Strategic Items Research Articles

A Bi-Objective Inventory Model for Strategic Items in a Stochastic Environment with Partial Shortage: A Base-Stock Approach

This paper suggests an ordering policy for strategic items. Based on the base stock policy, we modeled a bi-objective, multi-product inventory control system with partial back-ordering. The model aims to minimize total costs and maximize the average service level, considering stochastic constraints such as storage space, maximum allowable shortage, and maximum allowable lost sales to match real-world conditions. We used three Multi-Objective Decision-Making methods, namely Individual optimization, Desirability function, and Goal attainment, to solve the problem. TOPSIS method showed the Goal attainment method’s superiority over the others. The sensitivity analysis revealed that the mean of storage space had the most significant impact on objective functions. Also, increasing the back-order percentage can reduce the system’s total costs.

The Unified Health System as a strategic instrument of state public policy for national development and its challenges

Considering the peculiarities of the health conditions of the Brazilian population and the need for better access to public services, this article makes a study on the importance of public health policy, materialized by the Unified Health System (SUS), as a strategic item for the development of the Country and for the configuration of territorial space, from the perspective of acting as a Strategic State, even under a strong context of fiscal restrictions. To this end, a bibliographic and documentary research methodology will be used, using qualitative and quantitative secondary data sources, understanding the theme, concepts and relevant theories. Health inequalities are discussed as a global and national issue to be considered and addressed; the factors of health demand and supply and their relationships with the territorial configuration and socioeconomic development to be considered in the definition of national health policy. It also discusses the current organization of the SUS and the difficulties in implementing its principles of universality and integrality, understanding obstacles faced by the SUS and their consequences, its financing and the impact of fiscal austerity. As a result and main conclusion, we have the understanding that public health and its potential have been neglected over the years, however, it should be seen by society and the government as a strategic policy because it is a factor that, in addition to ensuring health itself dictated and for the well-being of individuals, it conditions development and regional dynamics itself, with potential impact on income, employment, investments and innovations and even on the configuration of urban-rural territorial space. Furthermore, the SUS demonstrates that it lacks greater cohesion of social and political forces, which must be more aware and mobilized, for its defense and the achievements of Public Health.

Strategi Peningkatan Produk Emping Jagung

Sinar 313 UKM is one of the industries engaged in the processing of corn chips. This industry needs to carry out a mature strategy and development for the survival of the agro-industry in the future. This is done bearing in mind that in the future the competition will be very tight. The development of MSME agro-industry is largely determined by factors including internal and external. This research uses descriptive analysis method with the process of collecting data through observation and interviews. Meanwhile, to find out the strategy used in SMEs in this study is a SWOT analysis with IFAS and EFAS calculations to determine the strategy to be taken. Furthermore, the data is processed by comparing the level of agreement relative to each other, so that the value of the factors that influence the processed corn is known. The results of this study indicate that there are 10 strategic items that support the productivity of corn chips in Sinar 313 UKM. Some of them are capacity optimization, enlarged market share, intensification of online sales through social media, efficiency, improving production technology, etc. While the obstacles found in this study include the lack of supply of raw materials, weather, inadequate promotion, lack of skilled workforce, and low government attention.

국제원자력수출통제규범의 국내이행법제에 대한 비판적 고찰

Under domestic law, there is no accurate definition of the concept of nuclear export control. ‘The Nuclear Safety Act’ defines safety measures for the peaceful use of nuclear power and import and export control that blocks the illegal transfer of nuclear goods and technologies as nuclear power control, and ‘the Foreign Trade Act’ stipulates import and export control of especially designed or prepared nuclear items(Trigger List) and dual-use items as a type of strategic items export control. The Nuclear Safety and Security Commission implements import and export control based on the acts above, but the target items are different. Nevertheless, since there is no clear explanation of import and export control, nuclear power control, and the definition and scope of target items in laws and regulations, materials and references explaining Korea’s nuclear import and export control legislation contain contents unlike.
 With the critical mind, the paper identifies the structure and operating principle of the domestic implementation legislation, derives the problems of the current acts, and puts forwards a amendment proposal in three main aspects upon the Nuclear Safety Act; clarification of the content and scope of import and export control in the Nuclear Safety Act; introduction of the legal basis for nuclear import and export control work that was routinely carried out in the absence of alegal ground; and the enactment of a public notice on the nuclear import and export control. The first proposal made the import and export control legislation systematic by clearly defining similar concepts such as nuclear power control, import and export control, and nuclear power import and export control. The second proposal includes the amendment proposals of relevant acts and regulations on education for non-compliance with import and export control, operation and maintenance of the nuclear export control system, and the obligation of employees of the Korea Institute of Nuclear Control and Technology to prohibit leakage of secrets, which are all legally unfounded. The third proposal is the result of considering the specificity of nuclear import and export control and the convenience of interested persons of the acts and regulations, and increases efficiency by regulating goods and technologies under the jurisdiction of the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission through a separate public notice.

Hybrid MCDM and simulation-optimization for strategic supplier selection

Supplier selection for strategic items requires a comprehensive framework dealing with qualitative and quantitative aspects of a company’s competitive priorities and supply risk, decision scope, and uncertainty. In order to address these aspects, this study aims to tackle supplier selection for strategic items with a multi-sourcing, taking into account multi-criteria, incorporating uncertainty of decision-makers judgment and supplier–buyer parameters, and integrating with inventory management which the past studies have not addressed well. We develop a novel two-phase solution approach based on integrated multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) and multi-objective simulation-optimization (S-O). First, MCDM methods, including fuzzy AHP and interval TOPSIS, are applied to calculate suppliers’ scores, incorporating uncertain decision makers’ judgment. S-O then combines the (quantitative) cost-related criteria and considers supply disruptions and uncertain supplier–buyer parameters. By running this approach on data generated based on previous studies, we evaluate the impact of the decision maker’s and the objective’s weight, which are considered important in supplier selection.

Commercial Deceit: Fraudulent Trade from the Ports of Cilicia and Cyprus to the Mamlūks

ABSTRACT The article aims to examine the deceitful practices employed by traders in the eastern Mediterranean. It investigates three principal types of deception that Italian merchants in the Kingdom of Cilician Armenia and in Cyprus used in order to conceal prohibited products and their routes to Mamlūk ports between 1260 and 1310. The papacy issued several decrees that prohibited Christian merchants from trading in various strategic items, such as timber, iron and slaves, in the harbours of Islamic states. However, despite these bans, Christian merchants continued trading in such items by devising methods to conceal this traffic. Current literature has so far focused on the items that were shipped across the eastern Mediterranean and their destinations; however, there is a gap in knowledge about who these merchants were and the methods they used to circumvent the prohibitions while shipping the goods. This research aims to fill this gap by answering questions about the conditions of the trade and the covert methods used for the transportation of prohibited goods to Mamlūk ports.

Defining “dual-use items”: legal approximations to an ever-relevant notion

ABSTRACT This article analyzes how the legal sources of nonproliferation regimes define “dual-use items,” a concept that lacks a universal and fixed definition despite its importance to international security and trade. The analysis shows how these legally binding and soft-law sources approach dual-use goods and technologies differently and classifies them based on the criteria they employ to define the potential uses of these strategic items: the dichotomies of peaceful versus non-peaceful and civil versus military, and the intentionality criterion. The article also traces the expansion of the concept beyond a concern with the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. It analyzes how the existence of multiple criteria to define such items affects their international control. It also considers the evolution that this notion may undergo, which may call into question the standards of legal certainty that the international regime of dual-use items aims to provide.

Oversight and risk management of payments schemes

Retail payments have become a strategic item on the agenda of the boardrooms of banks and fintechs. Innovation and competition in methods of payment have increased significantly over the past decade, resulting in more choice and better customer experiences for consumers. The downside of this positive development is that the risks in payments have increased. This paper analyses these developments and shows why and how the oversight of central banks has spread to retail payments. It also discusses how owners of payment schemes can respond to this by setting up an adequate risk management system that monitors the main risk areas, but also takes into account changes and innovations in the payment landscape due to technology and legislation.

Buyer–supplier relationships and environmental sustainability in developing regions: Field evidence from Zimbabwe's private telecommunication sector

There is increasing global call by various stakeholders on adherence to environmental sustainability. This need to adherence has prompted organisations to partner with suppliers to address the environmental sustainability agenda. The telecommunication sector is not excluded in this endeavour to push the frontier for environmental sustainability to greater heights. The purpose of this research is to give insights on the input of buyer–supplier relationships to intensify environmental sustainability going forward. The researcher used the questionnaire and interview guide from procurement practitioners in the private telecommunication sector. The empirical result revealed that transactional relationships have the greatest input in environmental sustainability as compared to both strategic alliances and collaborative relationships. Strategic alliances and collaborative relationships yielded positive results when dealing with key suppliers of strategic items. This research contributes to how procurement policy makers and practitioners can optimize telecommunication supply chains towards environmental sustainability for the future. Theoretically, this study shows how buyer-supplier relationships are key to intensify environmental sustainability, thus reducing environmental harm when put into practice.

Sustainable partner selection and order allocation for strategic items: an integrated multi-stage decision-making model

ABSTRACT Current environmental issues and government requirements, together with pressure from the market and other stakeholders, emphasise the importance of partner selection in constructing and operating sustainable supply chains. Strategic items, which carry both high supply risk and high importance of purchase, are particularly important in sustainable supply chains. This paper presents an integrated decision-making model, which aims to solve the partner selection and order allocation problem for strategic items in sustainable supply chains. In the proposed model, weightings of different decision-makers are first calculated using Trapezoidal Fuzzy Numbers. Then, Taguchi loss function is used to evaluate the relative importance of potential partners, with the weighting results of criteria by Best-Worst Method. Finally, considering the weights of different potential partners, Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) is used to solve the multi-objective programming problem, and Technique of Order Preference Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is applied to identify the most appropriate Pareto solution for sustainable partner selection and order allocation of strategic items. An illustrative application of the proposed model is undertaken in a leading Chinese LED lighting manufacturer to show its effectiveness and applicability.

Utilizing RFID Tag Motion Detection in High Tag Density Environments for Customer Browsing Insights

“Responsive retail” is becoming a key differentiator for brick-and-mortar retail stores to remain competitive with online alternatives. Growing RFID deployments in retail positions RFID as a compelling means to capture customer-item interactions, giving retailers insights to optimize store layout, item arrangements and even strategic item placements to increase sales. Such insights depend on detecting motion of a few tags among thousands of stationary tags, which is an open challenge. We have created a fully FCC compliant UHF RFID testbed with 1000 tagged clothing items. By collecting customer-item interaction data in realistic retail environments, we show existing algorithms working in low tag density environments (i.e., < 100 tags) start to fail in denser environments with a few hundred tags or more. To address this gap, we developed a motion detection algorithm using RSSI and phase information from tag reads to accurately discriminate a few moving tags among hundreds of stationary tags (up to 1000) in near real-time. Our algorithm runs on standard RFID systems without modifications, and with acceptable processing overhead. Our results cover two different RF environments, presence of multiple people, simultaneous interaction with multiple items and different tag densities and achieve >90% accuracy in representative retail environments.

Historical Research on Non-proliferation Export Control: Taking South Korea’s system as an Example

Purpose - This paper analyzes how the US export control policy affects South Korea’s export control system and why the Korean system should follow the multilateral regimes. Design/methodology/approach - We used the data of researches, reports, papers and books about US and South Korea export control policies and regulations. First, we analyse how the US export control policy affected East Asian countries and international system. Through the case of the United States, the export control policy is operated for the purpose of promoting its own national interests, international non-proliferation order and South Korea’s export control adoption are one of outcomes. Findings - As a result of historical review of US export control policies, it have extended its non-proliferation export control into the international regimes. South Korea s export regime initially followed the international norms, but was heavily influenced by the externals. South Korea’s system was overly influenced by the United States’ compared to the initial design of the control syste Research Implications or Originality - Considering the findings of this study, International regimes provide standards of Export Control System on strategic items since they are the agreements from the member states of multilateral regimes.

한국과 일본의 전략물자 수출통제제도 비교연구 - 양국 간 무역 갈등과 관련된 주요쟁점을 중심으로 -

2019년 7월 시작된 전략물자 수출통제제도와 관련한 한국과 일본 간의 갈등은 아직 지속되고 있다. 일본정부는 우리나라의 전략물자 운용의 부실을 이유로 반도체와 디스플레이의 핵심소재인 3대 전략물자품목을 포괄수출허가에서 개별수출허가로 전환하고 한국을 우대국가인 화이트 국가(White list countries) 그룹에서 제외하였으며, 이에 대해 우리 정부도 ‘상호주의’ 차원에서 일본을 우대국가에서 제외하는 맞대응조치를 취하였다. 수출통제 분야에 있어 아시아에서 가장 긴 역사를 지니고 선도적 역할을 담당하고 있는 한국과 일본 간의 이러한 갈등은 세계평화 및 양국의 발전을 위해 결코 바람직하지 못하며 조속히 해결해야 할 문제라고 할 수 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 시각에서 한국과 일본의 전략물자 수출통제제도를 관련법 및 수출통제 기관을 비롯하여 리스트(List) 통제, 캐치올(Catch-all) 통제, 자율준수제도(CP), 대북제재관련조치 등 양국 간 갈등과 관련된 주요쟁점을 중심으로 비교하였으며, 그 분석의 골자는 다음과 같다.<BR> 우선 관련법규로 한국은 대외무역법을 비롯한 4개 법률이 시행되는데 비해 일본은 외환법과 그에 따른 일관된 하위법체계로 시행되며, 수출통제기관이 한국은 전문성을 고려하여 전략물자품목을 산업통상자원부 등 여러 부처에 분산 관리하는데 비해 일본은 경제산업성(METI)의 총괄관리 형태로 운영된다.<BR> 리스트통제에서 수출통제품목은 한국과 일본 공히 국제수출통제체제 등의 지정품목을 그대로 수용하고 수출허가는 포괄수출허가에서 일본이 보다 세분화되어 있으며, 캐치올 통제에서 통제방법은 일본이 inform 통제, know 통제만을 시행함에 비해 한국은 inform 통제, know 통제, suspect 통제 등을 모두 채용함으로써 보다 엄격한 방법을 시행하고 있다고 볼 수 있다.<BR> 자율준수제도에서 구성요건은 양국이 조직, 규정, 교육, 감사 등 유사하나 일본이 보다 적극적이고 폭넓은 운영상황을 보이고 있으며, 대북제재는 기본적으로 북한의 핵, 미사일 개발 및 발사와 관련되어 UN 및 미국과의 공조하에 이루어진다.<BR> 그리고 한국은 일본과의 갈등관계 속에서도 일본이 미흡하다고 지적했던 수출통제조직으로 산업통상자원부에 무역안보전담조직을 신설하고, 전략물자수출입고시 개정을 통해 재래식 무기에 대한 상황허가의 근거를 명확히 하였다.<BR> 본 연구는 한국과 일본의 양국의 전략물자 수출통제제도에 대한 비교분석을 통해 양국 간 무역 갈등문제와 관련된 국제법상 쟁점을 검토하여 보았다. 분석결과 한국과 일본은 전략물자 관리 및 관련 국제법 준수를 위한 법‧제도 정비의 측면에서 아시아 최고수준으로서 우열 상 별반 차이가 없었으며, 해당 국제법상 의무들을 국내법적으로 충분히 잘 이행하고 있는 것으로 판단된다. 그러므로 양국 간 갈등은 전략물자제도 자체의 운영문제라기보다 제도 외적인 요인이 관여하고 있음을 부인하기 힘들어 보인다. 이에 대한 정부차원의 보다 적극적인 정치적‧외교적 접근이 필요할 것이며, 국제법은 세계 각국이 자국의 이익을 추구하는 과정에서 법적 정당성을 부여하고자 다양한 해석을 통해 악용될 수 있는 분야인 만큼 향후 문제될 소지가 있는 국제법상 민감한 이슈들에 대하여는 국가차원에서 법‧제도적으로 철저히 대비하는 계기로 삼으면 좋을 것이다.

전략물자수출통제 제도에 관한 소고 - 대외무역법상의 경유·환적 제도를 중심으로 -

경유·환적 행위는 제3국에서 진행되는 행위이기에 수출국 또는 수입국이 직접적으로 국내법을 적용·집행하기에 어려움이 있다. 이러한 한계로 인해 경유·환적은 대량파괴무기 등의 확산에 기여하는 물자의 불법수출 우회로로 악용되고 있다. 특히 2020년 발간된 1718 위원회 전문가 보고서에서는 대북제재를 위반하는 불법수출이 경유·환적을 통해 실행된 사례가 다수 보고되었으며, 이는 국내외 언론을 통해서도 쉽게 확인할 수 있다. 특히 동 보고서에서는 해상에서 발생하는 선박간 환적으로 인한 대북제재 회피문제가 강하게 제기되었다.<BR> 경유·환적의 통제를 위해 국제사회는 유엔 안전보장이사회 결의를 채택하여 회원국에게 경유·환적 통제를 위한 이행입법의 제정과 집행을 의무화 하였으며, 무기거래조약 체결을 통해 특정 재래식 무기의 불법적인 경유·환적 수출을 통제하고 있다. 또한 다자간 수출통제체제 중 하나인 바세나르 체제에서는 미국의 주도로 ‘경유·환적을 위한 최적 이행 지침(Best Practice Guidelines for Transit or Trans-shipment)’을 채택하여 각국의 이행법제의 통일성을 확보하기 위한 노력을 하고 있다.<BR> 우리나라는 전략물자 수출통제의 기본법인 대외무역법에서 경유·환적에 관한 통제규범을 두고 있다. 2007년 1월 대외무역법 개정에서 유엔 안전보장이사회 결의 1540호의 이행을 위해 경유·환적 제도가 입법화되었고, 그 이후 법령의 개정을 통해 제도의 미비점을 보완하였다. 하지만, 여전히 구조와 내용에서는 보완점이 남아있다. 본 연구는 공급망 안보를 목적으로 하는 경유·환적과 관련한 우리나라 이행입법 분석을 통해 정확한 구조와 체계를 분석하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 나아가 우리나라 수출통제법제의 체제 및 내용에서 보완이 필요한 부분을 검토하고, 개선안을 제시함으로써 동 제도의 정착에 기여하고자 하였다. 경유·환적에 대한 이행법제의 중요성이 높아지고 있음에도, 동 제도에 대한 소개 및 검토가 진행된 논문이 없다는 점에서 이번 연구의 의의를 찾을 수 있을 것이다.

Integrating supplier selection with inventory management under supply disruptions

In the current global market, managing supply is not a straightforward process and it becomes even more complex as uncertainty and disruptions occur. In order to mitigate their impact, the selection of suppliers of strategic items should have a more holistic view of the operations in the supply chain. We propose an integrated model for supplier selection, considering inventory management and inbound transportation. We approach this problem, incorporating stochastic demand and suppliers' imperfect quality. Imperfect quality triggers additional costs, including external failure and holding costs. Supply disruptions also affect the suppliers' lead time, resulting in delivery delays. We develop a methodology to address this challenge with simulation-optimisation. A genetic algorithm determines supplier selection decisions, while inventory decisions are computed analytically. Discrete-event simulation is used to evaluate the overall performance, as well as to update the lead time dynamically, according to the disruptions. Finally, sensitivity analysis providing managerial insights reveals that criteria in supplier selection should be given a different priority depending on the characteristics of the items, and the effectiveness of disruption mitigation strategies depends on the disruption characteristics.

Tecnologia da Informação Verde nas organizações: uma visão estratégica

Contexto: O crescimento da Tecnologia da Informação (TI) gera impactos ambientais. Benefícios de práticas de TI Verde. Diminuição de impactos ambientais. TI Verde no planejamento estratégico.&#x0D; Objetivo: Mapear a percepção de especialistas, coordenadores e gestores de TI quanto às práticas de TI verde nas organizações e o seu posicionamento estratégico.&#x0D; Desenho/Metodologia/Abordagem: Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura que fundamentou uma pesquisa de campo aplicada a 97 gestores e especialistas de TI de organizações, a maioria do estado do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, dos mais variados ramos de negócios, no período de dezembro/2018 a janeiro/2019. Os dados foram analisados através de estatística descritiva e de quatro cruzamentos dos resultados sobre práticas de TI Verde, planejamento estratégico e metas ambientais.&#x0D; Resultados: Observou-se que menos da metade das organizações não tratam a TI Verde como um item estratégico, não a incluindo em seu planejamento estratégico, em sua política ambiental, e não criando metas ambientais.&#x0D; Implicações práticas: Espera-se que esta pesquisa contribua, demonstrando a importância de reduzir os impactos ambientais, os benefícios das práticas de TI Verde, além de oferecer novas soluções às organizações.&#x0D; Originalidade/valor: A TI Verde não é tratada de maneira estratégica, o que causa um contraponto: a TI é uma área imprescindível para o negócio e geradora de vantagem competitiva, porém não tem os seus impactos ambientais tratados estrategicamente.

Risk assessment of different sourcing contract scenarios in project procurement

Procurement is an overlapping function between engineering and construction phases of engineering procurement and construction (EPC) projects. Due to these overlaps, procurement risks may have cascading effect on project cost and schedule overruns. Thus, management of procurement risk is important to avoid detrimental effect on the success of project. A project requires multiple items from multiple suppliers under multiple contracts, terms and conditions and risks exposure. This study proposes an integrated frame work, of 64 combinations comprising of type of item, type of buyer-supplier relationship, type of pricing regime and six types of procurement risks, to devise an optimal project procurement portfolio. Overall non-critical items pose the lowest and strategic items the highest levels of procurement risks to the project. Amongst types of buyer-supplier relationships, partnership sourcing has the lowest risk exposure. Amongst pricing regimes cost reimbursement has the highest risk exposure and fixed price has the least. For leverage, bottleneck and strategic items partnership sourcing type of buyer-supplier relationship with firm price, cost incentive and cost reimbursement pricing regime, respectively, emerge to be the best combination of procurement strategy. For non-critical items adoption of competitive arm’s length type of buyer-supplier relationship with firm pricing regime is suggested.

Relação entre Sustentabilidade e Inovação: uma análise da legitimidade organizacional das empresas do setor elétrico brasileiro

Esta pesquisa visou identificar junto às empresas do setor elétrico listadas no Índice de Sustentabilidade Empresarial (ISE) se a inovação em Responsabilidade Social Corporativa (RSC) é utilizada como item estratégico para legitimar suas ações, tendo como base a perspectiva da Teoria da Legitimidade. A RSC coloca a companhia atuando de forma ética e buscando a eficácia econômica, sem excluir as necessidades sociais e dos trabalhadores. O artigo focou na compreensão de três dimensões da inovação: incremental innovation, radical innovation e game-changing innovation, relacionadas a mudanças em processos, ações e relações empresariais. Esta pesquisa delineou-se como descritiva e documental, baseada em dados secundários analisados de 2011 a 2016, totalizando 9 empresas escolhidas e 54 relatórios. No quesito incremental innovation, apesar de divulgadas, não é claro se tais ações são apresentadas como reais práticas de RSC ou se buscam somente legitimar as organizações frente a seus stakeholders. Já no quesito radical innovation observaram-se, por exemplo, mudanças no comportamento dos fornecedores quanto à integração da inovação nas companhias analisadas. No item game-changing innovation, apesar de algumas iniciativas, a maioria dos relatórios não apresentou ações consistentes. Conclui-se que ainda há poucas informações das mudanças provocadas pelas inovações tanto tecnológicas quanto operacionais, oriundas de novas práticas, procedimentos e costumes. Adicionalmente, a inovação como estratégia pode ser entendida como uma forma de legitimar as ações da RSC, estando mais voltadas para obrigações impostas pelos órgãos reguladores. Logo, há uma lacuna quanto ao seu objeto enquanto característica social.

A Study on the Expansion Strategy of Air Cargo at Incheon International Airport through In-depth Interview Study

2018년 인천공항 항공화물 성장률이 급감하며 2013년 이후 최저 성장률을 기록하였을 뿐만 아니라 2019년에도 추가 둔화가 예상된다. 따라서 본 연구는 인천공항의 수요증대 방안을 파악하기 위하여 세가지 연구문제를 설정하고 전문가 심층인터뷰를 실시하였다. 인터뷰 결과, 인천공항의 향후 전략운송품목은 의약품으로 나타났으며, 전략시장은 미주가 압도적인 지지를 받았다. 그리고 인천공항 항공화물 증대를 위해서 첫째, 인프라 및 제도적 지원 둘째, 안정적인 노동인력 확보를 위한 지원 셋째, 전자상거래 수요 확대를 위한 제도적 지원 넷째, 화물흐름 원활화를 위한 제도적 지원 마지막으로 제조업 활성화 정책 지원 등이 요구되었다. 이러한 결과를 종합적으로 검토해본 결과, 인천공항의 지속가능한 물동량 창출을 위한 최우선 과제는 지속적인 네트워크 확대인 것으로 파악된다. 그리고 전자상거래 및 콜드체인 클러스터 구축, K-Packet을 활용한 GDC 화물 운송서비스 개선, 의약품 관리ㆍ배송 체계 도입, 제조업 활성화 정책이 요구되며, 물류경쟁력 제고, 글로벌 제조 및 물류 기업 유치환경 조성, 새벽시간대 화물기 운항 활성화, 항공화물 네트워크 정보시스템 구축 등이 필요한 것으로 파악된다.The air cargo growth rate at Incheon International Airport has dropped sharply in 2018. It has recorded the lowest growth rate since 2013 and expected to further slow down in 2019. Therefore this study set up three research questions and conducted in-depth interviews with experts to find out how to increase cargo volume at Incheon International Airport. As a result of interviews, pharmaceuticals and Americas are supported as the strategic item and market for Incheon International Airport. And the needs for government policy to increase cargo volume at Incheon International Airport are derived as follows: first, infra structure and institutional support second, securing stable workforce third, institutional support for expansion of e-commerce demand fourth, institutional support for facilitating cargo flow and finally support for manufacturing activation policy. As a result of comprehensive reviews of these suggestions, the priority for Incheon International Airport to create sustainable cargo volume is continuous expansion of networks. And it is also required that establishing e-commerce and cold chain cluster, improving GDC service quality using K-Packet, introducing management and delivery system for pharmaceuticals and manufacturing activation policy. In addition to these requirements, it is necessary to enhance logistics competitiveness, create environment to attract global manufacturing and logistics company, activate cargo service at dawn and build air cargo network information system.

Assessing Water Resource Issues in the US Pacific North West Region

In a country where ground water ranks highly as one of the nation’s most important natural resources, water stands out as a strategic item in the US West. For that, agricultural, commercial and urban communities require water for their yearly operations. Even though, groundwater serves cities and rural areas, it sustains irrigation and industries. The present levels of ground water deposit are not only at risk of over use and degradation, but in the past several years, the Western region continues to experience depletion of some of its major sources with declines occurring faster than surface water amidst grave consequences. Furthermore, in some neighboring states, water depletion has reached a critical stage with mounting threats to communities. Because over pumping of ground water sources created declines in water tables, without access to regular information on water stress and usage, managers face uphill tasks tracking the risks involved. While this issue emanates from socio-economic and physical elements including climate, the literature is sketchy on a comprehensive regional analysis. To fill that void in the literature, the paper assesses water resource issues in the US Western region using mix-scale techniques of GIS and descriptive statistics. With emphasis on the issues, water use trends, factors, impacts and efforts. While the results point to changes in water use, widespread depletion and visible impacts due to socio-economic indicators, policy and natural forces. The GIS mapping of the trends reveals the pressures to water security from various stressors (drought, depletion and the encroachment of urbanization and water intense farms) across the region. The Suggestions for mitigation ranged from the need for monitoring, sustainable use, GIS analysis, and effective policy to a regional water information system.