Strong Law Research Articles

Beyond environmental actions: How environmental regulations stimulate strategic-political CSR engagement in China?

Departing from conventional approaches of environmental actions in response to stricter environmental regulations, our paper leverages the rent-seeking theory to propose that firms engage in strategic-political corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities to obtain environmental legitimacy, which complements the local government's duty of social welfare provision. By selecting the enforcement of China's new Environmental Protection Law (NEPL) as an exogenous shock, our standard difference-in-difference model confirms that NEPL has significantly increased the strategic-political CSR engagement, and it creates a shelter against environmental penalty. The findings remain robust when employing the continuous difference-in-difference model and the triple difference model to relieve concerns regarding comparability between the treated group and control group. Further, the positive effect is attenuated by sound financial condition and strong law enforcement. Our paper extends the understanding of the reciprocal relationship between regulated firms and local governments during the environmental transition process in China, and, potentially, in other developing countries with similar decentralization system and government intervention.

A Strong Law of Large Numbers for Random Monotone Operators

A Strong Law of Large Numbers for Random Monotone Operators

Ensuring the Health and Safety of Indonesian School Children: Legal Protections in Snack Consumption

The health and safety of school children in Indonesia in the consumption of snacks in the school environment is an important aspect that needs to be carefully guarded. Ensuring that children receive healthy, safe, and nutritious snacks requires rigorous legal tools. This article reviews the existing legal framework and enforcement measures needed to ensure the health and safety of schoolchildren during snack consumption. While there are already regulations governing snacks, law enforcement, and public awareness in this regard remain a challenge. The government needs to improve law enforcement efforts by conducting strong coordination, strict supervision of food manufacturers, and providing counseling to parents and students on the importance of choosing healthy snacks. With strong regulations and effective law enforcement, we can ensure that schoolchildren in Indonesia consume healthy and safe snacks and support their proper growth and development for a healthier and more competitive young generation for the betterment of the nation.

Laws of Large Numbers for Weighted Sums of Independent Random Variables: A Game of Mass

We consider weighted sums of independent random variables regulated by an increment sequence and provide operative conditions that ensure a strong law of large numbers for such sums in both the centred and non-centred case. The existing criteria for the strong law are either implicit or based on restrictions on the increment sequence. In our setup we allow for an arbitrary sequence of increments, possibly random, provided the random variables regulated by such increments satisfy some mild concentration conditions. In the non-centred case, convergence can be translated into the behaviour of a deterministic sequence and it becomes a game of mass when the expectation of the random variables is a function of the increment sizes. We identify various classes of increments and illustrate them with a variety of concrete examples.

Legal Protection and Criminal Implications of Mistreatment of Minors: Analysis Based on Child Protection Law Number 35 of 2014

This study discusses the abuse of minors and the legal implications and protections afforded to victims. Child maltreatment is an act of violence involving minors under the age prescribed by law, including physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. The Child Protection Law regulates cases of child abuse and provides a strong legal basis for protecting children's rights. The criminal implications of child maltreatment include various legal consequences imposed on perpetrators, such as imprisonment and fines. The main purpose of these criminal implications is to ensure justice for victims, prevent the repetition of similar crimes, and give an unequivocal message that child maltreatment is unacceptable. Protection of victims of child abuse covers a wide range of aspects, including victims' rights to feel safe, privacy, physical and psychological recovery, uninterrupted education, justice in due process, fair compensation, and effective protection from authorities. Parents also have an important role in providing protection to children who are victims. Cooperation from various parties, including the state, government, community, and family, as well as the implementation of strong laws, are expected to prevent cases of abuse of minors, ensure the protection and recovery of victims, and realize justice.

Numerical Analysis of Split-Step Backward Euler Method with Truncated Wiener Process for a Stochastic Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible Model.

This article deals with the numerical positivity, boundedness, convergence, and dynamical behaviors for stochastic susceptible-infected-susceptible (SIS) model. To guarantee the biological significance of the split-step backward Euler method applied to the stochastic SIS model, the numerical positivity and boundedness are investigated by the truncated Wiener process. Motivated by the almost sure boundedness of exact and numerical solutions, the convergence is discussed by the fundamental convergence theorem with a local Lipschitz condition. Moreover, the numerical extinction and persistence are initially obtained by an exponential presentation of the stochastic stability function and strong law of the large number for martingales, which reproduces the existing theoretical results. Finally, numerical examples are given to validate our numerical results for the stochastic SIS model.

On a central limit theorem in renewal theory

Serfozo (2009, Theorem 2.65) gives a useful central limit theorem for processes with regenerative increments. Unfortunately, there is a gap in the proof. We fill this gap, and at the same time we weaken the assumptions. Furthermore, we give conditions for moment convergence in this setting. We give also further results complementing results in Serfozo (2009) on the law of large numbers and estimates for the mean; in particular, we show that there is a gap between conditions for the weak and strong laws of large numbers.

Complete convergence for randomly weighted sums of dependent random variables and an application

. In this article, we establish complete convergence for randomly weighted sums of negatively orthant-dependent random variables. We also establish complete convergence for the maximums of randomly weighted sums of negatively associated random variables. As a corollary, a Marcinkiewicz-Zygmund-type strong law for randomly weighted sums of negatively associated random variables is obtained. The results can be applied to the bootstrap sample means, and an open problem in a convergence rate of the bootstrap sample means posed by Csörgő (2004) is solved completely.

Graphical posterior predictive classification: Bayesian model averaging with particle Gibbs

In this study, we present a multi-class graphical Bayesian predictive classifier that incorporates the uncertainty in the model selection into the standard Bayesian formalism. For each class, the dependence structure underlying the observed features is represented by a set of decomposable Gaussian graphical models. Emphasis is then placed on the Bayesian model averaging which takes full account of the class-specific model uncertainty by averaging over the posterior graph model probabilities. An explicit evaluation of the model probabilities is well known to be infeasible. To address this issue, we consider the particle Gibbs strategy of J. Olsson, T. Pavlenko, and F. L. Rios [Electron. J. Statist. 13 (2019), no. 2, 2865–2897] for posterior sampling from decomposable graphical models which utilizes the so-called Christmas tree algorithm of J. Olsson, T. Pavlenko, and F. L. Rios [Stat. Comput. 32 (2022), no. 5, Paper No. 80, 18] as proposal kernel. We also derive a strong hyper Markov law which we call the hyper normal Wishart law that allows to perform the resultant Bayesian calculations locally. The proposed predictive graphical classifier reveals superior performance compared to the ordinary Bayesian predictive rule that does not account for the model uncertainty, as well as to a number of out-of-the-box classifiers.

Unbalanced multi-drawing urn with random addition matrix II

In this paper, we give some results about a multi-drawing urn with random addition matrix. The process that we study is described as: at stage n ≥ 1 , we pick out at random m balls, say k white balls and m−k black balls. We inspect the colours and then we return the balls, according to a predefined replacement matrix, together with ( m − k ) X n white balls and k Y n black balls. Here, we extend the classical assumption that the random variables ( X n , Y n ) are bounded and i.i.d. We prove a strong law of large numbers and a central limit theorem on the proportion of white balls for the total number of balls after n draws under the following more general assumptions: (i) a finite second-order moment condition in the i.i.d. case; (ii) regular variation type for the first and second moments in the independent case.

Analysis of Peak Ground Acceleration and Seismogenic Fault Characteristics of the Mw7.8 Earthquake in Turkey

A Mw7.8 earthquake struck Turkey on 6 February 2023, causing severe casualties and economic losses. This paper investigates the characteristics of strong ground motion and seismogenic fault of the earthquake. We collected and processed the strong ground motion records of 379 stations using Matlab, SeismoSignal, and Surfer software: Matlab (Version R2016a), SeismoSignal (Version 5.1.0), and Surfer (Version 23.0.15), and obtained the peak ground acceleration (PGA) contour map. We analyzed the near-fault effect, the fault locking segment effect, and the trampoline effect of the earthquake based on the spatial distribution of PGA, the fault geometry, and slip distribution. We found that the earthquake generated a very strong ground motion concentration effect in the near-fault area, with the maximum PGA exceeding 2000 cm/s2. However, the presence of fault locking segments influenced the spatial distribution of ground motion, resulting in four significant PGA high-value concentration areas at a local dislocation, a turning point, and the end of the East Anatolian Fault. We also revealed for the first time the typical manifestation of the trampoline effect in this earthquake, which was characterized by a large vertical acceleration with a positive direction significantly larger than the negative direction. This paper provides an important reference for understanding the seismogenic mechanism, damage mode, characteristics, and strong earthquake law of the Turkey earthquake.

Concept of Privacy in India: A Socio-Legal Critique

This article provides an incisive view on how the concept of privacy has evolved in India despite being a collectivist society. It has been observed that the notion of privacy co-existed with collectivist tradition even in ancient India. However, the collectivist approach was too dominant to allow an open discussion on the concept of privacy in the country. However, constitutional activists started vouching for privacy towards the fag end of 19th century which continued till the making of the constitution in independent India. However, the right to privacy remained outside the purview of fundamental rights till Supreme Court of India declared it as intrinsic to the fundamental right of life and liberty inherently protected under Article 21 of the constitution. Earlier judgements of the Supreme Court of India on various cases revolving around protection of privacy of individuals make strong case laws for privacy in the country culminating in the landmark judgement of privacy in 2017. This article adds value to the existing discourse on privacy by critiquing the issue from a socio-legal perspective.

Comparison between Council of Occupants’ Representatives and Managing Body

There are two perspectives regarding the right to manage an apartment complex. First, the management right of an apartment complex can be derived by collecting all divided ownership rights as an apartment building (a civil approach). Second, the power of the community or the state is partially divided and handed over to the apartment complex (public law approach). The Act on Ownership and Management of Condominium Buildings is a civil approach to the management of collective buildings. It addresses the issue of management of collective buildings as a concept corresponding to the authority of ownership. In this case, the managing body of the collective buildings becomes a management group comprising all the divided owners. In contrast, the Multi-Family Housing Management Act views the management of apartments as public law, considering that the government's right to manage apartments is entrusted to the council of occupants' representatives. Regarding the legal nature of the management group, there is a view that the management group has a cooperative nature. However, this group has rules and an organization, such as having a representative who is a decision-making body and an executive body. It is reasonable to identify it as an unincorporated association, in that it belongs to the management group. Regarding the legal nature of the council of occupants' representatives, there is a perspective that the council of occupants' representatives is the same as the management group, or it is merely an executive body of the management group. It is difficult to see that it is reasonable to compare the council of occupants' representatives, which is an organization with a strong character, on the same line. Considering the fact that the management authority of the council of occupants' representatives is only established under the Multi-Family Housing Management Act, it is reasonable to consider that the council of occupants' representatives corresponds to a representative organization created by representatives of occupants in a small group called a housing complex. The problem of claiming management expenses in arrears against a specific successor can be resolved by identifying the legal nature of management expenses of the management group and the council of occupants' representatives. Under the Act on Ownership and Management of Condominium Buildings, the right to collect management fees exercised by the management group corresponds to the claim of co-owners based on Article 266 of the Civil Act. Additionally, Article 18 of the Act on Ownership and Management of Condominium Buildings stipulates that the claim that a co-owner has against another co-owner in relation to a common part can be exercised against the special successor. One can claim payment of the management fee corresponding to the common part of the management fee in arrears. In contrast, the right to collect management fees exercised by the council of occupants' representatives under the Multi-Family Housing Management Act tends to have a strong public law character, considering the legal nature of the council of occupants' representatives. Therefore, it cannot be considered that the council of occupants' representatives exercises the right to collect management fees beyond the scope defined in the Multi-Family Housing Management Act. Additionally, as the Multi-Family Housing Management Act does not have the same provisions as Article 18 of the Act on Ownership and Management of Condominium Buildings, the council of occupants' representatives cannot be regarded as exercising the right to collect management fees beyond the scope defined in the Multi-Family Housing Management Act. It is reasonable to assume that one cannot claim payment of the management fee for arrears.

The Sufficient and Necessary Conditions of the Strong Law of Large Numbers under Sub-linear Expectations

The Sufficient and Necessary Conditions of the Strong Law of Large Numbers under Sub-linear Expectations

The asymptotic equipartition property for a special Markov random field

The asymptotic equipartition property (AEP) plays an important role in establishing lossless source coding theorems and asymptotic coding theorems through the concepts of typical sets and typical sequences in information theory. In this paper, we study the generalized asymptotic equipartition property in the form of moving average for N bifurcating Markov chains indexed by an N-branch Cayley tree, which is a special case of Markov Urandom fields. Firstly, we construct a class of random variables containing a parameter with means of 1, and establish a strong limit theorem for the moving average of multivariate functions of such chains using the Borel–Cantelli lemma. Secondly, we present the strong law of large numbers for the frequencies of occurrence of states of the moving average, as well as the generalized asymptotic equipartition property for N bifurcating Markov chains indexed by an N-branch Cayley tree. As corollaries, we also generalize some known results.

Do institutions impact differently inward greenfield FDI and cross-border M&A sales? A study of five institutional quality indicators in developed and developing countries

PurposeThis study aims to test the impact of different institutional quality indicators on two modes of foreign direct investment (FDI)-greenfield investment and cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As) for a sample of 110 countries over the period 2003–2017.Design/methodology/approachThe authors develop a model of well-known FDI determinants, such as market size and potential, openness, the value of the national currency and the quality of institutions. The authors examine one-by-one five different institutional factors: law and order, investment profile of the host country, control of corruption (anti-corruption); democratic accountability, and government stability, applying a generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator that assures no endogeneity and reverse causality of the key explanatory variables.FindingsThe results point out the fact that fertile institutional conditions for attracting greenfield FDI to developing countries require law and order, good investment conditions and a state of democracy, but not necessarily tight control of corruption and a stable government. On the other hand, the appropriate institutional environment for attracting cross-border M&A sales flows to developing countries includes strong law and order, good investment conditions, strict control of corruption and strong democratic accountability. The results for developed countries show overall smaller importance of institutions as a determinant of both types of FDI.Originality/valueThis is the first study to analyze the differentiated determinants of the two modes of investment. The study holds implications for crafting two different policies for attracting greenfield FDI and M&A sales.

A strong law of large numbers for positive random variables

A strong law of large numbers for positive random variables

Patent trolls and capital structure decisions in high-tech firms

Under the growing threat of patent trolls, high-tech firms face substantial legal fees, increased cash flow volatility, and greater expected costs of distress. I show that the exposure to patent litigation leads to overly conservative capital structures in high-tech firms. My identification exploits a 2017 U.S. Supreme Court decision limiting the ability of patent trolls to seek favorable venue outside the defendant's incorporating state. Following the decision, firms incorporated in states with strong anti-patent troll laws increased leverage. The effects are driven by high-tech firms, the premier targets of patent trolls. Decreased cash flow volatility, especially in treated firms closer to financial distress, provides a key economic channel for my results.

Functional Central Limit Theorem and Strong Law of Large Numbers for Stochastic Gradient Langevin Dynamics

We study the mixing properties of an important optimization algorithm of machine learning: the stochastic gradient Langevin dynamics (SGLD) with a fixed step size. The data stream is not assumed to be independent hence the SGLD is not a Markov chain, merely a Markov chain in a random environment, which complicates the mathematical treatment considerably. We derive a strong law of large numbers and a functional central limit theorem for SGLD.

Measuring the Effect of Consumer Protection Laws on Consumer Purchase Intention with Consumer’s Attitude toward Deception as a Mediator

Marketing deception in Iraq is different from other countries due to the absence of ?governmental control, corruption, the political composition and structure of the country. This study aims to test the effect of consumer protection laws on consumer purchase intention. The data were collected by a questionnaire distributed randomly to customers local Supermarkets in Erbil, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. A random sampling technique was used. Accordingly, 300 respondents participated in the survey, and 275 valid responses were received, demonstrating a 92% response rate. The hypothesis was tested by employing Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The finding showed consumer protection laws have significant effect on consumer purchase intention. Also, the relationship between consumer protection laws and consumer buying intention was mediated by consumer attitude. The outcomes propose that strong laws and regulation by the government favor both consumers and marketers and will increase the attitude of consumers toward purchasing a product.