Strengthening Of Cooperation Research Articles

The Implementation Formula of Entrepreneurship Education at Higher Education as a Solution for the Social Problem

This research aims at finding out the implementation formula of entrepreneurship education at the university. The searching of electronic journal articles by using database such as: JSTOR, SAGE, Proquest, Elsevier, Emerald Insigth, and Google Scholar from 2009 until the end of October 2019. The keywords: entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial and unemployment. The implementation formula of entrepreneurship education is done through the curriculum reformations and improvements, the creation of extracurricular activities and entrepreneurship programs, the empowerment of human resource development for entrepreneur lecturer (teachers), the adequacy of infrastructures and financial supports, the strengthening of cooperation with associates, the alumni empowerment and also the support of government. The implementation formula of entrepreneurship education at the university is able to shape the character, improve the habits, attitude, and the passions of the university students to be entrepreneurs and also increase the number of new entrepreneurs in Indonesia that will be a solution of intellectual unemployment problems.

Issues of regulating cryptocurrency and control over its turnover: international experience

The article deals with an important and relevant topic – the definition of the concept and essence of cryptocurrencies, the study of the problems of their legal regulation, the rationale for control over their turnover, as well as the analysis of ways to counter money laundering that involves cryptocurrency. The authors emphasize that measures taken exclusively at the state level are not enough to create an effective, integrated and comprehensive system for regulating the legal status of cryptocurrencies. Therefore, international cooperation and the strengthening of cooperation between various states in the field of cryptocurrency regulation is important. The authors analyze the scientific doctrine regarding the essence of cryptocurrency. It was found out that there was no single approach to the definition of “cryptocurrency” among scientists. Moreover, cryptocurrencies in various laws of the world have different status. The authors used general scientific and special scientific methods, which provided an objective analysis of the purpose of the study. The research methods were used in interconnection and interdependence, which ensured the comprehensiveness and completeness of the research, as well as the validity of the obtained scientific results. The authors have determined states where cryptocurrency has an official status, is at the initial stage of legal regulation or completely prohibited at the state level. The relevance of the research consists in the actual absence of the legal framework for the regulation of cryptocurrencies, which is conditioned by the novelty of this phenomenon and the problems related to its functioning. The authors proposed their own definition of cryptocurrency based on its main features.

Cognitive scenario of “school attendance” in linguistic consciousness of the Russians and Chinese

The goal of this work consists in determination of similarities and differences of cognitive scenario of “school attendance” in linguistic consciousness of the Russians and Chinese. The linguistic terms “concept”, “scenario”, and “frame” are clarified. Comparison is conducted on lexicographic meanings of lexical units 学生 and ‘student’. The author analyzes the associative fields of ’学生 – ‘student’, 小学 – ‘elementary school’, 中学 – ‘middle school’, and ‘school’; compares the scenarios of “school attendance” in Russia and China. The relevance of this work is substantiated by the trend of strengthening of cooperation and exchange in the sphere of education between Russia and China. Cognitive analysis of associative field allows reconstructing the concept as a unit of individual mental lexicon, and cultural phenomenon. The concept is defined as a core meaningful unit of memory, mental lexicon, conceptual scheme of the entire worldview reflected in a human psyche. The frame is a special type of cognitive model, which represents knowledge belonging to either specific or common situations; while scenarios are the structures of knowledge particularly designated for recurrent sequence of events. The article applies a free association experiment that is one of the means of externalization of linguistic consciousness. The scientific novelty lies in selection of the relevant, but insufficiently explored topic – the comparative study of cognitive structures in the sphere of education of Russia and China. As a result, the author determined the differences in cognitive scenario of “school attendance” in linguistic consciousness of Russian and Chinese students. The differences consists in the following: 1) school uniforms; 2) distance between school and home; 3)requirements for physical training of the students (Chinese students to morning exercises, some activities between the lessons, and eye exercises; 4) ceremonies and rituals (on Mondays, Chinese schools do the national flag-raising ceremony; and welcoming ritual at the beginning of each lesson); 5) and length of the education process. The acquires results may be valuable in further comparative study of Russian and Chinese educational discourse.

ENERGY SECURITY CONCEPT IN RUSSIA AND SOUTH KOREA

One of the key problems hindering the strengthening of cooperation between South Korea and the Russian Federation not only in the energy sector, but also in other areas, is a negative impact in a kind of historical memory of previous experience of cooperation, or rather failure in implementation of projects or lack of implementation in general. Many projects in potentially promising areas remain on paper. Projects have never been implemented include modernization and commissioning by a joint Russian-North Korean enterprise with the participation of Russian Railways of the railway section from the Khasan station (Russia) to the port Rajin in order to transit from South Korea and gain access states of the Korean Peninsula to the Trans-Siberian Railway.Keywords: Energy Sources, South Korea Energy Policy, Resource Saving, Economic Development, Energy Cooperation.JEL Classifications: C30, D12, Q41, Q48DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.9116

Potato Value Chain Analysis in Banja District, Ethiopia

Potato is important for its contribution to food security and as source of cash income for a large proportion of the rural households. However, enhancing potato farmers to reach markets and actively engage in the potato value chain is a key issue needed in the study area. This paper was aimed to identify Potato value chains and their performance. The data collected from randomly selected 120 farmers and from purposively selected 42 traders and 35 consumers. Descriptive analysis was used for characterizing farmers, describing value chain and examining market performance. Input suppliers, farmers, collectors, wholesalers, retailers and consumers were main value chain actors and governmental offices and NGOs were support service providers.The product passed through different channels and went out to different destination markets. Out of the total costs of production, seed cost accounts 38.43% of the total production cost to farmers and net return of 27.33% selling price. Even though the study area has high potential for potato production, there are constraints from input supply to consumption stages. Product perishability and lack of storage, seed system, and irrigation access and price fluctuation are some of the problems seen in the potato value chain. Therefore, the study underscores seed supply system, expansion of irrigation access, improvement on storage and postharvest processing methods and strengthening of cooperatives for policy implications. Keywords : Potato value chain, performance, constraints DOI: 10.7176/FSQM/95-02 Publication date: March 31 st 2020

Role of the WTO in Regulating World Trade in Medicinal Products and Equipment during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Peculiarities of international trade in medicinal products and equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic are considered.
 The purpose of the article is theoretical and methodological substantiation of the role of the WTO agreements within international trade in medicinal products and equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic, development of important priorities of international trade policy in this area.
 The methodological basis of the article is a set of general and special research methods. In particular, the shortcomings of international trade in medicinal products and equipment in 2020 were identified by using the logical and semantic method.
 The export of medical equipment and devices in 2020 is analyzed and the main problems that exist in this area are outlined. The WTO agreements regulating international trade in medicinal products and equipment are analyzed.
 It is stated that the WTO is an effective regulator of international trade and should take all measures to further provision of stable functioning of the system of international trade relations, liberalization of international trade, ensuring transparency of trade procedures and the abolition of trade restrictions.
 It is concluded that the COVID-19 pandemic stressed the strengthening of cooperation and efforts to reduce barriers to international trade. Global integration of all activities and international cooperation are important to overcome the impact of the COVID-19 virus on the health and economic.
 It is emphasized that aspects of the settlement of trade disputes related to the export of medical equipment and devices during the COVID-19 pandemic can be considered as a perspective area of further research.

INTERACTION OF THE EAEU COURT WITH NATIONAL AUTHORITIES (INSTITUTIONS) OF KAZAKHSTAN AS A MEMBER OF THE EAEU

The annotated article analyzes the scientific problems of relations between the Court of the Eurasianeconomic Union (EAEU) and national institutions (bodies) of the Republic of Kazakhstan in different forms.The relevancy of the topic is that the member countries, including Kazakhstan, could solve integrationproblems through regional justice. In this regard, the article attempts to assist the EAEU Court and nationalinstitutions of Kazakhstan in resolving the problems of their relations. The main results of the topic of thearticle include: ensuring the effectiveness of regional justice; prevention of violations of integration normsin the process of consideration of appeals of the Kazakh ent; strengthening of cooperation between the EAEUCourt and national institutions of Kazakhstan. The article concludes: on the appropriateness of formulatingnorms to prevent violations of the EAEU norms; on the justification of forms of cooperation between nationalauthorities, institutions and the EAEU Court. The scientific novelty of the topic of the article lies in the factthat it in the legal and other literature has not previously been studied by anyone.

Latin American vector of global sustainability acquisition

The research subject is the study of global tendencies of Latin America transition to sustainable development. Such transition is aimed at settling the argument between the rising needs of humanity and the inability of the biosphere to satisfy them without being rapidly and massively destroyed. The sustainable development strategy is supported by the states of Latin American region where the understanding is strengthening that its effective usage is impossible merely at the national level and requires regional, interregional and global approaches. The author’s aim is to analyze the global “background” and international and regional dimension processes of Latin America acquisition of global sustainability. The author outlines basic directions and the first steps of Latin America states transition to sustainable development, and emphasizes the leading role of Brazil in this process. All the more so as the country is strengthening its ability to influence the pursuing of sustainable development goals via BRICS. Since its foundation, this international association of five large countries has oriented towards the effective transition to sustainable development in its unique format. The strengthening of cooperation between these countries is expected, including that in BRICS Plus format, in “sustainable transition”, which is also proved by the participation in this process of the recently created BRICS departments - the New Development Bank and the Network University. The author assesses the influence of COVID pandemic on the further socio-economic development of the region and on the process of implementation of sustainable development goals.   

Main directions and support measures for scientific, technological and innovative policies in the world during the COVID-19 pandemic

A scientific study of the directions for the formation, implementation and support of scientific, technological and innovation policy (STI policy) in the highly developed countries to overcome the COVID-19 pandemic and the crisis phenomena has been investigated. Measures and instruments of general political support for the STI sphere, in addition to effective medical and pharmacological support, also cover organizational and technical, financial, socio-economic, information, scientific and innovative support. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of directions for supporting scientific research, the development of new technologies and innovations to overcome the consequences of the coronavirus; coordination of actions and strengthening of cooperation at the national and international levels. The features of the introduction of state assistance instruments (support packages) of innovative business structures during the crisis are considered; holding collective events at the national and international levels; open exchange of data on the results of research and development — are analyzed. OECD data on decisions and measures taken by national governments and international organizations to overcome the pandemic, as well as support scientific and business structures during the crisis, have been analyzed and systematized. Eight main directions of STI support for five countries (Great Britain, Germany, Canada, Norway, Japan) are highlighted, which are combined in a summary table.

Україно-литовське партнерство в сфері безпеки та оборони.

With the transformation of international relations system and the escalation of the conflict potential of the regional Eastern European space, the development of a modern security sector, aimed to protect state sovereignty and territorial integrity, is a key task for Ukraine. In this regard, the establishment of mutually beneficial cooperation with foreign partners is extremely important for ensuring the implementation of reform and modernization of Ukrainian defense sector with modern standards. The article is devoted to the comprehensive analysis of Ukrainian-Lithuanian cooperation in this field. The constructive content of the cooperation before the EuroMaidan events was focused on borrowing the Lithuanian experience of the transformation of the Soviet military system into compliance with the standards of the Euro-Atlantic system of collective security. Following the annexation of the Crimea and the start of aggression in the Donbas, the issue of Ukrainian-Lithuanian security cooperation was actualized through a common understanding of the existing threats and challenges to the regional space.The article emphasizes that Ukrainian experience in the fight against hybrid threats is highly valued by the Lithuanian specialists, and they are interested in the studies of this issue. One of the major fields for a strengthening of cooperation between the states was LITPOLUKRBRIG as a multinational unit for supporting the regional stability and compatibility of the armed forces. It is emphasized that the current level of development of relations between Ukraine and Lithuania in security can be evaluated as a strategic partnership. Lithuania continues to pay efforts to professional education of Ukrainian servicemen, deepening this sphere of relationships due to the functioning of the training mission on the Ukrainian territory; provides medical treatment for Ukrainian soldiers, who were wounded in the ATO-zone. Lithuania is the only European state, which provides lethal weapon to Ukrainian armed forces, also participating in the multinational advising activities for the intensification of the reforms in Ukraine. The Ukrainian-Lithuanian relations are based on military-technical partnership, cooperation in military personnel training and in the format of international peacekeeping operations.

Sino-jugoslovenski odnosi u periodu 1949-1977. godine - značaj posete Josipa Broza Tita NR Kini 1977. godine

Although Yugoslavia recognized the PR China immediately after its founding in 1949, Sino-Yugoslavian diplomatic relations were only established in 1955, due to bad relations between Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union. In the period 1955-1977, relations between the two countries were marked by numerous ups and downs, primarily due to the relations between the two major powers (the USA and the Soviet Union), their influence on Yugoslavia and China, as well as many other key international events. However, for the results of this research, the most important period is the period after the death of Mao Zedong and the arrest of the so-called Gang of Four in 1976, when the two countries thrived thanks to the drastic changes in their foreign policy appearances and assertive approaches and influences that projected in their region and in the globalized world to make a significant contribution to shaping the global structure. During the research, the author identified which factors positively influenced the strengthening of cooperation between the PR China and Yugoslavia. First, there is a convergence of the attitude about the fight against hegemonism and other global problems, as well as an effort to ensure that differences between them do not interfere with the cooperation. The establishment of the Sino-US relations was also very significant for the restoration of diplomatic and party relations with Yugoslavia. Particularly significant was China's "opening up" policy to the world and the fact that Yugoslavia was not the only example of an alternative model of socialism for the Chinese, but also a significant mediator in China's exit from self-isolation, its opening up to the Third World (Non-Aligned Movement), and developing relations with Eastern European countries and the so-called Eurocommunist parties in Italy, Spain, and France, they gave Yugoslavia and China a sound foundation first. Nevertheless, the author believes that a crucial factor in strengthening the relationship between the two countries was the visionary policies of two leaders, Josip Broz Tito and Deng Xiaoping, who marked the decades-long political and economic development of both states and paved the way for next generations of leaders. That is why Josip Broz Tito's visit to China in 1977 represents a major step forward in the relations between Yugoslavia and China, bearing in mind that it was the first visit of the President of Yugoslavia to China, during which diplomatic and party relations were restored, which contributed to strengthening the cooperation between the two countries at all levels. To prove the basic hypothesis that only after the death of Mao Zedong and the arrest of the so-called Gang of Four (in 1976) gained the conditions to strengthen the Sino-Yugoslav relations, because it outweighed the influence of positive factors versus negative factors, during the research the author will use structural-functional analysis, induction, and deduction.

Inventory incompleteness and collecting priority on the plant diversity in tropical East Africa

Inventory incompleteness has seriously affected the accuracy of the spatial distribution pattern of biodiversity, but the causes of incompleteness and the priority investigation with quantitative methods have received far less attention. In this study, we constructed a plant database of tropical East Africa, evaluated and explained the inventory incompleteness, and identified the priority collecting area. The results showed that the spatial distribution pattern of collection density and species richness is very uneven in tropical East Africa, with 16 % of regions having zero-collection, and more than half of the regions having inventory incompleteness. Species collection and completeness are mainly affected by species richness and road density, followed by national boundaries and insecurity in some areas. We quantitatively selected priority investigation areas in tropical East Africa to supplement biodiversity data in the area. We recommend prioritizing collections especially around western Kenya, southern Tanzania, and around the border of Tanzania and Kenya. Future work should focus on improving the digitization of specimens and the strengthening of cooperation among countries, for these are the best ways to raise awareness of the biodiversity patterns in tropical East Africa.

Shearing dominated by the coupling of the interfacial misfit and atomic bonding at the FCC (111) semi-coherent interfaces

Using atomistic simulations, we present a systematic investigation of the shear mechanisms of three {111} bimetal interfaces, focusing on the influence of the dislocation spacing and bonding scheme across the interface. The evolution of interface sliding process reveals that all the initial shearings are nucleated at the regions of dislocations and their nodes. The interface with small lattice misfit could accommodate the shear strain via the dislocation loops gliding into neighboring massive coherent regions, exhibiting a comparatively low shear strength. However, at the interface with dense dislocation network, the adjacent gliding dislocation loops interact with each other and prohibit further interface sliding. Considering the γ surfaces of three {111} interfaces, it is found that the miscellaneous bonding scheme across the interface can vary the preferred sliding directions and prevent the necessary transformation of the incipient sliding directions, which eventually increase the shear resistance. The shear strength of the Ni/Al {111} interface is increased by six times after alloying, verifying the cooperative strengthening effect contributed by the dense interfacial dislocations and miscellaneous bonding scheme.

International cooperation in food security in Uzbekistan

The article covers the issues of ensuring food security, reforms carried out by Uzbekistan in this regard and mutual cooperation, which are becoming one of the most pressing problems in the world today. The increase in the number of Population year-on-year, climatic changes, urbanization, economic, ecological factors adversely affect the volume and quality of food production. This, in turn, dictates the implementation of deep consistent reforms in the spheres of existing rural agriculture and food industry. In recent years, with the aim of accelerating the development of agricultural production and the food industry, addressing sectoral challenges, Uzbekistan has been working not only in domestic capacity but also with international organizations and developed countries. In particular, Uzbekistan joined the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAOUN) on 2 November 2001. During this period, Uzbekistan has implemented a number of national and regional projects in collaboration with the UN. For example, Uzbekistan carried out 8 national and regional projects in the Republic during 2001-2015 in cooperation with this organization. On June 5-6, 2014 in Tashkent on the initiative of Uzbekistan held an international conference on the theme “significant reserves of Food Program Implementation in Uzbekistan”. In addition, the FAOUN's 32nd regional conference for Europe is scheduled to be held in Uzbekistan for the first time among the countries of Central Asia on May 5-7, 2020. This is evidenced by the growing strengthening of cooperation with the FAOUN Organization of Uzbekistan

‘TROUBLED WATERS’: MARITIME ISSUES IN PALK STRAIT, INDIAN OCEAN

India had settled maritime boundary issues with all its neighbours including Sri Lanka. In reality, however, India still has issues to be addressed in Palk Strait with Sri Lanka in the Indian Ocean. In spite of the existence of two maritime agreements of 1974 and 1976, there are certain irritants between the two neighbours. The main issue is the status of Kachchativu, a small barren island in the Palk Bay area and the fishing around it. The contest for marine resources in and around Kachchativu by Indian and Sri Lankan fishermen has not only heighten the disagreement between stakeholders but also led to demands to reclaim the island by Indian fishermen and Dravidian political parties in Tamil Nadu. The paper examines the historical debates between two countries on the legal claim of the barren island, its settlement and its implication on India's domestic politics, and the challenges faced at the moment. Particularly, the recurring attack on Indian fishermen in Palk Straits by the Sri Lankan Navy then and now has become a contentious issue between two neighbours, which require comprehensive analysis. Finally, the paper highlights the availability of reasonable options before two countries in strengthening of cooperation and amicable settlement of fishery row. Keywords: Palk Strait, India-Sri Lanka relations, Kachchativu, Indian Ocean

Социальное обслуживание пожилых: что происходит и возможно ли развитие?

The authors analyze the current situation in the social service system in Russia. Trends in the main indicators for social services for the elderly are analyzed based on the statistical forms of Rosstat for 2012–2016. Situation in social service system in Russia is compared with the modern trends in the system of long-term care. The article identify that two divergent trends affect state social services. On the one hand, outpatient social care, long term care, social services market are developing. On the other hand, economic struggles of recent years have led to reduction of staff and areas of work, the workload increase and the lack of resources for breakthrough. The authors note that the creation of a comprehensive system of support for relatives caring for elderly, the strengthening of cooperation between medical and social service institutions, the development of federal methodological recommendations for social services need assessment would improve the accessibility and quality of social services and improve the life quality of older persons.

The Determinants of Delayed Diagnosis and Treatment Among Malaria Patients in Myanmar: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the determining factors for delayed diagnosis and treatment among malaria patients in Myanmar. Methods: The sample comprised 220 respondents diagnosed with malaria last year, living in the upper, middle, and lower part of Myanmar. In 2017, data were collected through interviews and analyzed using percentage, mean, standard deviation, and the chi-square test. Results: The results affirmed that most of the respondents were in the working age group and of low educational level. They also had poor knowledge and perception of malaria, and more than half of the respondents visited health centers or volunteered for their first treatment of choice. Most respondents received little social support for malaria. There were significant associations between age, sex, education, marital status, occupation, and delayed diagnosis and treatment (p < 0.05). Knowledge and perceptions of malaria, health-seeking behavior, and low social support on malaria services were also significantly associated with delayed malaria diagnosis and treatment (p < 0.05). Conclusion: According to the findings, appropriate strengthening of cooperation and collaborations among different sectors upon diagnosis, coverage of treatment services, interventions to increase community awareness, effective communication, behavioral changes, and improved capability of the village health volunteers are evidently needed.

Cooperative nature of the sulfur centered hydrogen bond: investigation of (H2S)n (n = 2-4) clusters using an affordable yet accurate level of theory.

Existing studies have shown that appreciably high level quantum chemical calculations are required to reproduce experimental energetic and geometric features of a H2S dimer. This condition severely restricts any practical possibility of obtaining reliable results for higher order H2S clusters. We have shown here that the binding energies calculated at the CCSD(T)/CBS level with counterpoise corrected geometries calculated at the MP2/aug-cc-pV(Q+d)Z level of theory excellently match with the experimental results for the H2S dimer. Subsequently, the above mentioned levels of theory were used for trimers and tetramers. (H2S)n (n = 2-4) clusters were found to show cooperative strengthening of S-HS hydrogen bonds, which is clearly evident from the evolution of binding energies and hydrogen bond lengths, with increasing cluster size. Localized molecular orbital energy decomposition analyses have been carried out to understand how the contributions of various energy components modulate with the size of the clusters and what are their relative contributions towards the overall stabilization of the clusters. Natural bond orbital and atoms in molecules analyses were also carried out in order to look into the evolution of the electronic charge transfer and electron density topology with cluster size.

The 4th Industrial Revolution Strategy and Cooperation in China, India and Singapore

This study focuses on analyzing China, India and Singapore's driving capability for the 4th IR, related national policies, plans, or strategies, etc. In addition, this study suggests implications and directions for the development of policies related to the 4th IR by the Korean government and the strengthening of cooperation with each of these three countries. In conclusion, we presents the following cooperation directions and policy tasks in respect to the three countries above. First, we need to enhance selective and strategic cooperation with China in the aspects of competition and response via the following strategies: 1) strengthening RD 2) developing strategies to actively utilize digitalized consumers in China and protecting domestic digital consumers and cross-border personal information; 3) advancing into the areas of 5G, smart manufacturing and robot-related fields in China; 4) enhancing collaboration in terms of internationalization of innovative entrepreneurial ecosystems; 5) pursuing agreements to address the issues of technology deception and technical protection. Second, we need to enhance all-round convergence and win-win cooperation with India through the following channels: 1) early enhancement of core SW technologies such as artificial intelligence, embedded and cloud computing via using India's excellent SW, IT service capability; 2) taking advantage of India's Big Data resources, including Aadhaar, the world's largest digital personal authentication system; 3) participating in smart manufacturing, digital infrastructure development with new technologies and products related to smart city initiatives, cooperation between start-ups in both countries; 4) to do this, we will need to consider utilizing the Vision Group of Korea-India Future Strategy; and 5) creating a Korea-India Innovation Venture Fund. Lastly, with Singapore, we need to strengthen innovation cooperation in policies and systems, education, RD 2) exploring active cooperation projects with the Singapore National Research Foundation (NRF), the Science and Technology Research Agency (A* STAR), and 14 test-beds; 3) establishing a partnership channel with BASH, Singapore's largest innovation entrepreneurial community, and SGInovate, which operates BASH; 4) promoting cooperation between Korean and Singapore Start-ups, which are involved in FinTech and Smart City businesses.

Self-Lubricating Si3N4-based composites toughened by in situ formation of silver

As is well known, it is hard to prepare ceramic-Ag composites, owing to the lower melting temperature of silver. In this paper, Si3N4-based composites reinforced with in situ formation of Ag particles were successfully fabricated by sintering Si3N4 and AgNO3, and their microstructure, elevated-temperature mechanical and tribological properties were investigated. It can be found that Ag particles about 1 µm were uniformly dispersed into the Si3N4 matrix and there was no outflow of silver during the sintering. Meanwhile, S3N4/Ag composite containing 5.1 wt% silver exhibited the best fracture toughness, 7.05 MPa m1/2 and 6.12 MPa m1/2 at 25 °C and 600 °C, respectively, and the plastic deformation and crack bridging of silver were responsible for the high toughness. Besides, the friction coefficient and wear rate of composites were continuously reduced as the silver content increases. Especially at 200 °C, the friction coefficients reached the lowest value due to the formation of an amorphous silicon oxide film. And the wear resistance was enhanced by the cooperative strengthening effect of silver toughening and lubricating.