Translation Strategies Research Articles

Subtitle Translation in the Documentary of China Bouquet from the Perspective of Ecological Translatology

As the current wave of globalization has proceeded, it is increasingly important to strengthen a culture of communications. Documentaries serve as a window into various cultures. High-quality subtitle translation contributes to the documentary’s widespread acclaim and appreciation. China Bouquet is a cultural publicity documentary, with the language, culture, and communication elements embodied in its subtitles requiring the translators to make adaptation and selection in multi-dimensional transformations. With the application of qualitative method, this thesis studies the Chinese-English subtitle translation strategies and methods in China Bouquet on the theoretical basis of Eco-translatology in order to contribute to the promotion of cultural exchanges.

A Study on the Translation of Instructions for Heat-Clearing and Detoxifying Traditional Chinese Medicines under the Functional Equivalence Theory

Heat-clearing and detoxifying traditional Chinese medicines are an important part and distinctive advantage of China’s medical and health undertakings. Traditional Chinese medicine is an outstanding traditional culture of the Chinese nation and a unique and significant health resource in our country. The rapidly growing international market has created excellent opportunities for the export of heat-clearing and detoxifying traditional Chinese medicines. Currently, the English translation of instructions for proprietary Chinese medicines lacks unified translation standards and the guidance of translation theories. The existing English translations of instructions for proprietary Chinese medicines in our country have problems such as confusion and non-standardization. Therefore, the research on the instructions of heat-clearing and detoxifying medicines under the functional equivalence theory is highly significant. This paper takes several common heat-clearing and detoxifying medicines available on the market as examples, analyzes the problems and their causes in the translation of the instructions from the perspective of the functional equivalence theory, and finds more reasonable and standardized translation methods. It helps foreign consumers understand the characteristics and functions of traditional Chinese medicine, thereby stimulating their consumption desires. This paper studies the translation process using the functional equivalence theory, investigates the structure and language features of the instructions for traditional Chinese medicine, and discusses the corresponding translation strategies for the instructions of heat-clearing and detoxifying traditional Chinese medicines at the lexical and syntactic levels respectively to achieve functional equivalence.

The Translation Quality Assessment of Google Translate’s Toward A More Critical Approach To Bio-events

There are few Chinese translation resources in paleontology, and literature reading relies heavily on machine translation, yet the translation quality cannot be guaranteed. Taking Towards a More Critical Approach toward Bio-events as a sample, this study aims to discuss the effectiveness of Google Translate in English-to-Chinese translation of paleontology literature. By comparing the translated text by Google Translate with that in Selected Papers of Theoretical Paleontology, the study assesses the translation from the perspectives of accuracy in word, sentence usage, meaning expression, logical accuracy, and readability. The assessment results show that the English-to-Chinese translation by Google Translate can accurately translate the deductive reasoning logic of the original text, and its coherence is basically consistent with the original text. However, there are paucity such as inaccurate word usage and deviations in sentence structure, leading to poor readability in some passages. This study provides insights into the use of machine translation strategies for paleontology researchers.

Study on the Translation of Culture-loaded Words from the Perspective of Domestication and Foreignization Theory: A Case Study of Kong Yiji

Culture-loaded words are also called culture-specific words. The translation of them is the difficult point of novel translation. Lu Xun's novel Kong Yiji contains a large number of culture-loaded words. Therefore, translators must adopt different translation strategies from the perspectives of content and context. Based on Lawrence Venuti's theory of "Domestication and Foreignization", this paper analyzes the culture-loaded words in Kong Yiji in order to resolve the obstacles in cross-cultural communication.

Spleen-Targeted mRNA Vaccine Doped with Manganese Adjuvant for Robust Anticancer Immunity In Vivo.

The successful application of mRNA vaccines in preventing and treating infectious diseases highlights their potential as therapeutic vaccines for cancer treatment. However, unlike infectious diseases, effective antitumor therapy, particularly for solid tumors, necessitates the activation of more powerful cellular and humoral immunity to achieve clinical efficacy. Here, we report a spleen-targeted mRNA vaccine (Mn@mRNA-LNP) designed to deliver tumor antigen-encoding mRNA and manganese adjuvant (Mn2+) simultaneously to dendritic cells (DCs) in the spleen. This delivery system promotes DC maturation and surface antigen presentation and stimulates the production of cytotoxic T cells. Additionally, Mn2+ codelivered in the system serves as a safe and effective immune adjuvant, activating the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway and promoting the secretion of type I interferon, further enhancing the antigen-specific T cell responses. Mn@mRNA-LNP effectively inhibits tumor progression in established melanoma and colon tumor models as well as in a model of tumor recurrence after resection. Notably, the combination of Mn@mRNA-LNP with immune checkpoint inhibitors further enhances complete tumor suppression and prolonged the overall survival in mice. Overall, this "All-in-One" mRNA vaccine significantly boosts antitumor immunity responses by improving spleen targeting and immune activation, providing an attractive strategy for the future clinical translation of therapeutic mRNA vaccines.

A preliminary exploration of feminist translation strategies

Abstract Interventionist feminist translation theory prompts translators to identify and rectify sexist notions in source texts. It encourages critical awareness and reinterprets texts through a feminist lens. Based on interventionist feminist translation theory, this research investigates how depictions of women’s physical charm, often unnecessary and rooted in stereotypes, are handled in translations. Focusing on seven instances from Liu Cixin’s The Three-Body Trilogy — a notable Chinese science fiction work debated for its sexism —, the study contrasts the source text with its English and Spanish translations. By analysing the selected fragments of the Chinese novel and the unmissable alterations to the original in the target texts, this paper demonstrates how the techniques of elision and adaptation can help translators iron out the sexist implications. The findings contribute to our understanding of feminist translation strategies for addressing sexist elements in literary works.

Engineering exosomes from fibroblast growth factor 1 pre-conditioned adipose-derived stem cells promote ischemic skin flaps survival by activating autophagy

BackgroundThe recovery of ischemic skin flaps is a major concern in clinical settings. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of engineered exosomes derived from FGF1 pre-conditioned adipose-derived stem cells (FEXO) on ischemic skin flaps. Method6 patients who suffered from pressure ulcer at stage 4 and underwent skin flaps surgery were recruited in this study to screen the potential targets of ischemic skin flaps in FGF family. FGF1 was co-incubated with adipose stem cells, and ultracentrifugation was applied to extract FEXO. Transcriptome sequencing analysis was used to determine the most effective microRNA in FEXO. Animal skin flaps models were established in our study to verify the effects of FEXO. Immunofluorescence (IF), western blotting (WB) and other molecular strategy were used to evaluate the effects and mechanism of FEXO. ResultsFGF1 was expected to be the therapeutic and diagnostic target of ischemic skin flaps, but there is still some deficiency in rescuing skin flaps. FEXO significantly improved the viability of RPSFs and endothelial cells by inhibiting oxidative stress and alleviating apoptosis and pyroptosis through augmenting autophagy flux. In addition, FEXO inhibited the over-activated inflammation responses. Transcriptome sequencing analysis showed that miR-183-5p was significantly elevated in FEXO, and inhibiting miR-183-5p resulted in impaired protective effects of autophagy in skin flaps. The exosomal miR-183-5p markedly enhanced cell viability, inhibited oxidative stress and alleviated apoptosis and pyroptosis in endothelial cells by targeting GPR137 through Pi3k/Akt/mTOR pathway, indicating that GPR137 could also be a therapeutic target of ischemic skin flap. It was also notabale that FGF1 increased the number of exosomes by upregulating VAMP3, which may be a promising strategy for clinical translation. ConclusionFEXO markedly improved the survivial rate of ischemic skin flaps through miR-183-5p/GPR137/Pi3k/Akt/mTOR axis, which would be a promising strategy to rescue ischemic skin flaps.

Efficient, High-Quality Engineering of Therapeutic Extracellular Vesicles on an Integrated Nanoplatform.

Engineered extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recognized as important therapeutics for gene and cell therapy. To achieve clinically desired therapy, technologies for EV engineering have high demands on the efficacy in producing EVs and their qualities, which, however, remain challenging to conventional routes due to their limited control on therapeutic payload delivery, EV secretion, and extracellular microenvironments. Here, we report a nanoplatform (denoted as PURE) that enables efficient electro-transfection while stimulating cells to produce high-quality EVs carrying functional RNAs. PURE further employs an ammonium removal zone to maintain the physiological conditions of the extracellular microenvironment and an EV uptake zone that efficiently (87.1%) captures EVs in situ with porous hydrogels. The platform achieved about a 12-fold higher yield of engineered EVs and a 146-fold abundance of desired therapeutics compared to those naturally secreted from cells. The PURE-engineered miR-130a-EVs were validated for effectively upregulating the mTOR signaling pathway in both in vitro and in vivo. Their therapeutic capability was then verified by enhancing the in vitro activation of primordial follicles. In vivo applications further highlighted the therapeutic effects of miR-130a-EVs in restoring ovary function in aged mice. The PURE platform represents a strategy for the clinical translation of EV-mediated therapy.

From text to allegory: ideological turns in Shamel Abatha’s translation of Animal Farm in the socio-political context of Egypt’s Pre-Arab Spring

ABSTRACT The influence of ideology on the process of translation has been one of the most controversial debates among scholars and translators who may undergo multiple challenges due to certain ideological demands, whether they be political, cultural or religious. In the Arab world, the socio-political scene has been dominated by ideological shifts since the outbreak of the Arab Spring. These shifts have influenced Arab scholars and translators in many possible ways, one of which is the reproduction of incisive narratives that not only account for the causes and effects of revolutions that swept different regions in the Arab world but also provoke political reform. In this vein, this article investigates Shamel Abatha’s translation of George Orwell’s Animal Farm (1945) to Arabic. It specifically explores Abatha’s political orientations which result in daring textual manipulations of Orwell’s text before the Arab Spring in Egypt in 2011. Following Mona Baker’s narrative theory, the article demonstrates how Abatha’s target text turns into a socio-political national allegory that embodies critical ideological implications. The corpus consists of selected comparisons between Orwell’s Animal Farm and Abatha’s مزرعة الحيوانات [mazraat alḥywānāt] (2009) to show how translation strategies expound the impact of the latter’s political environment on his translation.

Unveiling hybrid culinary cultures in Macao: a corpus-assisted multimodal approach to the translation of Macanese cuisine

ABSTRACT This study investigates the special foodscape and hybrid culinary cultures in Macao through the translation of Macanese cuisine. It employs a corpus-assisted multimodal approach, with the concept of intersemiotic translation and multimodal theories as the theoretical basis for analysis and discussion. The data under investigation is a self-built multimodal database of Macanese cuisine translations. The study first examines the ingredients and cooking methods in Macanese cuisine dish names and then delves into the translation strategies and methods used in the translations across Portuguese, English and Chinese. Multimodal analysis is also conducted to explore the intersemiotic translation between the verbal and visual materials of Macanese cuisine. The research results show that hybrid culinary features are represented in the ingredients, cooking methods and translations of Macanese cuisine, constituting an inclusive, integrated and diversified foodscape in Macao. Moreover, the intersemiotic translation between the verbal and the visual could highlight particular ingredients and cooking methods, showcase the enticing appearance of the dishes, and convey the hybrid culinary cultures in Macanese cuisine. This study holds the potential to enrich research on food translation from a multimodal perspective, while also contributing to the translation and cultural transmission of Macanese cuisine and culinary cultures in Macao.

A Study of Fang Huawen’s Chinese Version of Rebecca from the Perspective of Skopos Theory

This paper analyzes Fang Huawen’s Chinese version of Rebecca from the perspective of Skopos Theory. By obtaining the different descriptions in the novel, such as linguistic description, mental description, and environmental description, the essay focuses on discovering how the translator uses Skopos Theory during his translation. Through the analysis, the thesis finds out that Fang’s version combines the features of the original texts and the expression habit in Chinese, which fully demonstrates the original texts. The language of Fang’s version is brief and clear, and the content is coherent, meanwhile, this translation showcases the message from the original text to a great extent. Through studying Fang’s version, the thesis analyzes the translation strategies comprehensively by using the principle of fidelity, conference and skopos. Based on the above three principles, translators can adopt a variety of translation strategies, including domestication, foreignization, addition and subtraction, to translate high-quality translations to meet the needs of readers and disseminate the culture of other countries.

Chinese-English Translation Strategies for Metaphors Based on Domestication and Foreignization

As an essential rhetorical device in language expression, metaphor deeply reflects the cultural background and social cognition. Metaphor translation needs to convey the meaning of language as well as the cultural connotations behind the metaphor. This study found that when the metaphorical images contain the same symbolic meaning in Chinese and English cultures, applying foreignization to reproduce the original metaphorical images can maintain the uniqueness and writing style of the source text and avoid the loss of cultural connotations in the translation process. Instead, in the case of different metaphorical images, using domestication to replace or omit the original symbolic images in the target language can improve the readability and acceptance of the translation. However, no studies explore applying metaphor translation strategies based on comparing the similarities and differences of metaphors in different languages and cultures, causing subjectivity in selecting metaphor translation strategies. This study compares the symbolic meanings of metaphors in Chinese and English cultures and provides a reliable and objective basis for selecting domestication and foreignization for metaphor translation, which help to achieve more effective faithfulness and cultural transmission. This analysis provides practical references for translation strategies of metaphors and promotes the depth of cross-cultural communication.

Exploring linguistic and cultural barriers in literary translation: an analysis of undergraduate students' strategies and challenges in translating Albanian texts into English

Purpose: Investigate the challenges undergraduate students face when translating Albanian literary texts into English, focusing on the cultural and linguistic considerations that impact the translation process and the concept of translation loss. Methodology: Qualitative analysis of the translation methods used by non-English-speaking students, examining the types of cultural loss, challenges, and solutions encountered. Data were collected by studying translated excerpts from the Albanian literary work "Prilli i Thyer" (Broken April), with attention to the strategies employed by students to address translation challenges. Findings: Students predominantly used literal translation, resulting in implicit, modified, and complete cultural losses. Key challenges included translating Albanian cultural words, idiomatic expressions, and grammatical differences. Despite these challenges, students demonstrated proficiency and versatility in literary translation, employing strategies such as adaptation, direct translation, borrowing, and omission. Implications: The findings highlight the need for enhanced cultural competence and linguistic skills in translation education. Recommendations include using Albanian-Albanian dictionaries and a deeper engagement with Albanian culture to improve translation accuracy and reduce cultural loss. Recommendations: Students should be encouraged to develop a comprehensive understanding of the source culture and to utilize creative translation solutions. Peer collaboration and feedback are also recommended to refine translation skills and strategies. Conclusion: This research contributes to the field of translation studies by shedding light on the intricacies of translating Albanian literature into English. It underscores the importance of cultural sensitivity and linguistic proficiency in producing accurate and culturally resonant translations, ultimately fostering a more interconnected and diverse literary world

Translation Methods of Vernacular Literature Works

Translation is a cultural exchange, not just a linguistic transformation. Foreign translation of vernacular literature works is also an important way to promote the Chinese folk culture. However,the cultural omission hinders foreign readers from gaining a deeper understanding of Chinese vernacular culture.Therefore, this thesis selects the English translation of Turbulence as the object of study, aiming to explore the translation strategies of vernacular language such as the names of people, and the names of Shaanxi snacks present in the work. For the purpose, the translator carefully collates the names of people and special snacks in Shaanxi that appear in the work. Besides, the author will combine the above examples to make an in-depth analysis of the translation when writing the paper. The following conclusions have been drawn: Firstly, when the author of the original wants to highlight the uniqueness of Chinese folk culture, she should use domesticating translation, because this kind of translation strategy can retain the characteristic content of the original. In addition, if the author wants foreign readers to understand the local snacks, the translator should use the direct translation. The direct translation method can give the Western readers a basic understanding of the main ingredients used in the special snacks.

A Study of Chinese Translation of The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language from the Perspective of Grammatical Metaphor

In Systemic Functional Linguistics, grammatical metaphor is categorized into ideational and interpersonal types. Translation, as a process of code-switching, involves choosing between congruent and metaphorical forms, each serving different communicative purposes. Distinguishing these forms clarifies their distinct functions. This paper explores the use and importance of grammatical metaphors in translating The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language based on the author’s independent translation practice. Given this, the study achieves three objectives through quantitative and qualitative analysis: (1) examining the distribution of grammatical metaphors in the translation of The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language; (2) exploring the reasons behind their emergence; and (3) analyzing the role these metaphors play in the translation. Translation strategies were classified into two types based on the retention of grammatical metaphors: congruent translation, which simplifies the text and reduces metaphors, and metaphorical translation, which sustains a formal, academic, and concise style. The study reveals that the same translation techniques can be applied across various word, sentence, and text types, with different contexts requiring different methods even for identical grammatical and semantic units. Regardless of whether metaphors are retained, it is essential to ensure faithfulness, fluency, and aesthetics of the translation. Translators should avoid rigid application and decide on metaphor preservation based on the specific context and text type to best convey the original meaning.

Implicit Cultural Information Transmission and English Translation Strategies

Implicit cultural information plays a crucial role in the translation process, as it is often conveyed through cultural symbols, metaphors, and social contexts that do not directly appear on the surface of the text, posing challenges in translation. This paper starts with the definition and characteristics of implicit cultural information, analyzing its manifestations in translation and its relation to cultural differences and linguistic structures, focusing on the translation challenges posed by cultural symbols and metaphors. By studying domestication, foreignization, contextual reconstruction, and flexible adaptation strategies, this paper proposes translation strategies that adapt to different cultures and contexts to ensure the effective transmission of implicit cultural information, thereby enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of cross-cultural communication. The aim is to provide a theoretical basis and methodological guidance for translation practice, optimize the handling of implicit cultural information in English translation, and promote the in-depth dissemination of cultural connotations.

Translation and localization of food menus on mobile delivery apps in the United Arab Emirates: a multimodal and reception study

ABSTRACT This study investigates the quality of menu translation and localization on food delivery apps and its impact on the user experience. A corpus of food menus was collected from the Talabat app and analyzed from a multimodal perspective adopting Li’s (2019) framework and using NVivo qualitative data analysis software. A coding framework was created in NVivo to systematically identify translation and localization strategies, and issues related to images of food items. Additionally, an online survey targeting app users was utilized to gather data on preferences and the impact of menu translation and localization on user experience, satisfaction, and purchasing decisions. The analysis revealed that the meaning of food menus involves several layers, including semiotic and textual means, which necessitate approaching their translation from a multimodal perspective. Dish names were mostly transliterated into English and accompanied by an acceptable and clear description of dish information in English. The survey results also revealed that translation quality has a great role in shaping user experience, satisfaction, trust, and expenditure. The findings of this study will be of value to translators, translation trainers, restaurant owners, and food delivery app developers.

Marina Tsvetaeva’s Poem «An Attempt at Jealousy»: a Comparative Analysis of Three Italian Translations

The aim of the paper is to analyse the translation strategies of three Italian translators (Pietro Antonio Zveteremich, Serena Vitale, Marilena Rea) who at different times addressed Marina Tsvetaeva’s poem «An Attempt at Jealousy». First of all, they considered the peculiarities of conveying the semantic potential of the text as expressed by lexical items. Translation is an arduous combination of meaning (implication of meanings) and structure (speech expression, Tsvetaeva’s original syntax, rhymes, alliteration, etc.). The aim of a translation strategy is to convey the meaning of the original text as appropriately as possible, although it is not easy to convey the rich metaphors and the «twists» and «distortions» of Tsvetaeva’s syntax in another language. The conclusion is that in all three translations the general meaning of Tsvetaeva’s poem has been preserved. Moreover, Vitale and Rea’s versions convey the significant sound component of Tsvetaeva’s texts. If Zveteremich’s translation strategy can be called a «formalist translation», Vitale and Rea’s translations convey not only the literal meaning of the original, but also the «subtext» (i.e. carry out an artistic and aesthetic function).

TRANSLATION OF METAPHORS IN MODERN DIPLOMATIC DISCOURSE (BASED ON RUSSIAN, CHINESE AND ENGLISH MATERIALS)

A metaphor in diplomatic discourse is a figure of speech or expression that transfers meaning from one context to another, usually to enhance the impact of a message or make complex ideas easier to understand. In diplomacy, metaphors are often used to make communication more visual and memorable, as well as to covertly convey intentions and positions without directly expressing them. This article explores the complexities and subtleties of translating metaphorical expressions that play an important role in diplomatic communication. The author analyzes metaphors used in diplomatic discourse in three different linguistic and cultural contexts: Russian, Chinese and English, highlighting three categories of equivalence: complete, partial and no equivalence. The choice of translation method (literal, descriptive or free) depends on the degree of equivalence of the metaphor in the source and target languages. The study highlights the importance of adequate translation of metaphors for accurate and effective intercultural communication, suggesting translation strategies for each category. The work contributes to translation theory and practice by emphasizing the need to consider cultural and contextual factors to achieve intercultural understanding in diplomacy.

CULTURAL DISTORTION AND STRATEGIES FOR CULTURAL FACSIMILE IN THE PROCESS OF TRANSLATION FROM CHINESE INTO RUSSIAN

The distortion of culture is an inevitable issue in the field of cross-cultural communication, and the use of suitable translation strategies can enhance the degree of cultural facsimile to some extent. However, there is still a lack of literature on strategies for addressing cultural distortion and promoting cultural facsimile in the context of Chinese-Russian cultural communication, particularly in the field of translation from Chinese into Russian. This article aims to study two common manifestations of cultural distortion and explore the reasons behind them, and based on this, discuss strategies for achieving cultural facsimile. The article points out two specific manifestations of cultural distortion: 1) a certain referent is well known in culture A, but completely unknown to culture B; 2) a certain referent exists in both nations, but the cultural connotations of this referent do not coincide. A more detailed description of the two cultural distortion manifestations is also given in certain sentences from Chinese literature such as “A Dream in Red Mansions”, “Outlaws of the Marsh”, “Fortress Besieged” and their Russian translations. By analyzing and summarizing the causes of cultural distortion, this article advocates that translators should follow the “culture should not be domesticated” principle when translating. Under this principle, the article proposes translation methods such as direct translation, direct translation with annotations, and phonetic translation with annotations, which are of reference value for promoting cultural exchanges between the Chinese and Russian peoples.