Triticale Strains Research Articles

Factors Influencing the Effects of Triticale on Laying Hens’ Performance: A Meta-Analysis

Multiple studies have yielded conflicting findings regarding the impact of incorporating triticale as a feed ingredient on laying hens’ production parameters. This article used a meta-analysis to assess the factors influencing its effects on layers’ performance. According to the PRISMA guidelines, articles examining the influence of triticale on layers’ egg production (EP), egg weight (EW), egg yolk color (EYC), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were identified across Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct. As a result, six articles were selected and categorized into 16 experiments for inclusion in our meta-analysis. Overall, the trim-and-fill method indicated that triticale had comparable effects to conventional cereals on the performance of laying hens. However, the meta-ANOVA emphasized that the Hy-Line Brown hen strain and Joesong and Juanilo triticale strains induced the best laying hen performance. Moreover, the meta-regression emphasized a positive correlation between the triticale inclusion percentage and the EW in Juanilo triticale diets and a negative correlation between the triticale inclusion percentages and the EYC in the triticale and laying hens strains studied. Therefore, this meta-analysis makes a valuable contribution to comprehending the factors that may influence the effects of triticale on the performance of layers.

Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Triticum spp., Secale Cereale And Triticale Using Issr Markers And Sds-Page

Genetic diversity among some wild close relatives of wheat was estimated using inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and SDS-PAGE markers. Four Triticum, Secale cereale and Triticale genotypes including seven Triticum, Secale and Triticale accessions belonging to one diploid (Secale cereale), three tetraploid (Triticum durum (4x)) and two hexaploid (Triticale (6x)) in addition to one hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) species sampled from different ecogeographical regions of Egypt; a durum wheat cultivars 'Baniswef 1 and 3 and Sohag 3', a local wheat cultivars growing in upper Egypt 'Giza 168', a bread wheat cultivar and two triticale strains beside one rye strain were evaluated. Genetic diversity among wheat accessions was estimated using 11 ISSR primers. Of the approximately 153 detected ISSR markers, 65 (42%) were polymorphic with 4 bands per used primer pair. Cluster analysis of 7 accessions belonging to the four species by UPGMA cluster analysis based on Jaccard’s similarity estimates for ISSR data divided all accessions into one major cluster and Secale cereale separated from the major cluster. two major sub-clusters reflecting almost their genome composition. The first one included wheat species having AB genomes ('Baniswef 1 and 3 and Sohag 3'), while second cluster included wheat species having ABD and ABR genomes. The genetic similarity coefficients ranged from 0.36 between Triticale 1 and rye accession and 0.84 between Triticale 1 (6x) and Triticale 2 (6x). Two Triticum durum species of were ranked as the second most related species (0.81). The results of SDS-PAGE revealed a total number of 145 bands with molecular weights (MW) ranging from about 17 kDa to 158 kDa, which were not necessarily present in the 7 genotypes. Data revealed seven common bands (monomorphic), six unique bands while the remaining 90 band were polymorphic with 62% polymorphism. The unique Bands at the molecular weight 158 and 41 kd were the distinguishable band of Baniswef 3. The unique Band at the molecular weight 64 kd was the distinguishable band detected of Sohag 3. The unique Bands at the molecular weight 62 and 55 kd were detected only in Rye. The unique Band at the molecular weight 17 kd was detected only in Baniswef 1.

Rye chromosome composition and seed characters in hexaploid triticale (X Triticosecale WITTMACK)

The individual characteristic features of chromosomes in Petkus rye (diploid) and 82 hexaploid triticale accessions were assessed to identify the replaced rye chromosome pair(s) in triticale and its effect on kernel characters. GiemsaC-banding technique was used for the study. Results revealed that 24 hexaploid triticales showed full complement of rye chromosome, 34 had replacement of one pair and 24 had replacement of two pairs of rye chromosomes. Triticale strains with 2R/2D and 4R/4D substitutions had higher and medium seed set, respectively. Seed set was considerably high when both with 2R/2D and 4R/4D substitution occured together.

Identification of rye chromosome substitutions in Triticale and its relation with kernel characters and seed setting through Giemsa C-banding technique

To study the individual characteristic features of chromosomes in the three varieties of diploid rye and the 54 hexaploid triticale strains and also to identify the replaced rye chromosome pair or pairs in triticale and the relation of rye chromosomal substitutions with kernel characters. The present study was conducted using Giemsa C-banding technique. The results showed rye chromosome 2R was replaced in large number of cases followed by 4R/7R, 5R and 2R+5R. Triticale strains with 4R/7R substitution exhibited low degree of shriveling in grains with higher values for test weight, 100-grain weight and volume of water displaced by 100-grains whereas 4R/7R substitution along with another substitution for 2R or 5R or 6R showed medium shriveling and strains with substitutions either for 2R or 3R or 5R or 7R/4R exhibited high degree of shriveling and a cumulative effect was observed when two of these substitutions were presented together in one triticale. Triticale strains with 2R/2D substitution had higher seed set and it was medium in case of 4R/4D. But when both 2R/2D and 4R/4D substitution occur together the seed set was considerably high and was low when 3R and 5R substituted alone or in combination. It has shown evidence in the present study about the role of individual R/D substitutions on the quality of seeds it is necessary to introduce those substitutions which are of agronomic importance to the breeders.

Influence of parental forms on changes in the content of mineral elements in grain of new winter triticale hybrid strains

The paper presents a study on the content of Ca, Mg, K, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Fe in kernels (F5 generation) of winter triticale produced by crossbreeding three maternal with two paternal forms. As maternal forms, two strains were used, IGS 5101, FDT 975, as well as cultivar Alzo. The paternal components consisted of strains LAD 122 and F 8063. Morphologically established hybrid strains were selected at the Institute of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Biotechnology of the University of Life Sciences in Lublin. The component selection for crossbreeding was performed to achieve hybrids with great yield-forming potential and to improve the resistance to grain sprouting. Minerals were determined by the atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) method. The results revealed differentiation in amounts of the analysed mineral components in hybrids depending on genotypes of the parental forms. Hybrid strains were usually characterized by a lower ash content in kernels than the parental forms. Among all the hybrids, strain IGS 5101 × F 8063 was distinguishable by its higher content of K, Ca, Mn, and Fe in grain versus both parental forms. It also excelled exceeded the other hybrids in respect of Ca, K and Mn. Tests on the mineral components in hybrid triticale strains indicate that it is possible to shape their levels through an appropriate selection of parental forms and selection during breeding work on X Triticosecale Wittmack genus to achieve cultivars of improved nutritional value.

Cytogenetic behaviour in octoploid Triticale

Meiotic irregularities, degree of aneuploidy and fertility were investigated in both primary and recombined strains of 8x Triticale. In bulk populations as well as in progenies of euploid plants, recombined strains showed a lower degree of aneuploidy than did the primary strains. The recombined strains also showed stabler meiosis and higher fertility than the primary strains. A close relationship was found between somatic chromosome number and fertility. Fertility is not correlated with cytological disturbances.

Cytogenetic behaviour in octoploid Triticale

Meiosis and fertility in F1 hybrids between octoploid Triticale strains have been investigated. A reduction of the chiasma frequency was observed between diakinesis and first metaphase in F1 hybrids as well as in parents and other octoploid strains. Chiasma frequency at diakinesis was approximately the same in the F1 hybrids as in the parents, but at first metaphase chiasma frequency was considerably lower in the F1 hybrids than in the parents. There was a higher frequency of meiotic irregularities such as univalents, multivalents and micronuclei in F1 than in parents. As compared with the parents, fertility was lower in the F1 hybrids. Meiosis and fertility in the hybrids is discussed in relation to structural rearrangements and possible substitutions of chromosomes.

Identifying Winter Forage Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) Strains for the Central Great Plains

Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) is mainly used as a forage crop in the central Great Plains. A successful triticale cultivar should have high forage yield with good quality, and also high grain yield so the seed can be economically produced. The purpose of this study was to evaluate existing triticale cultivars and experimental strains for their relative value in the central Great Plains as an annual hay crop primarily for feeding to beef cattle. Two experiments (one for forage yield and one for grain yield) were planted at two locations (one representing the arid Great Plains and the second representing the or higher rainfall central Great Plains) for 2 yr. Twenty‐nine triticale cultivars and strains were evaluated for forage yield and quality, and grain yield. In both experiments, year effects were significant (P < 0.05) for all traits except grain yield; location effects were significant for forage yield, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber. There was no location × strain or year × location × strain interaction for all the quality traits indicating that triticale forage quality was stable across environments. Triticale strains differed significantly for forage yield, grain yield, NDF, acid detergent lignin, and relative feed value. However, forage of all strains had good feed quality. Three strains had high grain and forage yield, and very good relative feed value suggesting that triticale improvement for both grain and forage traits is possible.

Distinguishing A/Amchromosome substitutions in secondary tetraploid triticale strains with the complete A-genome

The aim of this work was to distinguish between chromosomes of A-genome of 6x-triticale and Am--genome of T. monococcum and to evaluate the efficiency of distinguishing secondary tetraploid triticale lines varying in A/Am chromosome substitutions. These secondary tetraploid lines were developed by crossing of this hexaploid triticales with the synthetic allotetraploid T. monococcum/S. cereale (AmAmRR) as a male parent. The comparative C-banding showed that chromosomes of T. monococcum are less easily stained than are chromosomes of hexaploid triticale. Precise differential staining of tetraploid triticale lines with complete A genome distinguished chromosomes originating from Am-genome of primary AmAmRR allotetraploid and those substituted from A-genome of 6x-triticale. Seventeen different chromosome constitutions of tetraploid triticale with complete A-genome were identified. The assessed substitutions showed close linkage with several phenotypic traits. Chromosomes 2A, 4A, 5A and 6A participated in substitutions with significantly higher frequency than other chromosomes of A-genome.

Assessment of the Combining Ability of Triticale and Secalotriticum with Respect to in Vitro Androgenesis Characteristics

The combining ability of cultivars and strains of triticale and secalotriticum with respect to the characteristics of androgenesis in anther culture has been analyzed (the 6 × 3 polytester design and parental forms). Nonadditive effects of gene interaction have been found to be prevalent in the genetic control of the characters analyzed in plants with the given genotypes. However, the characteristics of androgenesis were the highest in those hybrid combinations in which genotypes with high values of general combining ability (GCA) and positive effects of specific combining ability (SCA) participated. A program of the analysis of combining ability in triticale and secalotriticum is proposed. The program is aimed at detecting hybrid combinations with the best androgenetic capacities and takes into account both additive and nonadditive effects.

Diploid wheat — Triticum monococcum as a source of resistance genes to preharvest sprouting of triticale

Three accessions of diploid wheat Triticum monococcum var. monococcum (A m A m ) evaluated in respect of response of spikes to sprouting showed a markedly high values of sprouting resistance indices (number of sprouted kernels/spike, Hagbergs 1 Falling Number). The genome of T. monococcum var. monococcum (f. macedonicum Papag.) was incorporated into two triticale strains representing high and moderately level of susceptibility to sprouting. The appropriate two sets of introgressive triticale/T. monococcum lines were analysed in respect of variation of mature spikes sprouting (SR) and Falling Number (FN) values. The results showed different manner of inheritance of both characters. Full expression of Triticum monococcum genetic material responsible for resistance of mature spikes to sprouting was found and it was independent on hexaploid triticale recipient parent. In opposite to this, FN values higher than 200 sec. were originated on the basis of specific combination property of Triticum monococcum and triticale genes.

Sprouting Resistance and Falling Number Values in Introgressive Triticale/T. Monococcum Lines

The aim of this work was to evaluate how the Falling Number (FN) in introgressive triticale lines is influenced by introduced Triticum monococcum genes responsive for mature spikes sprouting resistance (SR). These lines were developed in two independent series (A and B) by incorporating of diploid wheat (T. monococcum) genes in two different strains of hexaploid triticale (LT 176/10 and LT 522/6) using the synthetic allotetraploid T. monococcum/Secale cereale (AmAmRR) as a bridging form. In three consecutive vegetation seasons the mature spikes response to artificial wetting was tested to assess SR. FN was evaluated in full milling of seeds to characterize the level of starch-protein matrix damage in 57 introgressive triticale lines. The obtained results showed twofold higher coefficients of variation of the SR than FN. SR-FN correlation was generally significant in a B-series of lines and statistically insignificant in an A-series showing dependence on the triticale recipient parent and year. In opposite to SR, in both series there was not a line having FN comparable with that of diploid wheat parent. This demonstrates that genetic background of the FN is more complicated in relation to inheritance of SR.

Analysis of the effect of rye chromosomes 4R, 6R and telomeric heterochromatin on 7R on homologous chromosome pairing in pentaploid hybrids (AABBR, AABBD)

Meiotic pairing in Triticum turgidum cv. Ma (4x) with a mean chiasmata frequency of 27.16 per cell was compared with chiasmata frequencies in its hybrids with several triticale strains, 'Chinese Spring' wheat and its addition lines for 'Imperial' rye chromosomes 4R and 6R. In hybrids between 'Ma' and x Triticosecale cv. 'Rosner' the chiasmata frequency was marginally reduced by an average of 1.25%, by 8.8% in hybrids with x Triticosecale cv. 'DRIRA' HH and by 6.7% with 'DRIRA' EE (lacking 90% telomeric heterochromatin from chromosome arm 7RL). In pentaploid hybrids between 'Ma' and T. aestivum cv. 'Chinese Spring' the reduction was an average of 10.30%, while addition lines with rye chromosome 6R reduced chiasmata frequencies by an average of 7.4% and rye addition line for 4R showed the greatest depression in chiasmata frequency in hybrids by a 25.04% reduction. An interchange difference involving long chromosome segments was observed between 'Ma' and 'Rosner'.

Studies on the composition, quality and processing of triticale Part 3. Rheological and baking properties

AbstractStudies on rheological and baking properties of 14 promising strains of triticale and two check wheat varieties from India are reported. The farinograms obtained from triticale flours, in general, revealed poor dough development time and lower stability than those from wheat flours. The mean water absorption capacity of triticale flours was 54.3 percent compared to 64.4 percent of wheat flour. The triticale flour produced poor loaf volumes with mean value of 399 cm3 compared to 475 cm3 of wheat flour. Cookie baking tests showed that triticale flours were eminently suited for this purpose because of their soft flour and weaker gluten.Triticale whole meal required much less water for preparation of dough for chapatis and produced red coloured chapatis which tended to stale faster.

Meiotic pairing in hybrids between tetraploid Triticale and related species: new elements concerning the chromosome constitution of tetraploid Triticale

Two F5 strains of tetraploid triticale (2n= 4x=28), obtained from 6x triticaleX2 rye progenies, were crossed with diploid and tetraploid rye, some durum and bread wheats, and various 8x and 6x triticale lines. Meiosis in the different hybrid combinations was studied. The results showed that the haploid complement of these triticales consists of seven chromosomes from rye and seven chromosomes from wheat. High frequencies of PMCs showing trivalents were observed in hybrids involving the reference genotypes of wheat and triticale. These findings proved that several chromosomes from the wheat component have chromosome segments coming from two parental wheat chromosomes. The origin of these heterogeneous chromosomes probably lies in homoeologous pairing occurring at meiosis in the 6x triticaleX2x rye hybrids from which 4x triticale lines were isolated. A comparison among different hybrids combinations indicated that the involvement of D-genome chromosomes in homoeologous pairing is quite limited. In contrast, meiotic patterns in 4x triticale X 2x rye hybrids showed a quite high pairing frequency between some R chromosomes and their A and B homoeologues.

Study of induced quantitative variation in hexaploid triticale

A narrow genetic base for important traits that determine plant type, yield and grain type has been the main reason for slow progress in the improvement and development of triticales. Hence, with a view to enlarging the genetic base for different yield attributes, two triticale strains, DTS 141(A) and Beagle were mutagenized with three mutagens. One physical mutagen, γ-rays and two chemical mutagens, EMS and NMU, were used with three does of each. An analysis of induced variation was made in the M 2 generation. Significant increases in genetic variance were observed for the four characters, productive tillers, grains per spike, 100-grain weight and grain yield per plant. This increase was the least in 100-grain weight. There was general reduction of mean values in the populations treated with mutagens. However, increase in 100-grain weight in a few treated ‘Beagle’ groups was observed. Increase in variance indicates that there were mutations with both positive and negative effects. Reduction in mean values might be due to the more frequent occurrence of deleterious mutations.

ASSOCIATION STUDIES IN TRITICALE

Correlation and path coefficient analyses were carried out in 63 strains of triticale for grain yield and its components. Grain yield plant showed significantly positive association with tillers/plant, grains/main spike and spikelets/main spike, while length of main spike and 100-grain weight though had positive association but of low magnitude. Plant height had negative correlation with yield. Path coefficient analysis revealed that tillers/plant, grains/main spike and 100-grain weight had positive direct effects on grain yield/plant. Spikelets/main spike and spike length also showed positive direct effect on grain yield/plant but of low magnitude. Therefore, due stress must be laid on number of tillers/plant, number of grains/main spike. 100-grain weight, number of spikelets/main spike and length of main spike during the selection for higher yield in triticale.

Analysis of the rye chromosome constitution and the amount of telomeric heterochromatin in the widely and narrowly adapted hexaploid triticales

Investigations were made on the rye chromosome constitution and on the presence of telomeric heterochromatin in rye chromosomes of the 26 most widely and 24 most narrowly adapted triticale strains. Among widely adapted lines, 22 (85%) had a complete rye genome and four triticales only had chromosomal R-D genome substitutions. Twenty-three (96%) of the 24 most narrowly adapted triticales had substitutions between the chromosomes of the R and D genomes. The most widely adapted triticales accumulated fewer modified rye chromosomes in comparison to narrowly adapted lines. They had from one to three rye chromosomes with heterochromatic deletions: 46% of widely adapted lines had two modified rye chromosomes; 34% had three modified rye chromosomes, and 19% had a single modified rye chromosome. In widely adapted strains, the 1R, 4R, 5R and 6R modified chromosomes were observed; they were present in 80%, 73%, 50% and 11% of the cases, respectively. The most narrowly adapted triticales had from two to four modified rye chromosomes: 58% of the strains had three modified rye chromosomes; 29% had four modified rye chromosomes and 12% had two modified rye chromosomes. The modified 4R and 5R chromosomes were present in all of these lines. The 1R (modified), 6R (modified) and 7R (modified) were found in 83%, 25% and 16%, respectively, of the narrowly adapted strains.Results support the previous observations (Pilch 1980b) that a wide adaptation of hexaploid triticales is associated with the presence of the full potential of rye genome, and that it is independent of the amount of telomeric heterochromatin possessed by rye chromosomes.

Host Preferences and Reproduction of Four Cereal Aphids on 20 Triticale Cultivars1

The ability of cereal aphids to survive and reproduce on triticale (X Triticolsecale Wittmack) may be important in predicting yield losses caused by these aphids and the plant viruses they can vector. Since little specific information about aphid adaptation to triticale has been published, we have investigated the host relationships of four cereal aphid species and 20 triticale strains. Preferences and reproduction of Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), Macrosiphum avenae (F.), Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), and R. maidis (Fitch) were tested in environmental chambers on seedlings and mature stages of 20 strains of triticale. M. avenae reproduced equally well (P>0.05) on all strains in both growth stages but S. graminum reproduced more on seedling than on mature plants R. padi failed to reproduce on mature triticale and R. maidis was poorly adapted to both growth stages. There was no immunity among the strains, however, in some tests the strains could be ranked in groups (P<0.05) based on declining aphid responses. We concluded that S. graminum, M. avenae, and R. padi have the potential for causing significant yield losses in triticale, especially because of reproduction on seedling plants.

Anther Culture of Triticale1

Anthers from three strains of triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) were cultured on B5 and Blaydes' basic media containing various concentrations and combinations of sucrose, 2,4‐D indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA), kinetin, amino acids, and coconut milk. The three strains of triticale reacted differentially in their development of callus in vitro although the percentages were low for each. The highest response (4.0%) was obtained with anthers of ‘Rosner’ cultured on B5 medium with 10% sucrose and supplemented with 2 rag/liter of IAA, kinetin, and 2,4‐D. Of a total of 9,246 anthers cultured from the three strains of triticale, 80 calluses were transplanted to differentiating medium. From this population, seven haploid (n = 21) albino plantlets developed.