Strong Law Research Articles

Trends in Legal Firearm Transactions: A Possible Protective Role of Gun Law Strength.

The United States (US) holds the highest personal firearm ownership among industrialized nations, with implications for firearm-related deaths tied to increased per capita gun ownership and varying gun laws. This study examines the influence of gun law strength on legal firearm transactions, positing a correlation between stronger laws and reduced transactions. The analysis, focused on the stress-laden COVID-19 pandemic, evaluates handgun, long gun, and multiple gun transactions in 2020 and 2021 compared to 2018-2019. The Giffords Gun Law scorecard categorized states into the top 25 "strong" and bottom 25 "weak" gun law groups. Multivariate linear regressions assessed the association between strong gun law states and monthly National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) data from 2018 to 2021. The study queried NICS for handgun, long gun, and multiple gun transactions, comparing median monthly transactions in 2018 and 2019 to 2020 and 2018-2020 to 2021. When evaluating gun law strength through multivariate linear regression models, stronger gun law states had fewer monthly NICS transactions for handguns, long guns, and multiple guns in 2020 and 2021 versus all comparison years (all P < .05). However, from 2018-2019 to 2020 and 2018-2020 to 2021, median monthly NICS transactions per 100,000 people for all gun types increased (all P < .05). Stricter gun laws correlated with decreased firearm transactions in stronger law states, yet handgun, long gun, and multiple gun transactions increased during the pandemic years of 2020 and 2021. Therefore, strengthening firearm legislation may be protective against the proliferation of firearms, which warrants further research.

Product disintegrations: A law of large numbers via conditional independence

We introduce the concept of a product disintegration, which generalizes exchangeability by allowing one to render conditional independence in terms of a suitable hidden sequence of random probabilities. We prove that, given a sequence of random elements in a compact metric space, a strong law of large numbers (SLLN) holds for observables of this process if and only if the process admits a product disintegration that itself satisfies a type of SLLN. As an application, we provide a characterization of the SLLN for identically distributed (not necessarily independent) Bernoulli sequences.

LEGAL PROTECTION OF WOMEN WORKERS IN THE INDUSTRIAL ERA 5.0

Objective study This is for analysing legal protection for female workers in the industrial era 5.0. The method used is a qualitative method study with type study studies as references. Types of studies References used for digging deep understanding about a topic or phenomenon with an analysis of literature and where are the relevant sources? in study This relates to legal protection for female workers in the Industrial Era 5.0. As for the data, it was obtained through study and analysis of various references, like journal books, scientific articles, and documents related to the topic being researched. Then, the researcher found an interesting thread in red. Finally, draw conclusions based on the results, findings, and study. Results study This leads to the conclusion that protection laws for workers and women both within and outside of the country become the primary focus of guard supremacy laws in various countries. Protection for working women can be significantly improved by implementing strong policies, enforcing strict regulations, and taking active roles from the government, international organisations, and society. In the Industry 5.0 era, protection laws for women need adaptation to the dynamics just brought by technology. Comprehensive regulations and implementation technology For detection early, education, encouraging gender equality, cooperation between government and private sector, as well as enforcement of strong laws, become elements important in ensuring effective protection for women in the environment.

The Ecosystem Approach to Guaranteeing the Constitutional Human Right to a Safe Environment

The article aims to analyse the ecosystem approach, which should ensure the constitutional human right to a safe environment. The research methodology was based on the use of econometric, comparison, and graphical methods. Analysing the legal instruments, the study identified ways of harmonising the ecosystem approach with the existing legal framework and policy to improve environmental protection. The need for joint efforts between the state, industry, and local communities to find common positions and the importance of strong institutional capacity, public administration, and law enforcement mechanisms was demonstrated based on data from 37 European countries and Ukraine. It is emphasised that it is possible to achieve a balanced prospect between economic development and environmental protection. The academic novelty of this research is an interdisciplinary approach, a new application of the ecosystem approach to human rights, a detailed analysis of challenges and solutions, and global and local prospects. Prospects for further research are the expansion of the analysis database to the level of world regions to obtain generalised results regarding the provision of the constitutional human right to a safe environment.

Maximal inequalites and applications for reverse demimartingales based on concave Young functions

In this paper, we find that there is no strong and weak relationship between demimartingales and reverse demimartingales through two examples. Based on this fact, we obtain some maximal inequalities for concave Young functions for reverse demimartingales. Furthermore, we discuss the strong law of large numbers and the strong growth rate for reverse demimartingales.

Limit theorems for delayed sums under sublinear expectation

In this paper, we study analogues of the strong laws of large numbers for delayed sums under sublinear expectation. The necessary and sufficient conditions for such analogues of the strong laws of large numbers for delayed sums are established. As a corollary, the complete convergence theorem under sublinear expectation could be deduced. The results extend the classical ones in [1].

Domestic firearm violence against women (2018–2021)

BackgroundOver 50 % of US female homicides occur during domestic violence, with half involving firearms. Public health measures to control COVID-19 may have isolated individuals with abusive partners at a time when firearm sales and new firearm ownership surged. This study sought to evaluate trends in domestic firearm violence (DFV) over time, hypothesizing that rates of DFV increased in the wake of COVID-19. Materials and methodsA retrospective query of the Gun Violence Archive (2018–2021) was conducted for incidents of DFV. The primary outcome was the number of DFV-related shootings. Statistical testing, including one-way and two-way ANOVAs, was performed to compare monthly rates of DFV over time and to compare DFV per 100,000 women in states with strong versus weak gun laws. ResultsAverage monthly DFV incidents rose nationwide during this study's time period, though injuries and fatalities did not. States with weaker gun laws had increased incidents, deaths, and injuries from 2018 to 2021 (all p<0.05). In a two-way ANOVA, stronger gun laws were associated with fewer incidents of DFV when compared with weaker gun law states. We also found that the use of a long gun in DFV more often resulted in a victim's death when compared to a handgun (p<0.01). ConclusionDFV incidents increased over time. States with weaker gun laws bore the brunt of the violence, demonstrating that DFV may be curtailed through legislative efforts. Methods of injury prevention aimed at preventing and reducing domestic violence and improving firearm safety may curtail DFV.

Strong law of large numbers for weighted sums of $ m $-widely acceptable random variables under sub-linear expectation space

&lt;p&gt;In this article, using the Fuk-Nagaev type inequality, we studied general strong law of large numbers for weighted sums of $ m $-widely acceptable ($ m $-WA, for short) random variables under sublinear expectation space with the integral condition&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;disp-formula&gt; &lt;label/&gt; &lt;tex-math id="FE1"&gt; \begin{document}$ \hat{\mathbb{E}} \left ( f^-\left ( \left | X \right | \right ) \right ) \le \mathrm{C}_\mathbb{V}\left ( f^-\left ( \left | X \right | \right ) \right )&amp;lt; \infty $\end{document} &lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/disp-formula&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;and $ Choquet $ integrals existence, respectively, where&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;disp-formula&gt; &lt;label/&gt; &lt;tex-math id="FE2"&gt; \begin{document}$ f\left ( x \right ) = x^{1/\beta }L\left ( x \right ) $\end{document} &lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/disp-formula&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;for $ \beta &amp;gt; 1 $, $ L\left (x \right) &amp;gt; 0 $ $ \left(x &amp;gt; 0\right) $ was a monotonic nondecreasing slowly varying function, and $ f^-\left (x \right) $ was the inverse function of $ f\left(x\right) $. One of the results included the Kolmogorov-type strong law of large numbers and the partial Marcinkiewicz-type strong law of large numbers for $ m $-WA random variables under sublinear expectation space. Besides, we obtained almost surely convergence for weighted sums of $ m $-WA random variables under sublinear expectation space. These results improved the corresponding results of Ma and Wu under sublinear expectation space.&lt;/p&gt;

Rates of convergence in the strong law of large numbers for weighted averages of nonidentically distributed random variables

Rates of convergence in the strong law of large numbers for weighted averages of nonidentically distributed random variables

Strong law of large numbers and central limit theorem for stochastic lattice differential equations

Strong law of large numbers and central limit theorem for stochastic lattice differential equations

The Criminal Law Policy on the General Election System in Indonesia

General elections are a crucial pillar of democracy in Indonesia, allowing citizen participation in selecting leaders and shaping policies. Strong criminal law policies are necessary to preserve the integrity of elections, despite challenges in consistent law enforcement and clear definitions of election violations. The aim of this research is to assess the implementation and effectiveness of criminal law policies in preventing and addressing election violations in Indonesia and to identify their impact on the election process. The research findings indicate that the implementation of criminal law policies in preventing and addressing election violations is crucial. This is achieved through stringent election regulations, strict enforcement of criminal sanctions, careful monitoring and investigation, and swift handling of violations. The effectiveness of criminal law policies is also evident in deterring violations, ensuring transparency in funding, and active citizen participation in monitoring. Criminal law policies have a significant impact on the election process. Positive impacts include efforts to prevent election crimes, protect voting rights, and address election law violations through strict regulations. Prevention of election crimes such as spreading false information and the use of violence is tightly regulated to maintain election integrity. Protecting voters' rights is a focal point, with prohibitions against bribery and intimidation practices. However, the negative impact lies in the potential misuse of criminal law for political purposes, which can undermine the principles of presumption of innocence and human rights.

On Another Type of Convergence for Intuitionistic Fuzzy Observables

The convergence theorems play an important role in the theory of probability and statistics and in its application. In recent times, we studied three types of convergence of intuitionistic fuzzy observables, i.e., convergence in distribution, convergence in measure and almost everywhere convergence. In connection with this, some limit theorems, such as the central limit theorem, the weak law of large numbers, the Fisher–Tippet–Gnedenko theorem, the strong law of large numbers and its modification, have been proved. In 1997, B. Riečan studied an almost uniform convergence on D-posets, and he showed the connection between almost everywhere convergence in the Kolmogorov probability space and almost uniform convergence in D-posets. In 1999, M. Jurečková followed on from his research, and she proved the Egorov’s theorem for observables in MV-algebra using results from D-posets. Later, in 2017, the authors R. Bartková, B. Riečan and A. Tirpáková studied an almost uniform convergence and the Egorov’s theorem for fuzzy observables in the fuzzy quantum space. As the intuitionistic fuzzy sets introduced by K. T. Atanassov are an extension of the fuzzy sets introduced by L. Zadeh, it is interesting to study an almost uniform convergence on the family of the intuitionistic fuzzy sets. The aim of this contribution is to define an almost uniform convergence for intuitionistic fuzzy observables. We show the connection between the almost everywhere convergence and almost uniform convergence of a sequence of intuitionistic fuzzy observables, and we formulate a version of Egorov’s theorem for the case of intuitionistic fuzzy observables. We use the embedding of the intuitionistic fuzzy space into the suitable MV-algebra introduced by B. Riečan. We formulate the connection between the almost uniform convergence of functions of several intuitionistic fuzzy observables and almost uniform convergence of random variables in the Kolmogorov probability space too.

An Empirical Analysis of Violent Crimes Committed by Foreign Nationals in South Korea

As the number of foreigners residing in South Korea has increased, the overall scale of crimes committed by non-Korean nationals and the associated public anxiety have both risen. This paper seeks to explore the trends in violent crimes committed by foreigners in Korea by examining crime statistics from the Korean National Police Agency and immigration data from the Korean Ministry of Justice. Additionally, this paper empirically examines the attributes of the home countries of foreign criminals who are arrested in Korea. The results of our analysis, based on the violent crime statistics for foreign nationals of twelve types from 2003 to 2019, reveal that foreigners from higher-income countries with better educational environments are more likely to be involved in violent criminal activities. Individuals from countries with relatively strong law enforcement are less likely to engage in violent crime while residing in South Korea.

On the Jajte Law of Large Numbers for Exchangeable Random Variables

In this paper, we prove an extension of the Jajte strong law of large numbers for exchangeable random variables, we make a simulation study for the asymptotic behavior in the sense of convergence almost surly for weighted sums of exchangeable weighted random variables.

Convergence properties for randomly weighted sums of ρ-mixing sequences with related statistical applications

In this paper, we investigate some convergence properties, such as complete convergence, complete moment convergence, complete f-moment convergence and strong law of large numbers, for partial sums of randomly weighted sums of -mixing sequences by using the moment inequality, which extend and improve the corresponding ones in the literature. As applications, we obtain the complete consistency for the randomly weighted estimator in a nonparametric regression models and the estimators for the unknown parameters in the simple linear errors-in-variables regression models based on -mixing errors.

Largest nearest-neighbour link and connectivity threshold in a polytopal random sample

Let X1,X2,…\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$X_1,X_2, \\ldots $$\\end{document} be independent identically distributed random points in a convex polytopal domain A⊂Rd\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$A \\subset \\mathbb {R}^d$$\\end{document}. Define the largest nearest-neighbour linkLn\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$L_n$$\\end{document} to be the smallest r such that every point of Xn:={X1,…,Xn}\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathscr {X}_n:=\\{X_1,\\ldots ,X_n\\}$$\\end{document} has another such point within distance r. We obtain a strong law of large numbers for Ln\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$L_n$$\\end{document} in the large-n limit. A related threshold, the connectivity thresholdMn\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$M_n$$\\end{document}, is the smallest r such that the random geometric graph G(Xn,r)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$G(\\mathscr {X}_n, r)$$\\end{document} is connected (so Ln≤Mn\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$L_n \\le M_n$$\\end{document}). We show that as n→∞\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$n \\rightarrow \\infty $$\\end{document}, almost surely nLnd/logn\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$nL_n^d/\\log n$$\\end{document} tends to a limit that depends on the geometry of A, and nMnd/logn\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$nM_n^d/\\log n$$\\end{document} tends to the same limit. We derive these results via asymptotic lower bounds for Ln\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$L_n$$\\end{document} and upper bounds for Mn\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$M_n$$\\end{document} that are applicable in a larger class of metric spaces satisfying certain regularity conditions.

PENERAPAN RESTORATIVE JUSTICE TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI DENGAN NOMINAL KECIL DALAM SISTEM PERADILAN PIDANA DI INDONESIA

The research results explain that strong, consistent, and non-discriminatory law enforcement is a key element in ensuring the existence of principles of justice and legal certainty. It also has the potential to benefit society through deterrence, which can discourage individuals from engaging in corruption. Additionally, it contributes to building public trust in law enforcement efforts and law enforcement agencies. Consequently, public support for law enforcement institutions is strengthened. The development of this concept in anti-corruption law is expected to help recover state losses caused by corruption. Moreover, this punitive concept also offers several benefits in achieving the objectives of penalizing offenders. With a clear obligation to repay restitution without compromise, an offender will work under state supervision to generate funds used to cover the losses resulting from their actions.

The Marcinkiewicz–Zygmund-Type Strong Law of Large Numbers with General Normalizing Sequences under Sublinear Expectation

The Marcinkiewicz–Zygmund-Type Strong Law of Large Numbers with General Normalizing Sequences under Sublinear Expectation

Dynamics of Finite Inhomogeneous Particle Systems with Exclusion Interaction

We study finite particle systems on the one-dimensional integer lattice, where each particle performs a continuous-time nearest-neighbour random walk, with jump rates intrinsic to each particle, subject to an exclusion interaction which suppresses jumps that would lead to more than one particle occupying any site. We show that the particle jump rates determine explicitly a unique partition of the system into maximal stable sub-systems, and that this partition can be obtained by a linear-time algorithm using only elementary arithmetic. The internal configuration of each stable sub-system possesses an explicit product-geometric limiting distribution, and the location of each stable sub-system obeys a strong law of large numbers with an explicit speed; the characteristic parameters of each stable sub-system are simple functions of the rate parameters for the corresponding particles. For the case where the entire system is stable, we provide a central limit theorem describing the fluctuations around the law of large numbers. Our approach draws on ramifications, in the exclusion context, of classical work of Goodman and Massey on partially-stable Jackson queueing networks.

Energy Sovereignty and Security

In 21 century Energy security tuned to be a source of global wellbeing and security. Nowadays Human beings are using much more energy resources than ever. On the one hand it ensures global economic developments on the other it challenges energy consumer’s national security. So, natural resources are either source of geopolitical challenges or opportunities for countries. For producers gas and oil became not the source of ‘’short energy war’’ as it once happened in 1970s, but the tool for well-coordinated, long-term political goals. That’s why for producers’ energy security became source of gaining high, expensive economic and political value on International level. As energy producers perceived their legal and natural right to consider energy resources partof their sovereignty consumers were left only with getting supply at ‘’reasonable price ‘’. Despite differences consumers and producersturned to share one common character - energy security became part of their natural security. But still there is difference as producers more politicized the subject than consumers (for example Russia). It is obvious European failure to establish common energy policy and effective competitive Single Energy Market may lead to energy dependence on single supplier and creation of Gas OPEC with strong market division and intention to monopolize. The abovementioned threats can be responded with strong anti-trust law and diversification of suppliers. antitrust law (competition law) should disband production and distribution by the same company which will lead to healthy competition. Besides it is necessary to diversify energy resources and eliminate Isolation of Iran. Otherwise Europe’s dependence on Russian energy will acquire growing character and intensify International environment.