production space, significantly influences the agricultural production space. Hence, it is essential to explore the evolution rules of the agricultural production space under the influence of farmer behavior and reveal the influencing mechanism of agricultural production space change, which will facilitate the promotion of ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. Relying on six-stage remote sensing images of the Yanhe River Basin from 1995 to 2018, this study utilized a land use dynamic index, transfer matrix and landscape pattern index to analyze the spatial pattern evolution of agricultural production in the Yanhe River Basin. Furthermore, the geographic detector model was applied to quantitatively analyze the influencing factors of the spatial pattern evolution of agricultural production. The results demonstrated the following: (1) From 1995 to 2018, the overall area of cultivated land in the Yanhe River Basin decreased by 927.02 km2, with a change degree of 21.07%. The spatial structure of agricultural production changed, mainly transferring the cultivated land to woodland and grassland. (2) The spatial form of agricultural production has changed from fragmentation to regularity, and the complexity of the production space shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. (3) The evolution of the spatial pattern of agricultural production was affected by multiple factors of farmer behavior, where significant interactive enhancement effects existed. Specifically, labor input was the dominant factor affecting the overall scale of the production space, with an influence value of 0.202; fertilization input and cultivated land transfer were the key factors affecting the spatial distribution of production, with influence values of 0.264 and 0.242, respectively; income level and social interaction were the base factors affecting the spatial form of production, with influence values of 0.558 and 0.438, respectively. The research results provide scientific support for the improvement of agricultural production quality and the spatial evolution mechanism of agricultural production in the Yanhe River Basin.

Обеспечение устойчивого развития хозяйств населения для интеграции в продуктовые подкомплексы АПК

The article reveals the results of research on the farms of the population of Russia for 2016-2022. Based on the analysis of the number of private farms, agricultural production indices, the dynamics of acreage, gross yields and yields of major food crops (potatoes, vegetables) and livestock products (production and sale of livestock and poultry, milk and eggs), the share of household production in the structure of agricultural production in the agro-industrial complex is determined, which indicates the importance of households of the population in improving the socio-economic situation in rural areas and ensuring food security. The trends of instability of households of the population due to a weak material and technical base are revealed, which leads to a reduction in acreage, gross potato and vegetable harvests, and a decrease in the production of livestock products. 
 The proposals for achieving sustainable development of households on the basis of state support and integration with economic entities of food subcomplexes of the agro-industrial complex, which will ensure an increase in the efficiency of production of agricultural products and access to sales markets, are substantiated.

Waste Management Strategy of Agricultural Enterprises to Improve the Efficiency of Rural Development

In the context of modern trends in the greening of the economy, sustainable development, changes in the structure of agricultural production, and the situation that has developed in Kazakhstan with the accumulation, utilization, and disposal of waste, the issues of agricultural waste management remain relevant and require further scientific research and sound practical solutions. The purpose of the article is to form strategic directions for waste management of agricultural enterprises, where the main place is occupied by effective waste management in the context of crop production, animal husbandry, animal tissue, and agrochemical waste. The article presents the principles of a Waste Management Strategy of agricultural enterprises, and a tree of objectives of the Strategy of agricultural enterprises is formed. The features of effective management of agricultural waste, including plant and animal waste, and directions for effective management of agrochemical waste are determined. Reduction of soil and groundwater pollution in the implementation of effective waste management of agricultural enterprises, as well as measures to minimize the formation of agricultural waste, are summarized. The main measures in state incentives for the effective management of agricultural waste are identified.

NECESSITY OF EDUCATION ABOUT IMPORTANCE AND POSSIBILITIES OF INSURANCE, FINANCING AND INNOVATIONS IN AGRICULTURE

Education is necessary for the development of all activities, and therefore for the development of agriculture. For the successful development of agricultural sector, in the contemporary conditions, an adequate agricultural policy is needed, which will encourage, through the series of measures and instruments, insurance, financing, introduction of innovations in agriculture, as well as many other elements important for sustainable development of agriculture. Since these are very dynamic factors, permanent education on such complex issues is necessary, in order to be sufficiently informed and knowledgeable farmers and consumers of agricultural products about all advantages and disadvantages of their business or consumer decisions. Bearing that in mind, within this research, the most important aspects of insurance, financing and introduction of innovations in agricultural sector are analysed, while the analysis of the aforementioned topics focuses on the necessity of education on these important issues. Anyway, education significantly determines the quantity and structure of agricultural production, and therefore the supply of agricultural products. Additionally, it significantly affects the shaping of demand for agri-food and other agricultural products. Accordingly, the aim of this research is to point out the relevance of insurance, quality financing and innovation in agriculture, with special emphasis on the role and importance of education for their application in the practice. The methods of description, comparison, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, generalization and historical method, are used in the paper. The most complex issues in the field of insurance, financing and innovative approaches in agriculture, which require adequate education, are presented schematically and illustrated with the table. The research results show that comprehensive education is really necessary when it comes to agriculture, which, like other activities, in the technical-technological and broader sense, is constantly improving and facing new challenges and requirements for sustainable development, i.e. balancing economic, ecological and social goals. Namely, it is observed in the paper that constant education must be an integral part of the modern approach to agricultural development, where the education about importance and possibilities of insurance, financing and introducing innovations, can provide the necessary knowledge and information to farmers and buyers of agricultural products. In the paper, it is concluded that the education, in various forms, can significantly motivate farmers to improve their business on a sustainable basis, and motivate consumers of agricultural products to opt for agricultural products that are at the same time acceptable in the economic-financial, ecological and the wider social context. It is extremely important in modern conditions, which are very complex and burdened with a number of global problems, such as climate changes, complicated international economic relations, health and other accompanying problems.

МЕТОД СНИЖЕНИЯ РИСКОВ В СЕЛЬСКОМ ХОЗЯЙСТВЕ ВСЛЕДСТВИЕ ГРАДОБИТИЙ

The key problems of ensuring the conditions for the development of society are now becoming theadaptation of various fields of activity to climate change and the reduction of risks associated with dangerousweather events. The article discusses possible approaches to reducing the risks in agricultureassociated with hail damage, touches upon the features of their information support. One method forsolving this problem and a model for its implementation, developed in the framework of decision theory,are proposed. The method for solving the problem is classified by us as "passive" methods, which do notimply interference in the processes of formation of hail precipitation in clouds. As a risk mitigationmechanism, the proposed method uses the fact that the vulnerability of crops to hail is different for differentcrops. Accordingly, risk management is carried out by selecting the structure of agricultural production,taking into account the peculiarities of their vulnerability to this weather event, as well as theconditions imposed on the volume of agricultural production. The article discusses the main tasks thatarise in the way of the practical use of this method. To analyze the effectiveness of the method for theproduction and economic conditions of the steppe climatic zone of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic,model calculations were carried out. At the same time, to determine the possible states of hail processes,the frequency of hail fall (the number of days with hail in the territory under consideration per year) wasused. Using the time series of this indicator for the period 1958-2018, the frequency of hail in the consideredclimatic zone was presented as a discrete random variable with a known distribution law. Thismade it possible to consider the problem of reducing losses in agriculture as a problem of decision making under risk. The results of model calculations showed the high efficiency of the method for reducingthe losses of agriculture from hail damage. An important advantage of the method is that its practicaluse will be associated with insignificant costs

“First Kilometer” to realize common prosperity: impact of public bus expansion into villages on farmers’ income mobility

ABSTRACT Using data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) dated from 1991 to 2015, we assess the impact of public bus expansion into villages on income mobility of rural household, particularly, with low income. This paper finds that the income mobility of low-income households is suffered from the expansion of public buses in the rural areas. Due to the ‘crowding out’ effect, the low-income families are excluded from the non-agricultural employment brought by the public bus expansion, which nevertheless does not improve the agricultural production structure. This can explain why the low-income group has been marginalized during the process of urban-city integration in China. Improvement of the human capital can significantly alleviate the negative impact of public bus expansion on the low-income group in rural areas, while the child-care burden aggravates the issue. These results may also have policy implication for potential solutions to problems such as the ‘First Kilometer’ to realize common prosperity is not simply about the modernization in the infrastructure but also equalization of opportunities through cultivation of human capital.

Ecological and Economic Effects of Applying the Future Agricultural Production Structure Model (FAPSMS): The Case Study of the Barička River Basin

It is necessary to harmonize the needs of society in terms of agricultural production and land protection from various forms of degradation throughout sustainable land management. Assessing the justification of investment in sustainable management of land resources is an important step in this process. Consequently, an analysis of soil erosion risk was carried out in the suburban area of the morphological unit of the Barička river watershed, using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) method, with the existing and projected structure of agricultural production according to the Future Agricultural Production Structure Model from the Aspect of Preserving Land Resources for Mountain Catchment Areas of Serbia (FAPSMS). The value of the existing and projected production structure from an economic aspect was also examined using dynamic economic methods. In order to assess the risk and uncertainty of investments, a sensitive analysis of dynamic methods was carried out. The results show that soil erosion losses are already below tolerance values with the existing production structure and that they could be reduced even more by applying the designed structure. Economic indicators show that the investment is justified and that it is more sensitive to changes in income.

Opportunities or Risks: Economic Impacts of Climate Change on Crop Structure Adjustment in Ecologically Vulnerable Regions in China

Global warming by 2 °C or above will frequently see weather beyond the critical tolerance threshold for agricultural extreme high temperatures. If so, people will have to more accurately evaluate the opportunities and risks posed by future climate change while adjusting the structure of agricultural production. However, accurate assessment results of the impacts of climate change on crop yield are absent in the current studies on the impact of climate change on the agricultural economy. To address this gap, this paper sets forth a comprehensive evaluation method using a crop model coupled with a computable general equilibrium model. According to research findings, future climate change may continue with the trend of the continued decline of grain planting areas and the continued growth of cash crop planting areas in ecologically vulnerable regions. This will make grain security more difficult. On one hand, perennial crop planting broadens the eco-space for future economic and social development in ecologically vulnerable regions. Therefore, attention should be paid to grain security. The cash crop planting area should not be excessively expanded. On the other hand, it is advised to plant perennial crops in those areas which are unsuitable for planting cash crops.

Analysis of structural shifts in agriculture based on agricultural censuses

Based on the data of agricultural censuses, an analysis was made of the structure of indicators for various categories of farms. The key result of the work is the characterization of the number of census objects, structural changes in crop production and animal husbandry. An attempt was made to determine the current role and significance of farm categories in the structure of agricultural production.

Risk Analysis of the Biogas Project

The dynamic model of the biogas project was created with changing parameter values over time and compared to the static model of the same project based on constant values of the same parameters. For the dynamic model, the same methods were used to evaluate the biogas project as for the static model to calculate substrate mix volumes, costs, farm production volumes, number of biogas plant equipment, driers, and other numerical characteristics of the farm. Project risks were evaluated by the sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo simulation. The study was conducted for four scenarios regarding the substrate mix structure and the possibility of selling electricity on the market. In the scenarios, the scale of the project was determined by the size and structure of agricultural and biogas production. The results have shown that when only wastes are used as substrates, net present values (NPVs) of the project are equal to 29.45 and 56.50 M RUB in dependence on the possibility to sell electricity on the market. At the same time, when the substrate mix is diversified, the project NPVs are equal to 89.17 and 186.68 M RUB depending on the ability to sell all the produced electricity to the common power grid. The results of the sensitivity analysis defined that the values of elasticity coefficients are less than 3.14%. Results of the Monte Carlo simulation have shown a probability distribution of positive NPVs for each scenario. This study was conducted to make recommendations for business and municipalities.

The Causes of Agricultural Trade Growth between China and Central Asia under the Background of "the Belt and Road" -- An Empirical Analysis Based on CMS Model

Central Asia is rich in land, solar and thermal resources, as well as its agricultural labor force. It has superior conditions for agricultural production, which has strong complementarity with China in the agricultural field. Under the current complex international economic and political situation, strengthening cooperation between the two sides in the agricultural field can achieve win-win cooperation, which is also conducive to reversing the situation that developed countries restrict China's agricultural trade. The constant market share model (CMS) is used in this paper to empirical analyze the causes of agricultural trade growth between China and Central Asia from 1995 to 2021 based on UN COMTRADE data. The results show that the interaction between the promotion of the import scale of agricultural products and the improvement of its competitiveness is the main reason for the growth of agricultural exports of both sides; For classified agricultural products, the factors affecting the growth of export volume are different. The main factors restricting export volume growth of China and Central Asia are insufficient competitiveness and unreasonable export commodity structure respectively. In the new era, both sides should strengthen communication and cooperation, adjust the export structure of agricultural products and stabilize the competitiveness of it to further improve trade volume growth.

Spatio-Temporal Difference in Agricultural Eco-Efficiency and Its Influencing Factors Based on the SBM-Tobit Models in the Yangtze River Delta, China

In the Yangtze River Delta region, where the agricultural economy is well developed and agricultural pollution and carbon emissions are significant, a regional study of AEE (Agricultural Eco-Efficiency) is crucial to reducing agricultural environmental pollution, improving the rationalization of agricultural production layout, and promoting the realization of low-carbon goals. The SBM-Tobit model and GIS were employed to analyze AEE based on the carbon emission evaluation system in the spatial and temporal characteristics, as well as the influencing factors and the migration path of the center of gravity in the "low carbon" context. A rational plan of agricultural production was proposed according to the results. The following results were obtained: (1) The level of AEE in the Yangtze River Delta region was high, and the region exhibited a U-shaped curve change from 2000 to 2020, with a fluctuating decrease from 2000 to 2003 and a fluctuating increase from 2004 to 2020. The regional spatial development balance was enhanced, while there was a spatial incongruity in the development process of AEE enhancement, high in the southwest and low in the northeast; (2) AEE generally had a high regionalized agglomeration of low-low in the southwest and high-high in the northeast. Nonetheless, temporal heterogeneity was observed in spatial correlation, and the correlation weakened with time variation; (3) Urbanization level, agricultural production structure, crop cultivation structure, and fertilizer application intensity were the main factors influencing AEE in the Yangtze River Delta region; (4) The center of gravity of AEE in the Yangtze River Delta region shifted to the southwest under the influence of "low-carbon" related policies. Therefore, the improvement of AEE in the Yangtze River Delta region should focus on inter-regional coordination and linkages, rational planning of production factors, and the formulation of measures under relevant carbon policies.