Storage Of Petroleum Products Research Articles

THE RESEARCH OF FIRE RESISTANCE LIMIT OF THE TANK STORAGE OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

Introduction. Statistical analysis of fires at storage, refining and transportation facilities for oil and petroleum products over the past 20 years shows that out of 200 fires, 92% of them occur in land tanks. In a fire, liquid combustion in the tank is a diffusion combustion of a jet of steam in the air. In the process of burning the liquid in the tank changes the mechanical properties of its metal wall, which affects its fire resistance duration. In the event of a fire in the tank, the drywall may be destroyed. Destruction of dry tank wall can lead to oil spills and cascading fire. Therefore, the main problem is to determine the fire duration before the destruction of the dry wall of the tank, i.e. its fire resistance.Purpose. Develop a method for determining the fire resistance of the dry wall of the storage tank of oil and petroleum products.Methods. To develop a method for determining the fire resistance of storage tank dry wall of oil and petroleum prod-ucts, it is necessary to solve the following problems:1) to determine the temperature effect on sheet material of tank dry wall on its strength;2) to obtain the dependence for determining the duration of time before the occurrence of ultimate destructive stresses of the sheet material of tank dry wall;3) to obtain the dependence for determining the time of fire resistance of tank dry wall of oil and petroleum products in the event of a fire.To solve the first problem, the temperature influence of the sheet steel used to make the tank wall on the yield strength σT was established.To solve the second problem, a dependence was obtained to determine the length of time before the occurrence of critical temperatures at which the destruction of the sheet material of tank dry wall is possible.To solve the third problem, a block diagram of the algorithm for determining the fire resistance of tank dry wall in case of fire was developed, on the basis of which a package of applications was developed.Conclusions and specific suggestions:1. The influence of the temperature of the sheet material of tank dry wall on its strength is established. The research results showed that the temperature of the tank drywall material in the range of 690-710 ºC is critical and it can lead to its destruction.2. The results of the research allowed to obtain the dependence for determining the duration of time to critical temper-atures occurrence at which the destruction of the sheet material of tank dry wall. The results of calculations for the tank RVS-5000 showed that its fire resistance varies within τv = 13…15 minutes. Of course, this value of fire resistance for tank dry wall is very small in terms of the fire extinguishing process. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and implement certain measures to increase the fire resistance of tank dry wall.3. To determine the time of fire resistance of tank dry wall storage of oil and petroleum products in the event of a fire was obtained dependence, which allows to determine the temperature T in ºC from the duration of burning the tank τ per minute, the height of the dry wall h0 in m upper edge. The research results allowed to develop a block diagram of the algorithm for solving this problem, as well as a package of applications based on it, which are written in the C # programming language.

Nanostructures management technology to reduce the fire risk in the oil and gas industry: Performance, features and implementation

Oil and gas enterprises are characterized by an increased fire risk. There is high probability of occurrence and spread of large fires when oil production and processing, transportation and storage of oil products occurs. There is high probability of large fires during the oil production, oil processing and during the transportation and storage of petroleum products. New materials created using nanotechnology principles are needed to improve the efficiency of fire prevention and extinguishing systems. The technology for controlling the properties and performance characteristics of nanofluids based on liquid hydrocarbons and water is based on the methods of functionalization and interaction of clusters of the base liquid and multilayer carbon nanotubes, methods for stabilizing nanofluids, for changing the thermophysical, rheological and electrostatic properties of substances and materials on their basis. The proposed technology makes it possible to create nanomaterials based on various scenarios for the development of emergency situations and to apply them to reduce fire risk at oil and gas facilities.

АВАРИЙНЫЕ РАЗЛИВЫ НЕФТИ: ПРОБЛЕМЫ ПРАВОВОГО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ ИХ ПРЕДУПРЕЖДЕНИЯ И ЛИКВИДАЦИИ

Oil production, being a key source of the budget of the Russian Federation, is associated with a serious negative impact on the environment. In particular, the storage and transportation of oil and petroleum products are often accompanied by spills, as a result of which harmful substances enter the soil, water and atmosphere. These incidents are man-made disasters, and their consequences affect not only the site of the spill, but also the neighboring territories. This article analyzes the state of the Russian regulatory framework for the prevention of accidental spills of oil and petroleum products and concludes that it is imperfect.

Machinability, weldability and surface treatment studies of SDSS 2507 material-A review

Super duplex stainless steel 2507, is a difficult to machine material due to high chromium content. Knowledge on machinability, weldability and surface treatment of 2507 super duplex stainless steel material is necessary due to the increase in demand of this material in variety of application in engineering and medical fields. In this review, machinability studies on turning and milling of SDSS 2507 is discussed. Weldability of SDSS 2507 material is also reviewed in this paper. Effect of heat and chemical treatments on strength, ductility, resistance to corrosion, wear, crack propagation and pitting characteristics of this material are included. Machining with wet, minimal quantity lubrication and dry conditions are analyzed. From the review, it was found that machinability can be improved by machining at high cutting speed and low feed rate along with proper selection of tool. Welding of SDSS 2507 material with similar and dissimilar materials is also discussed. Literatures on the studies on machining of SDSS 2507 material, especially on milling of SDSS material is very less compared to turning operation. Review revealed that SDSS 2507 material possess better strength, ductility and corrosion resistance properties compared to Austenitic SS and Ferritic SS. The present paper recommends the usage of tougher insert grades for machining. From this review, it is clear that SDSS 2507 material can be used in corrosion prone environments due to its high resistance to corrosion and pitting characteristics. SDSS 2507 material can also replace duplex stainless steel in storage and transportation of petroleum products, piping, etc. due to its exceptional characteristics.

A method for cleaning tanks from oil product residues based on biotechnology

The known methods of cleaning tanks from the remnants of petroleum products using existing means are quite time-consuming, energy-intensive, and insufficiently advanced. In addition, waste cleaning solutions are poorly regenerated and slowly oxidized in the biosphere, and their removal to landfills (or discharge into reservoirs) causes great harm to the environment. Therefore, the search for new methods of cleaning is a very urgent task. This work aims to develop a method for cleaning tanks from the residues of petroleum products based on biotechnology. This article proposes a technological scheme of an experimental installation that simulates a tank for storing petroleum products in agricultural conditions. Studies on the oxidation of petroleum product residues by selected active cultures of microbial strains have been carried out. The modes of biological cleaning of the internal surfaces of tanks for the storage of petroleum products, from their residues, are determined. Strains of oil-oxidizing microorganisms were used as biologics). The biomass of the studied microorganisms was obtained under laboratory conditions by deep cultivation in flasks on a mineral medium. The proposed method of tank cleaning is an environmentally friendly process, during which microorganisms decompose oil pollution at relatively low temperatures (20-40°C) and use hydrocarbons as a source for their growth. As a result of this process, many tons of oil deposits are converted into microbial cells, which in turn become a source of food for other organisms and the plant world.

The influence of temperature changes on the integrity of tanks for storage of petroleum products and toxic substances

The round plate elements are widely used in engineering and power plants, as well as in the oil, chemical and construction industries. When the temperature changes due to technogenic and natural factors, they are deformed and there are temperature stresses, which are often the cause of their destruction. The magnitude of deformations and stresses depends on the magnitude and temperature gradient, as well as the physical and mechanical characteristics of the metal and the conditions of fixing the structural elements. It is shown that the greatest temperature stresses occur on the side surface of a cylindrical construction. The non-stationary temperature field in the round lamellar elements of engineering constructions, which changes with time, is investigated. Modeling the process of heating the round plates, the boundary conditions of the second kind are taken into account. Using the Laplace transformation, we obtained analytical expressions to study the temperature field and temperature deformations. The stress-strain state of round lamellar constructions with clamped edges due to a non-stationary temperature field is determined.This article proposes the methodology of research of a non-stationary stress-strain state in a cylindrical plate at heating on a side surface. The obtained results allow estimating the stress state at each point of the construction depending on the radius and physical and mechanical characteristics of the material from which the construction is made. The researches have shown that the temperature stresses that occur in plate constructions vary depending on the radius and time. The analysis of graphical researches shows that the destruction of the tank can occur by achieving a critical value of tangential stresses. The sharpest change of the tangential and radial stresses occurs at the initial moment of temperature action.

To the problem of the natural environment quality in the oil storage and transshipment facilities zones of influence

The oil storage and transhipment are usually located outside the boundaries of settlements, often on agricultural lands. Environmental pollution will inevitably have a negative impact on land productivity and products quality. The study deals with the problem of atmospheric air and soil quality in the impact zones of objects of storage and oil reloading. It is established that the quality of atmospheric air and soil in the zones of influence of such facilities does not meet the environmental legislation requirements. The main sources of environmental pollution are: the reservoirs of raw materials and final products, pumping station pumps and place of the final product loading in automotive, rail tank cars and other containers. The priority pollutants include hydrogen sulfide, phenol, benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, xylenes, mercaptans, saturated hydrocarbons C1-C5 and C6-C10. It is established that the greatest threat of the environment pollution is: the imported product low quality; a legacy hardware design of the petroleum products storage and handling, improper waste management. Economic subjects recommended to organize the incoming quality control of oil confirmation of compliance of its members with supporting documents. In terms of improving the hardware design of the technological process is proposed: application of loopback vapors during road tankers discharge, creating a covered loading with an oil overload from storage tanks to rail tank cars, the use of nitrogen cushions or pontoons in oil storage, the use of modern technologies of storage and/or disposal of oil sludge liquidation and sludge pits recultivation.

EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE COMBINED MEMBRANE-EJECTOR VAPOUR RECOVERY SYSTEM

Currently, the most common way to reduce hydrocarbon losses from evaporation at oil and petroleum products storage facilities is to use pontoons and floating roofs. However, vapour recovery systems can achieve a greater degree of loss reduction. Membrane vapour recovery units, that are widespread in Europe, are still not in use in Russia, although their high effectiveness is noted in some sources. Another promising way to reduce losses is to use ejector vapour recovery units. The article substantiates the use of combined membrane-ejector vapour recovery units: a methodology for calculating the effectiveness of such devices is proposed and an analysis of the influence of various parameters of membrane-ejector systems on the degree of reduction of gasoline losses during oil tank filling is made.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ СИСТЕМЫ SCADA ДЛЯ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ПРОЦЕССАМИ ХРАНЕНИЯ И ТРАНСПОРТИРОВКИ НЕФТИ

Currently, the task of modernizing the automated control of the technological process of accounting, storage and transportation of petroleum products is becoming urgent at oil pumping facilities. Modern automatic process control systems require constant updating of equipment, software and technical support. As production and supply cycles become shorter and require greater flexibility, real-time data exchange on operational capacity and conditions for planning and forecasting production and operational operations becomes an important factor in the company's bottom line. The modern open platform of the SCADA system allows you to create links between the operational and information areas of engineering. In this regard, the use of SCADA technologies is the most promising method of automated control of production processes in terms of process visualization, safety and reliability

Man-Made Hazards Environmental Management in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia)

It is shown that the technological safety ensuring is in demand in the modern world, the person and society interests protection is impossible without the environment preservation. The safety problem of socio-natural-technogenic systems is relevant in the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The technological hazards specificity of the region’s territory is determined by the extreme climate characteristics. Probable man-made hazards on the republic territory are shown and the main indicators of water pollution are given. Common technogenic dangerous objects on the Republic territory are established: production associated with the extraction, transportation, oil and petroleum products storage and tailing dumps. Social components determined by the traditional environmental management violation and the way of indigenous peoples’ life are not sufficiently taken into account in the damages assessment. The basic principles of environmental policy are given.

Safety measures relating to carriage and transfer of liquid cargoes

The continuous growth in the volume of liquid cargoes, transported by sea, leads to increase of tankers’ size and to implementation of appropriate shore facilities, which have to meet the relevant environmental requirements. In order to ensure safety during loading and discharging operations in shore terminals, it is necessary to make an assessment on the level of potential risk in port and onboard the vessel and to take all necessary steps to reduce the possibility for environmental impacts and occurrence of an accident especially when performing transfer operations to/from ships. The article presents some constructive decisions for building of shore tanks and their application for storage and transfer of petroleum products. The measures for the safe performing of the cargo operations are systematized after discussing of specifics by performing of all processes connected with loading or discharge. The precautions are defined in three critical points of action - operation on vessel systems, transportation of cargo using shore facilities and storage in tanks.

The influence of gas appearance on the construction of underground tanks in rock salt

The article describes the influence of gas bubbles released during the underground dis-solution of rock salt during the construction of underground tanks for storage of petroleum products on drilling, oil borehole drilling, operation of tanks, and acceleration of the construction of underground tanks in rock salt with a significant gas content. It is revealed that complex use of oil and salt layers of the oil field allows to obtain a mineralized solution to intensify the extraction of oil from the reservoir and to create an underground reservoir in the salt reservoir for underground storage of associated petroleum gas (APG), i.e. to create an underground gas storage (UGS) in rock salt.

Optimization of oil depot operation process

Oil depot is an important department for loading, unloading, transhipment and storage of petroleum products. The operation process of oil depot is directly related to the company’s efficiency and affect the quality. This thesis sorted out the operation of oil depots, analysed the common problems in the operation process of China’s oil depots, and gave an optimization plan for the operation process by taking a secondary oil depot of PetroChina as an example.

Проницаемость полимерных материалов для технических средств хранения нефтепродуктов

Проницаемость полимерных материалов для технических средств хранения нефтепродуктов

Automated System for Monitoring the Technical State of Tanks for Storage of Petroleum Products

A solution to the problem of monitoring the current state of tanks for storage of petroleum products in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) through the development of an automatic monitoring system is proposed. The problem of assuring safe operation of tanks for storage of petroleum products in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutiya) is formulated. The climate conditions of the republic as well as the peculiarities of the permafrost zone are additional negative factors that complicate this question. Examples of emergency situations with large-scale failures of tanks are presented and the causes and consequences of accident incidents are considered. A description of a proposed solution that comprises a system for automated monitoring of the technical state of tanks, implementation of which will help prevent similar emergencies, is presented.

MODELING OF THE PROCESS OF POURING THE PRODUCT THROUGH THE RECEIVER-DISTRIBUTING DEVICE VST

Preserving quality and quantity of a product is an important task during the operation of tank farms. This requires maximum sealing of all processes of pouring, discharging and storing. Tanks have the largest share of evaporation losses throughout the course of the oil flow from fishing to refineries, at factories and petroleum product pipelines from factories to consumers. The process of storage of oil and petroleum products is combined with other technological operations (desalting of oil, heating, dehydration, mixing, etc.).
 One of the most important methods of saving fuel and energy resources, which occupy a leading place in the development of the economy, is the fight against oil products losses. The issue of product losses due to the lack of equipment and the durability of its use is important. One of them is a receiving and distributing device, which is installed in vertical steel tanks.
 To compare two of the most common variants of the execution of the disengagement body of the (ПРУ що це таке), a simulation of the process of pouring the product into the reservoir was performed using the Ansys 19.1 program. This made it possible visually to see how the receiving and distributing device works and what its efficiency can depend on. From the model of pressure distribution to the wall of the case (ПРУ) it is evident that when smoothly turning the housing, the pressure is distributed more evenly, due to which the load on the corner and the entrance to the receiver-distributing device in the wall of the tank will be less than when turning with the insert.
 In this article an analysis of the possibility of improving the outdated technologies and the use of the latest in the storage of petroleum products is given. The use of a receiving and dispensing device can significantly increase the inter-cleaning period during the operation of the reservoir, as well as reduce the amount of work when cleaning the reservoir. This will reduce the level of dead remains, improvement the service life of the lower belt and the bottoms of vertical steel tanks, by reducing the zone of corrosive activity of the bottom sediment.

Thermophilic composting of hydrocarbon residue with sewage sludge and fish sludge as cosubstrates: Microbial changes and TPH reduction

The hydrocarbon residue in petroleum product storage tanks is waste generated in large quantities that must be properly managed to reduce its risk to the environment. By comparing the effect of two organic cosubstrates, the aim of our research is to determine the feasibility of composting as a bioremediation method for the treatment of the solid phase of the hydrocarbon residue. For this purpose, four treatments of the pollutant waste were established in triplicate: waste only; waste with bulking agent (1:2); waste with fish sludge and bulking agent (1:2:6); and waste with municipal sewage sludge and bulking agent (1:2:6). The composting system consisted of 12 reactors with a capacity of 30 L, each equipped with aeration and temperature control. Both at the beginning and the end of the experiment (20 days), we evaluated the physicochemical parameters, the structure of the microbial community through phospholipid fatty acid analysis, and the total petroleum hydrocarbon content (TPH). Treatments with cosubstrates maintained thermophilic temperatures, during 14 and 8 days in fish and municipal sludge respectively, while in the controls mesophilic conditions were maintained. The incorporation of fish sludge decreased TPH present in the initial mixture by 39.5%. The municipal sludge treatment resulted in a lower of temperatures and a TPH decrease close to 23.9%. In the control treatments, there was a slight TPH decrease, mainly due to the forced ventilation. Although, both composting treatments with cosubstrates proved adequate for the bioremediation of residue from hydrocarbon storage tanks, fish sludge presented best bioremediation conditions. Municipal sewage sludge provided a bioaugmentation effect due to its rich diversity and microbial biomass. Fish sludge could have biostimulant and surfactant effect producing an aliphatic mixture of pollutant waste with the nutritional requirements to promote the development of fungal communities.

CALCULATION OF VERTICAL STEEL TANK (VOLUME 5000 m3) STRESS-STRAIN STATE UNDER HORIZONTAL SEISMIC ACTION IN THE SOFTWARE PACKAGE ANSYS

Russia is one of the largest suppliers of oil in the world market, and therefore the problem of oil storage is one of the main for oil companies. The development of the infrastructure of oil trunk transportation facili- ties, the emergence of new supply routes necessitates the construction of warehouses of commercial oil, petroleum products in areas with high seismic activity. In seismically active areas, large-capacity oil ware- houses are operated in the North Caucasus region, which include vertical steel tanks with volume up to 100 thousand m3. To ensure tanks safe operation, it is necessary to develop and improve approaches to the cal- culation of seismic resistance of such facilities. Oil and gas production facilities are classified as hazardous production facilities, which in case of accidents pose a serious threat to humans and the environment. Natural disasters (thunderstorms, earthquakes, etc.) are one of the main causes of tank accidents. An analysis of the effects of earthquakes shows that reservoirs can suffer significant damage. Despite some progress made in recent years in this segment of production, oil and petroleum products tanks remain among the most vulnerable to seismic effects. Therefore, the problem of ensuring the strength of cylindrical tanks for storage of petroleum products is important and very relevant. Also, the relevance of this issue is due to the increasing, according to recent data, the seismic activity of the planet. In the center of the earth- quake breaks occur and intense inelastic deformation of the medium. Deformations in the hearth are irreversible, and in the area external to the hearth, are continuous, elastic and mostly reversible. It is in this area that seismic waves propagate.

The influence of total sediment of petroleum products on the corrosiveness of the metal of the tanks during storage

Storage tanks for petroleum products must comply with the requirements of technical, technological and environmental safety. The corrosion rate increases with prolonged storage of petroleum products in tanks. To prevent the destruction processes for reliable operation of tanks caused by metal corrosion some solutions are needed. Active formation of general sludge occurs in the storage of fuel oil, which contains corrosion-active substances, because of the incompatibility of fuels. The paper assesses the effect of total oil sludge in tanks on the corrosion process and on the reliability of tanks. Studies of the formation of a common sediment caused by incompatibility when mixing petroleum products are conducted. The paper proposes a solution which allows to reduce the formation of total oil sludge and to ensure reliable operation of reservoirs.

To the theory analysis of tightness of tank of pressure testing

This article studies the process of relaxation of the pressure in a tank with the damaged area of the wall after pressure-testing. The authors use different methods for the diagnosis of the technical condition of objects of petroleum products storage. Pressure testing is one of nondestructive methods. The rate of pressure decrease is characteristic of the system tightness. This article studies the cases of ground and underground location of the tank. Pressure testing involves excess pressure inside of a tank and observing its decrease. Over time, one can assess the integrity of the system. This has required creating mathematical models to account the filtration of the liquid depending on the location of the tank. The results include the analytical solution of the task and the formulas for describing the dependence of the relaxation time of pressure in the tank from the liquid and soil parameters, geometry of the tank, and the damaged portion of the wall. The two- and three-dimensional cases of liquids filtration for the case of underground location of the tank were considered. The results of some numerical calculations of the dependence of reduction time and the time of half-life pressure from the area of the damaged portion of the wall were shown. The obtained solutions allow assessing the extent of the damaged area by the pressure testing with known values of tank, liquid, and soil.