Structural Parameters Research Articles

Experimental Study of the Relationship between Slope and Opening Height of OWC Type Wave Breaker Model on Wave Reflection

Breakwater is a very effective wave dampening building to be used as a coastal protection against coastal abrasion by destroying wave energy before it reaches the coast. The working mechanism of the OWC type is the rise and fall of ocean waves which will push the air in the OWC column, then will rotate the turbine connected to the generator to produce electricity. This study aims to determine the effect of slope and opening height on breakwater on wave reflection. Then analyze the parameters that affect the amount of wave reflection and compare the resulting wave parameters. This research was conducted at the Hydraulics Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University. The method used was experimental based. The resulting wave characteristics consist of three depth variations, three period variations and three stroke variations. The research model used is an Oscillating Water Column (OWC) type breakwater with slope variations of 45°, 60° and 90° and open wall variations as high as 5 cm, 10 cm and 15 cm. The reading of the water level fluctuation is done electronically through the reading of the wave monitor. The results showed that the magnitude of the reflection coefficient is influenced by structural parameters, namely the slope and height of the model opening and hydraulic parameters, namely depth, period and wave height. The effect of the model slope on the reflection coefficient is that the greater the slope, the greater the reflection coefficient value. The effect of the model opening height is that the greater the opening height, the smaller the reflection coefficient value.

Wave trapping by porous breakwater near a rigid wall under the influence of ocean current

The present work investigates the water wave interaction with bottom-standing thick porous trapezoidal-shaped structures and shore-side vertical rigid wall in the presence of uniform ocean currents. This study has been done to understand the impact of different physical parameters like friction, porosity, and ocean currents along with different structural parameters (width and height) on different phenomena like wave energy reflection, wave forces, wave energy dissipation, etc. The quadratic boundary element method-based numerical technique has been used to solve the boundary value problem. The structural porosity is modeled using Sollitt and Cross’s model of water wave interaction with thick porous structures. Several results associated with the wave energy reflection and energy dissipation have been analyzed. Also, the wave force exerted by the incoming waves has been investigated to check the stability and sustainability of the right vertical rigid wall and porous structure. The Doppler-shift effect is observed in wave transformation characteristics due to the presence of ocean currents. The impact of following and opposing ocean currents can be seen in the graph of wave energy reflection, dissipation, and wave forces. The periodic patterns can be observed clearly in wave characteristics like wave energy reflection, dissipation, and wave forces when plotted against the non-dimensional separation gap between the porous breakwater and shore-side rigid seawall.

Design and field experiment of Codonopsis pilosula film covering transplanter

To address the low efficiency and high labor demands of manual Codonopsis pilosula cultivation, as well as the limitations of existing flat-type transplanting machines that create trenches of inconsistent depth hindering root growth and seedling emergence, a C. pilosula film-covered outcrop tilted transplanting machine was developed. Based on theoretical analysis of the prototype's key components and agronomic requirements for oblique C. pilosula transplanting, the structure and working parameters of the rotary tiller soil throwing device, soil lifting device, track-type soil conveying device, seedling throwing device, and film covering device were determined. The core components' working principles were analyzed, and the soil throwing process of the rotary tiller device was simulated using the discrete element method (DEM). A calculation domain was established, and the results showed that the average mass of the rotary tiller device was 49.44 kg, while the required soil lifting amount for the scraper-type soil lifting device was 21.84 kg, meeting the soil throwing requirements. Field experiments in 10 test areas demonstrated an average qualified rate of 89.50% for planting depth, 84.00% for planting posture, 90% for exposed plant spacing, 4.51 cm for plant spacing, and 8.67% coefficient of variation for planting spacing. These results meet industry standards for planting depth and planting spacing, confirming the machine's effectiveness in achieving high-quality tilted transplanting of C. pilosula seedlings.

Skeleton density and ellipsoid zone loss are prognostic for progression in Macular Telangiectasia Type 2

Macular Telangiectasia Type 2 (MacTel) is a chronic, progressive disease of the central retina characterized by vascular and neurodegenerative changes. As there is currently no treatment for non-neovascular MacTel, there is a dearth for biomarkers identifying eyes with an increased risk for disease progression for patient counseling and clinical trial recruitment. Eyes were classified to be stable or progressive, defined by the fundus photography-based grading system by Gass and Blodi. First, structural differences between these two groups were assessed, employing optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT-angiography. Univariate regression analyses revealed evidence towards a lower superficial retinal layer (SRL) vessel density (VD), skeleton density (SD) and deep retinal layer (DRL) SD in progressing compared to stable eyes (p = 0.05, p = 0.05, p = 0.07). Second, a multivariable predictive model was employed to examine the predictive value of structural and functional parameters for disease progression. Baseline best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and SRL SD are prognostic for disease progression (p < 0.001, p = 0.05). The presence of ellipsoid zone (EZ) loss is prognostic for future central retinal thickness (p < 0.01). We propose SRL SD, BCVA, and EZ loss as prognostic biomarkers and as possible outcome measures in future interventional studies in MacTel.

Effect of physiologically active substances on the growth, development and yield of soybeans

The results of research on the influence of physiologically active substances on the growth, development and yield of soybean in the conditions of the Middle Volga region are presented. The study of preparations was carried out on the released soybean variety Yuzhanka. The preparations Mival Agro, Vitanol NP (N 10%, P 30%), Vitanol NP (N 30%, P 10%) and NanoSilica were applied at the dosages recommended by the manufacturers. The experiment scheme included four variants of treatments with preparations and control (water). The preparations were applied for pre-sowing seed treatment and spraying of vegetative plants. The growth regulator Mival Agro (seed and plant treatment) provided a 23.1% increase in yield. Treatment with Vitanol NP (N 10%, P 30%) gave an 18.3% yield increase compared to the control. The highest yield was obtained in the variant with Vitanol NP treatment (N 30%, P 10%), which exceeded the control variant by 68.8%. The yield increase when treated with NanoSilicon exceeded the control variant by 29.4%. Application of all physiologically active substances had a positive effect on the growth, development and productivity of soybean plants. Application of Vitanol NP (N 10%, P 30%) had a positive effect on the yield structure parameters such as plant height (527 cm) and lower bean attachment height (15.8 cm). Vitanol NP (N 30%, P 10%) and NanoSilica preparations contributed to the increase in the number of beans (18.1–18.2 pcs). Also, the studied preparations had a positive effect on 1000 seed weight, plant height and height of the lower bean attachment, compared to the control.

Influence of low-temperature cap layer thickness on the structure and luminescence of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells

In order to effectively regulate the luminescence performance of MQW and enhance its optical quality, it is crucial to investigate the InGaN/GaN MQW's structure and luminescence properties. In this study the focus is how they are affected by low-temperature cap (LT-cap) layer's thickness which is grown above each InGaN well layer during growth process of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well (MQW) samples in MOCVD system. This was achieved by analyzing high resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) spectra, electroluminescence (EL) spectra, temperature-dependent photoluminescence (TDPL) spectra, and micro-area fluorescence imaging of these samples. The results show that changes in LT-cap layer's thickness even have no significant impact on some structural parameters of MQW, such as the thickness of the well layer, but have an influence on the In component of the well layer. Due to the existence of LT-cap layer, dissociation of InGaN can be effectually reduced. In addition, the augmentation of LT-cap layer's thickness will make polarization effect of the QW sample more remarkable, so that the blue shift of the EL peak with the augmentation of current injection increases. The change of LT-cap layer's thickness will also influence distribution of the tail states of the quantum wells, which leads to a different localization states for injected carriers. As LT-cap layer becomes getting thicker, the material's internal quantum efficiency (IQE) tends to decrease, which may result from an increase in non-radiative recombination centers.

Surface Plasmon Resonance Allows to Correlate Molecular Properties with Diffusion Coefficients of Linear Chain Alcohols.

Every biological and physicochemical process occurring in a fluid phase depends on the diffusion coefficient (D) of the species in solution. In the present work, a model to describe and fit the behaviour of D as a function of structure and extensive thermodynamics parameters in binary solutions of linear chain organic molecules is developed. Supporting experimental and computational evidences for this model are obtained by measuring D for a series of n-alcohols through a novel surface plasmon resonance method and molecular dynamics simulations. This allows to propose a kind of combined analysis to explain the dependence of D on various thermodynamic and structural parameters. The results suggest that for small linear systems in the range from 0 to 200 g mol-1 and under the assumption that the diffusive activation energy is a linear function of mass, D is strictly dependent on the molecular shape and on the relative strength of the solute-solvent intermolecular forces represented by a parameter named R. The newly proposed approach can be utilized to characterize and monitor progressive changes in physicochemical properties for any investigated species upon increasing the dimension of the aggregate/molecule along a certain direction.

Mechanical characteristics of biomimetic twisted honeycomb structures fabricated by powder bed fusion

Honeycomb structures have been widely used in aerospace and automotive applications due to their high efficiency, high strength and high specific stiffness. However, most of the reported publications have focused on the surface shape variations of honeycomb structures, and there is a lack of studies on the variations of honeycomb structures with respect to the internal cell walls (Z-direction). To address these issues, this study proposes to combine the torsional design of honeycomb and Bouligand structures to fabricate twisted honeycomb structures (THS) with cell wall (z-direction) variations using powder bed fusion technology. The THS (30°) exhibits excellent specific energy absorption (SEA) performance, and the SEA of THS (0°), THS (60°), and THS (90°) are reduced by 8.5%, 19.7%, and 37.3%, respectively, compared with that of THS (30°) structure, and the THS (30°) has better repeatability. The effects of structural parameters on the energy absorption performance were analyzed. At THS (30°), changing the number of unit cells, wall length and wall thickness has a large effect on the compression performance. The results show that the specific energy absorption performance of THS reaches a maximum value of 74.6 kJ/kg for the number unit cells n = 3, wall length l = 5 mm and wall thickness t = 1 mm. (Honeycomb structures are widely used in aerospace and automotive applications because of their high efficiency, high strength, and high specific stiffness. However, most of reported publications focus on surface shape variations of honeycomb structures and the lack of honeycomb structures with variations in the internal cell wall (Z direction). Facing these problems, this investigation has proposed to create twisted honeycomb structures (THS) with internal cell wall (Z-direction) variations by combining the torsional design of honeycomb and Bouligand structures using powder bed fusion. In this study, the effects of different torsion angles on the quasi-static mechanical response and deformation patterns of the honeycomb structures have been evaluatedviaconducting axial compression tests. Numerical simulations are performed using the ABAQUS software and compared with experimental results to verify the accuracy of the simulations. In addition, the effects of the construction parameters on the energy absorption performance have been analyzed. Experimental results show that the THS with a torsion angle of 30° exhibit the best mechanical properties with good repeatability. The specific energy absorption performance of THS reaches a maximum of 74.6 kJ/kg for structural parameters of the number of unit cells n = 3, wall length l = 5 mm, and wall thickness t = 1 mm)

The magnificent manifestation of Nd0.7Sr0.3MnO3 ceramics: A comprehensive exploration of different wet chemical routes via sol-gel and thermal treatment methods

The mixed-valence manganite has sparked immense interest owing to its intriguing colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) effect. However, a research gap exists in the current literature regarding Nd-based manganites with intermediate bandwidth. This paper addresses this gap by investigating Nd0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (NSMO) ceramics prepared through two different synthesis approaches: the newly developed thermal treatment method (TT) and the well-established sol-gel method (SG). The XRD analysis revealed a single high-purity NSMO phase with insignificant alteration in Mn-O bond length and Mn-O-Mn bond angle for both samples. Nevertheless, SG exhibited larger particle size (209.3 nm) and better crystallinity in comparison to TT (178.6 nm). These factors significantly affect the magnetic transition width while preserving the Curie temperature, TC ≈ 246 K. Regarding electrical behaviour, TT showed a robust suppression of the metal-insulator transition temperature, TMI from 224 K (SG) to 182 K. This difference can be attributed to the existence of magnetic disordered layer at the grain boundaries. Consequently, this resulted in an increased scattering process and elevated resistivity from 8 Ω (SG) to 22 Ω (TT). Various theoretical models were employed to elucidate the transport mechanism at different temperature ranges. Interestingly, both samples displayed distinct magneto-transport behaviour despite negligible differences in their structural parameters. The occurrence of magnetoresistance peak in SG suggests a pronounced intrinsic CMR effect, while its absence in TT implies a dominant influence of extrinsic CMR. These findings highlight that the physical properties of the manganite are not only governed by their intragrain properties (TC) but are also influenced by intergrain contributions (TMI) when various synthesis routes were utilised.

Green synthesized silver and zinc doped hydroxyapatite photocatalysts to remove methylene blue and Rhodamine B dyes from industrial wastewater

The present study focussed on the Scallop Sea shell waste utilized Hydroxyapatite and green synthesis of Canna indica leaf extracted Zinc (Zn) and Silver (Ag) doped Hydroxyapatite (HAp) formed by microwave irradiation method which is respectively represented as H, CIZH, and CIAH. The functional and structural characterizations (FTIR and XRD) of products confirm that the formed material was Hydroxyapatite due to the existence of characteristic absorption peaks and diffracted planes. The structural parameters such as average crystallite size, micro-strain (ε), dislocation density (δ), and particle size of the H, CIZH, and CIAH were calculated and the average Crystallite size are 42, 40, and 31nm. The morphology of the H, CIZH, and CIAH were assessed through FE-SEM and HR-TEM which could be majorly hexagonal-like (well distinct, and cluster of few rods). The EDAX spectrum and mapping confirmed the presence of chemical compositions of studied products. The anti-bacterial activities of studied products were assessed against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, which exhibit good antibacterial activity. The photocatalytic activity of H, CIZH, and CIAH was examined against Methylene blue (MB) and Rhodamine B (RhB) dyes under UV light illumination. The degradation efficiency (%) of H, CIZH, and CIAH against MB and RhB dye were 58, 63, and 71%, and 58, 82 and 90%, respectively. A possible mechanism of the photocatalytic activity against the above-mentioned dyes is proposed. Thus, the present CIAH photocatalyst could be effective in degrading the wastewater.

Frequency reconfigurable slot antenna utilizing solid-state plasma S-PIN diodes: simulation and experimental analysis

This article examines the feasibility of integrating solid-state plasma surface p-i-n (S-PIN) diodes into on-chip slots using silicon-on-insulator technology. Two categories of solid-state plasma S-PIN diodes are characterized. Simulations analyze the current–voltage (I–V) characteristics, carrier concentrations, potential distribution, and thermal considerations of both single and dual S-PIN diodes, with optimization of their structural parameters and sizes. Experimental tests on fabricated S-PIN diodes of varying sizes with bias lines embedded in the on-chip slots show favorable I–V characteristics for both types of diodes. The measured results closely align with simulation predictions for the diodes’ conduction onset voltages. Additionally, a cavity-backed slot antenna is proposed to evaluate and compare radiation characteristics resulting from integrating different types of S-PIN diodes.

Study on the key parameters of closed-loop free-piston Brayton generator

The escalating energy crisis and environmental issues have compelled countries worldwide to advance energy transitions and vigorously develop green and clean energy technologies. External combustion devices can effectively utilize hydrogen-based fuels, biomass, solar energy, and other sources, playing a critical role in achieving carbon reduction. As a type of external combustion device, the free-piston Brayton generator, with its strong energy adaptability, stands as a highly promising power generation device. Therefore, the design optimization methods and operational characteristics of the free-piston Brayton generator system are worthy of thorough investigation. This paper introduces a novel method for constructing and structurally optimizing a free-piston Brayton generator model. Sage software is utilized to construct a closed-loop free-piston Brayton generator system in the time domain, followed by numerical analysis. The results show that within the frequency range of 35 ∼ 80 Hz, the system maintains a thermal-to-electric efficiency exceeding 40.00 %, demonstrating the system’s ability to operate efficiently at high frequencies. The piston diameter influences the dynamic behavior of the system’s piston, emphasizing the necessity of gradually adjusting the piston diameter to achieve optimal efficiency during structural parameter optimization. System efficiency and power can be balanced by adjusting the compressor inlet pressure. Under design conditions, the system can output 2046 W of electrical power. The thermal efficiency and thermal-to-electric efficiency are 46.84 % and 41.36 %, respectively. Additionally, an innovative analysis of the temperature distribution of the system and the distribution of exergy losses in major components under conditions of high frequency and small piston displacement is conducted. This work provides a new method and guidance for the subsequent design and optimization of free-piston Brayton generators.

Three-Dimensional Printing of Cuttlebone-Inspired Porous Ceramic Materials.

Lightweight and strong ceramic materials are attractive for tissue engineering, aerospace, armor systems, and many high-temperature applications. Cuttlebone, primarily composed of bioceramics, features a unique S-shaped wall structure that contributes significantly to its remarkable mechanical properties. Here, we explore the hierarchical structure and components of the cuttlebone and reveal the high ceramic content in S-shaped walls. Inspired by the design of the cuttlebone, we developed a high ceramic loading slurry for three-dimensional printing cuttlebone-like structures. As shown in the compression test, the fabricated bioinspired ceramics exhibit excellent mechanical properties and can withstand 1.07 million times their own weight, outperforming traditional ceramic foams. The specific strength and modulus are 59.5 and 785.6 MPa/(g cm-3), 9 and 36 times that of the natural cuttlebone. The failure mechanisms are also systematically studied on the basis of tuning the structural parameters. These findings provide effective solutions and inspiration in fabricating high-performance ceramic structural materials.

Exploring the relationship between 24-2 visual field and widefield optical coherence tomography data across healthy, glaucoma suspect and glaucoma eyes.

To utilise ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) measurements acquired using widefield optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans spanning 55° × 45° to explore the link between co-localised structural parameters and clinical visual field (VF) data. Widefield OCT scans acquired from 311 healthy, 268 glaucoma suspect and 269 glaucoma eyes were segmented to generate GCIPL thickness measurements. Estimated ganglion cell (GC) counts, calculated from GCIPL measurements, were plotted against 24-2 SITA Faster visual field (VF) thresholds, and regression models were computed with data categorised by diagnosis and VF status. Classification of locations as VF defective or non-defective using GCIPL parameters computed across eccentricity- and hemifield-dependent clusters was assessed by analysing areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCCs). Sensitivities and specificities were calculated per diagnostic category. Segmented linear regression models between GC counts and VF thresholds demonstrated higher variability in VF defective locations relative to non-defective locations (mean absolute error 6.10-9.93 dB and 1.43-1.91 dB, respectively). AUROCCs from cluster-wide GCIPL parameters were similar across methods centrally (p = 0.06-0.84) but significantly greater peripherally, especially when considering classification of more central locations (p < 0.0001). Across diagnoses, cluster-wide GCIPL parameters demonstrated variable sensitivities and specificities (0.36-0.93 and 0.65-0.98, respectively), with the highest specificities observed across healthy eyes (0.73-0.98). Quantitative prediction of VF thresholds from widefield OCT is affected by high variability at VF defective locations. Prediction of VF status based on cluster-wide GCIPL parameters from widefield OCT could become useful to aid clinical decision-making in appropriately targeting VF assessments.

Coherent coupling of localized surface plasmons and surface plasmons in borophene-based metamaterial

The strong coherent coupling in different electromagnetic modes can control the light-matter interaction more conveniently. Here, we theoretically researched the hybridization between the borophene surface plasmon (BSP) mode and the borophene localized surface plasmon (BLSP) mode in borophene grating structure. This coupling effect leads to the emergence of multiple hybrid modes. The absorption spectra of the system are investigated through finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulation and coupled oscillator model (COM). Results show that the coherent coupling of BSP and BLSP can be achieved by adjusting the carrier density of the borophene gratings. A Rabi splitting effect with frequency of 21.6 THz can be observed. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of geometric structural parameters, incident angle, and relaxation time on the correlated coupling spectra. Our work may deepen the understanding of light–matter interactions and provide a reference for borophene-based active photonic devices in the near-infrared region.

Heat transfer enhancement of air flow through new types of perforated dimple/protrusion fins

Heat transfer enhancement technologies of air flow are critical to energy conservation and emission reduction in industrial applications. This paper explores the numerical simulation analysis of 18 kinds of perforated dimple/protrusion fins. The wind speed varies within the range of 2 ∼ 6 m/s, and the investigation delves into the impact of different structural parameters on strengthening factor Nu/Nu0, resistance factor f/f0 and other comprehensive evaluation factor performance evaluation criteria (PEC) of perforated dimple/protrusion fins. The study specifically explores the influence of structural parameters, including intercepting perforated dimple/protrusion height (S0), hole diameter (D), hole structure offset (a), and the arrangement of perforated dimple/protrusion structure, on heat transfer performance. The comprehensive evaluation factor PEC of the new fin increased by 23.7 % compared with the porous fin. The overall heat transfer performance of the perforated dimple/protrusion fins rises with height under the same operating conditions. It first increases and then declines with the increasing hole diameter, and first drops and then increases with the increasing offset. The perforated protrusion/dimple fins obtain the best enhancement factor when the hole diameter is 3.4 mm. The hole structure offset is better on the inflowing leeward side than on the inflowing side. The fins with both perforated dimple and perforated protrusion structures have advantages over the one with either of two structures, and the alignment arrangements are identified as the optimal configuration. The new structural characteristics of perforated dimple/protrusion fins in heat exchangers can be utilized to create new designs that potentially outperform conventional models.

Si/InAs/Ag metamaterial for strong nonreciprocal thermal emitter with dual polarization under a 0.9 T magnetic field

The current nonreciprocal thermal emitter has been proven to completely violate the previous Kirchhoff's law. And the majority of related nonreciprocal devices operate under single polarization with few dual-polarization nonreciprocal designs. Therefore, dual-polarization nonreciprocal thermal radiation has great research prospects. In addition, many previous designs of nonreciprocal devices required external magnetic field energy of 3 T even higher, which is difficult to meet in practical applications. Therefore, this article investigates the strong nonreciprocal dual-polarization thermal radiation of cuboid arrays under lower external magnetic field. It is constructed by silicon, silver layer, InAs layer, and cuboid arrays. Finally, dual-polarization nonreciprocal radiation was achieved in a magnetic field of only 0.9 T, and the nonreciprocal efficiency has been significantly improved. The physical phenomenon of dual-polarization strong nonreciprocal radiation exhibited by the proposed device was explained by utilizing the electromagnetic field distribution at the resonant wavelength. It can also maintain good nonreciprocal properties under different structural parameters. Therefore, our proposed solution provides new opportunities for energy harvesting and thermal radiation control.

Design, modeling, and experiment of a multi-degree-of-freedom pneumatic soft bionic actuator

Drawing on the driving mechanism of biological muscles and combining the nonlinear hyperelastic characteristics of silicone rubber, a multi-degree-of-freedom pneumatic soft bionic actuator is designed, which can be used as the executing mechanism for soft robots and robotic arms. Using response surface analysis and numerical simulation algorithms, the optimal combination of structural dimensions parameters is determined with the maximum bending and torsion angles output by the actuator as the optimization objectives. Based on the idea of flexible mechanism Piecewise Constant Curvature (PCC) modeling, the kinematics equation of the actuator is derived. Analyze the equivalent motion structure of the actuator and establish a dynamic model of the actuator based on the Lagrange method. The physical model of the actuator is manufactured using rapid prototyping technology. Finally, experimental testing and analysis are conducted on the physical model to obtain the motion and dynamic characteristics curves and empirical formulas of the actuator, which are compared with theoretical and simulation results to verify that the pneumatic soft bionic actuator is feasible and effective. The above research methods, processes, and results can provide reference and inspiration for the research and implementation of pneumatic and hydraulic soft robots and gripping actuators for soft robotic arms.

Experimental study on dynamic adsorption properties of methylene blue onto coal-based activated carbon using a hydrocyclone

To address the issues of low adsorption efficiency of activated carbon in dyeing wastewater treatment, a dynamic adsorption process using activated carbon for wastewater treatment was proposed. A hydrocyclone was used as the carrier, and the adsorbent separation process was integrated into the same single device. Methylene blue (MB) was used to simulate printing and dyeing wastewater. The effects of initial concentration of MB solution, ratio of activated carbon quality to wastewater flow, and adsorption temperature on the adsorption efficiency were investigated. The results showed that the optimal adsorption efficiency of MB by activated carbon was 95.2 % when the initial concentration of MB solution was 12 mg/L, the ratio of activated carbon quality to wastewater flow was 0.5 mg/mL, and the adsorption temperature of MB solution was 44.5 °C. In addition, compared with the water bath oscillation method, the removal efficiency of MB was increased by 731 % under the same adsorption conditions. The research shows that it is feasible to treat printing and dyeing wastewater by using a hydrocyclone to enhance activated carbon adsorption. The research aims to provide a practical basis for future optimization of the structure and operation parameters of hydrocyclone and to reveal their wide application prospects.

The Empirical and Radiative Transfer Hybrid (EaRTH) Disk Model: Merging Analyses of Protoplanetary Dust Disk Mineralogy and Structure

Our understanding of how exoplanets form and evolve relies on analyses of both the mineralogy of protoplanetary disks and their detailed structures; however, these key complementary aspects of disks are usually studied separately. We present initial results from a hybrid model that combines the empirical characterization of the mineralogy of a disk, as determined from its mid-infrared spectral features, with the MCFOST radiative transfer disk model, a combination we call the Empirical and Radiative Transfer Hybrid (EaRTH) Disk Model. With the results of the mineralogy detection serving as input to the radiative transfer model, we generate mid-infrared spectral energy distributions (SEDs) that reflect both the mineralogical and structural parameters of the corresponding disk. Initial fits of the SED output by the resulting integrated model of Spitzer Space Telescope mid-infrared spectra of the protoplanetary disk orbiting the nearby T Tauri star MP Mus demonstrate the potential advantages of this approach by revealing details like the dominance of micron-sized olivine and micron-sized forsterite in this dusty disk. The simultaneous insight into disk composition and structure provided by the EaRTH Disk methodology should be directly applicable to the interpretation of mid-infrared spectra of protoplanetary disks that will be produced by the James Webb Space Telescope.