Stone Waste Research Articles

Enhancing the Availability of Potassium in New Egyptian Soils using Biochar Produced from Olive Stone Waste

The warming phenomenon is one of the most difficult challenges of the times. Agricultural waste decomposition contributes to global warming due to the increase in greenhouse gases. Carbon sequestering is used to reduce greenhouse gases to mitigate the warming phenomenon. Applying biochar is one of the most important tools for sequestering carbon in the soil for hundreds to thousands of years. Paper aims to produce olive stone biochar (OSB) and apply it to soils to study its effect on soil properties and the status of K (Quantity/Intensity of K). Biochar was produced from olive stone waste at 650°C and applied at rates of 0, 1, 2, and 5% in two investigated soils (sandy and calcareous) to study its effects on soil properties and growth of the wheat plants. Results of biochar analysis indicated that it possesses several functional groups and essential elements (N, P, and K), a large surface area (394.25 m2 g-1), and an average fine diameter (0.8 µm). The application of OSB improved several soil properties, including water holding capacity, %porosity, bulk density, cation exchange capacity, and availability of some nutrients, especially potassium. Additionally, it increased the soluble-K and ammonium acetate (NH4OAc-K) levels in the investigated soils. The potential buffering capacity of K (PBCK), activity ratio of K (ARK), and labile K (KL) were also enhanced. Moreover, OSB application improved the wheat plant’s height, root depth, dry matter, and NPK content. Therefore, we concluded that biochar is beneficial for sequestering carbon for the long-term and improving soil fertility.

Characterization of Lightweight Mortars with Cork and Olive Stone Waste for Old Building Rehabilitation

Characterization of Lightweight Mortars with Cork and Olive Stone Waste for Old Building Rehabilitation

Optimization and Kinetic Study of Treating Dye-Contaminated Wastewater Using Bio-Composite Synthesized from Natural Waste

The main objective of the present research project was to investigate the possibility of using low cost, eco-friendly, and easily available adsorbents, such as mint biomass and marble stone waste, for the removal of dyes, DRIM blue HS-RL and DRIM black ep-B, from wastewater using an efficient procedure, which is adsorption. Nine different combinations of these adsorbents were prepared with and without modification using sodium metasilicate and potassium ferricyanide. Spectroscopic analysis was carried out to investigate the λmax of the dyes. Adsorbent nanocomposites were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and zeta (ζ) potential. Adsorption equilibrium studies were investigated by determining the adsorption at the following conditions: initial dye concentrations (5–50 ppm), adsorbent doses (0.005–0.5 g), contact times (15–240 min), temperatures (30–70 °C) and pH (5–10). Of all the nine adsorbents, MTPF showed the maximum adsorption capacity at 50 ppm initial dye concentration, 0.005 g dosage of adsorbent and 240 min contact time for both dyes. DRIM Blue HS-RL was adsorbed efficiently at 6 pH and temperature 60 °C and DRIM black ep-B was adsorbed at pH 5 and temperature 50 °C by MTPF (mint–tawera composite treated with potassium ferricyanide). Among the various adsorption isotherms (Langmuir, Dubinin–Radushkevich, Freundlich, Herkin–Jura, and Temkin isotherms), some adsorbent followed the Freundlich isotherm while the others followed the Langmuir isotherm. The best-fit model was decided based on their high R2 value and agreement between qe calculated from isotherms and those obtained experimentally. At equilibrium concentration, application of kinetic models (pseudo-first-order, and pseudo-second-order) revealed that the best-fit model was pseudo-second-order kinetic model for both dyes, as their R2 > 0.9, and qe calculated was close to qe obtained experimentally.

Thermal plasma processing of high temperature insulation wools

High temperature insulation wool (HTIW) wastes, generated in large volume as a part of demolition and construction processes, are difficult to recycle and pose significant hazards to health and environment. Alkaline earth silicate wools (AESW) and alumino silicate wools (ASW) are the two major types. Typical constituents include silica and oxides of Ca, Al and Mg etc. in varying ratios, giving rise to their specific colours and inherited thermo-physical properties. Successful mitigation and reuse of such wools have not been explored enough. Possibly for the first time, the study makes an extensive investigation on air plasma mitigation of four most commonly used HTIW, namely, fresh rock wool, waste rock wool, waste stone wool and waste ceramic wool. This is a single step dry process. Use of freely available ambient air to generate plasma, extremely high enthalpy, presence of nascent atomic and ionic species and extremely high temperature make the process fast, efficient, economic and unique one to convert such wastes into valorised product. While the thermal field delivered by an air plasma torch has been derived from magneto-hydrodynamic simulation, the study makes a direct in-situ investigation of the evolution of thermal field in the melting zone using two colour pyrometer, and characterises the vitreous solidified end product using X-diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis, Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Neutron Activation Analysis. Possible valorisation and use of the end product have been discussed in light of their observed elemental composition.

Stone Slurry in Cement Concrete for Sustainable Use in Civil Engineering Work

The stone industry’s waste is to blame for a slew of environmental issues. The stone waste is rarely degradable and contribute to environmental hazards. The flowing of stone slurry with rainwater also pollutes the water bodies. This contaminated water has an impact on irrigation and drinking water supplies. Fine particles of by inhaling the stone slurry that flew with the air blasts, a major health concern was created. Fine particles of stone slime buildup on the leaves of plants, trees, and other vegetation, causing aesthetic issues. As 70 percent of wastes and only 30% of major product recovery contribute to the highest amount of indestructible wastes, plants and trees perish as a result of stone dust accumulation over leaf vegetation. The most effective method of reducing stone slurry pollution is to use it in bulk. The building sector is the only industry that can consume substantial amounts of stone slurry. The fineness modulus is 0.91, and the specific gravity is 2.61. Stone slurry replaces 30% of the sand in Cement Concrete, resulting in more strength than the Control, which is 1:1.5:3 Cement Concrete with 0% Stone slurry. In the building business, stone slurry may be easily used to make cement concrete.

“Utilization of Kota stone slurry along with demolition and construction waste in concrete”

In this present study examines the possibility of kota stone waste slurry (KSS) and demolition construction waste (DCW) as a partial replacement of cement and fine aggregate in the manufacture of concrete, KSS added in 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%, and DCW used in 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% to create the concrete mixtures. Total four mixes were cast including reference mix, and three mixes for combined use of KSS and DCW. Water cement ratio (w/c) of 0.42 was opted for mix design of concrete. Fresh and hardened concrete experiments were conducted to assess the performance of concrete casted with different proportion of KSS and DCW. The workability of concrete was found reduced with KSS and DCW, but is in an acceptable limit as per the IS code standard. Concrete mix prepared with combined utilization of 10% KSS and 10% DCW (i.e. K10D10 mixture) exhibited highest strength. Minimum water absorption was detected with the optimum use of KSS and DCW in concrete. The outcomes recommended the optimum use of KSS up to 10% and DCW up to 10% as a partial replacement of cement and fine aggregate substitution in concrete, this provides sustainability in addition to cost savings. Further 10 percentage replacement of material with KSS and DCW shows the compressive strength obtained is ideal and 20 percent replacement of material shows that satisfactory result were found.

Biogenic material design by stone waste treatment with biologically induced mineralization

One of the most widely studied branches of biologically induced mineralization (BIM) processes, microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation, also known as microbially induced calcite precipitation, can be used as a method for the reinterpretation of waste natural stone particles into a sustainable material. By overcoming the need for synthetic adhesives or energy-consuming firing or sintering procedures for regaining such wastes, a natural and sustainable solution is proposed through certain biological treatment processes. The aim of this study was to determine the main processing variables affecting microbially induced biocement production using waste stone as a scaffold material. Bacillus pasteurii bacteria were used for biological induction of calcite precipitation. A custom-made reactor was designed for controlled incubation and medium injection into the waste stone scaffold. The parameters examined were the particle size of the waste stones, the effect of the stone type on cementation, the urease activity of the bacterial culture, temperature, the pH and flow rate of media, the mechanical strength of cemented scaffolds and water absorption capacity. This research demonstrated a potential solution to the waste generation problem of the global natural stone industry through the treatment of such wastes with BIM for creating a sustainable and biogenic material.

Preparation of Waste PP/Fly Ash/Waste Stone Powder Composites and Evaluation of Their Mechanical Properties.

The research was carried out to analyze the combined and mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP)/fly ash (FA)/waste stone powder (WSP) composite materials. PP, FA and WSP were mixed and prepared into PP100 (pure PP), PP90 (90 wt% PP + 5 wt% FA + 5 wt% WSP), PP80 (80 wt% PP + 10 wt% FA + 10 wt% WSP), PP70 (70 wt% PP + 15 wt% FA + 15 wt% WSP), PP60 (60 wt% PP + 20 wt% FA + 20 wt% WSP) and PP50 (50 wt% PP + 25 wt% FA + 25 wt% WSP) composite materials using an injection molding machine. The research results indicate that all PP/FA/WSP composite materials can be prepared through the injection molding process and there are no cracks or fractures found on the surface of the composite materials. The research results of thermogravimetric analysis are consistent with expectations, indicating that the preparation method of the composite materials in this study is reliable. Although the addition of FA and WSP powder cannot increase the tensile strength, it is very helpful to improve the bending strength and notched impact energy. Especially for notched impact energy, the addition of FA and WSP results in an increase in the notched impact energy of all PP/FA/WSP composite materials by 14.58-22.22%. This study provides a new direction for the reuse of various waste resources. Moreover, based on the excellent bending strength and notched impact energy, the PP/FA/WSP composite materials have great application potential in the composite plastic industry, artificial stone, floor tiles and other industries in the future.

Evaluation of Properties for Making of Bricks by Using Granite Sludge Powder

Numerous issues arise from the discharge of waste materials. The primary issues are the spot involved by locales of capacity, significance of expenses and the natural effect. The primary objective of this preliminary work is to investigate the possibility of using stone waste as a substitute for raw materials in the production of granite sludge bricks. The exhibition of the Rock ooze block's compressive strength and a correlation of it with the ordinary dirt blocks. Clay,water,sand ,fly ash,cement, and other components make up granite sludge brick. Due to its lower cost and higher compressive strength in comparison to other bricks, its wides preaduse may become an important criterion for evaluation. Granite sludge bricks have been the subject of numerous experiments, and the results indicate that they lack compressive strength. As a result, numerous tests on the granite sludge brick's strength using various additional materials were carried out.These various additions might include fly ash, clay, cement, s and, and soon, the alterations ingranitesl udge bricks' compressive strength caused by these various additional materials.The granite bricks have a moisture content of 20% and measure 22 cm by 10 cm by 7 cm. Hence we involved a modest material for the streng thin rock ooze block. Where they have extra pieces in development, so we involved them in mud blocks. Granites ludge bricks performed better than conventional bricks, as demonstrated by the findings. Clay was added to the mixture in weight amounts of 10%,20%,30%,40%, and 50%.Test for water absorption and compressive strength.

Study on the Performance of Bitumen Waste Stone Column in Soil Stabilization

Stone Column is a technique for improving and stabilising weak soils such as soft clays, silts, and loose sands, allowing highway facilities, storage tanks, embankments, and bridge abutments to be built. We are utilising bituminous waste as an alternative material for coarse aggregate in the construction of stone columns to save expenditure by partially replacing coarse aggregate with bituminous waste. We're mixing bitumen waste and coarse aggregate, which have been passed through a 16 mm IS sieve and are being retained . Different mix proportions of coarse aggregate and bitumen waste for stone column samples represented as (X% aggregate + Y% bitumen waste) were tested such as (100%C), (70%C+30%B), (60%C+40%B), (50%C+50%B) and (100%B). Intermediate Plastic Clayey soil (CI) at OMC was used as the test sample in which stone column was installed. The CBR test was performed on the stone column with a diameter of 50 mm and depth of 100 mm installed in the compacted soil in CBR mould to determine CBR value and bearing capacity of samples. After that the results were compared with 100% coarse aggregate stone column sample (100%C).

A Review of Evaluation of Cement Concrete by Partial Replacement of Natural Sand

Abstract: Although fly ash as a partial replacement for cement has been utilized for many years, it has been almost exclusively used in low-volume percentages, such as 10 or 20% cement replacement. In this study partial replacement of Natural sand with Crushed stone waste for M 15 grade of concrete. The compressive strength of concrete of OPC concrete and with natural sand and Crushed stone waste is compared and it has been found that the strength of concrete got increased. Work may be extended with use of stone waste from different crushing plant. Different zones of stone waste can be formed from the result which will give better understanding of type of stone waste that can be replaced for each zone. Thus it can be concluded that use of stone dust can be effectively done for partial replacement of natural sand and better concrete can be achieved for structural use. Optimum replacement value is about 30 to 40 percent. Thus its use will also ensure less cost and use of waste material causing less environmental pollution.

High‐performance Supercapacitors Enabled by Highly‐porous Date Stone‐derived Activated Carbon and Organic Redox Gel Electrolyte

AbstractConstruction of eco‐benign, cost effective, and high‐performance supercapacitors with improved electrolytes and hierarchical porous electrodes is necessary for effective energy storage. In this study, a gel type organic redox electrolyte made of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)‐H2SO4 and an organic redox molecule, anthraquinone (PVA‐H2SO4‐AQ) was prepared by simple solution casting method, and was used to construct a symmetric supercapacitor (SSC) with a date stone‐derived activated carbon (DSAC) having a high BET surface area (1612 m2/g). The DSAC was synthesized by simple carbonization method followed by activation with potassium hydroxide. The SSC exhibit a high specific capacitance of 126.5 F/g at 0.5 A/g, as well as a high energy density of 17.5 Wh/kg at a power density of 250 W/kg with high capacitance retention (87%) after 1000 GCD cycles. The present research suggests that adding anthraquinone to a PVA‐H2SO4 gel electrolyte improves the performance of the fabricated device significantly as compared to using pristine PVA‐H2SO4 or 1 M H2SO4 electrolytes. The research also presents a promising approach for the development of sustainable and eco‐benign materials for energy storage applications. The use of date stone waste as a precursor material for activated carbon electrodes presents an opportunity for cost‐effective and sustainable energy storage. Overall, the findings of this research have important implications for the future design and fabrication of high‐performance and cost‐effective supercapacitors.

3D Construction Printing Standing for Sustainability and Circularity: Material-Level Opportunities

Three-dimensional Cementitious materials Printing (3DCP) is a cutting-edge technology for the construction industry. Three-dimensional printed buildings have shown that a well-developed automated technology can foster valuable benefits, such as a freeform architectural design without formworks and reduced human intervention. However, scalability, commercialization and sustainability of the 3DPC technology remain critical issues. The current work presents the ecological fragility, challenges and opportunities inherent in decreasing the 3DCP environmental footprint at a material level (cementitious materials and aggregates). The very demanding performance of printable mixtures, namely in a fresh state, requires high dosages of cement and supplementary cementitious materials (SCM). Besides the heavy carbon footprint of cement production, the standard SCM availability might be an issue, especially in the longer term. One exciting option to decrease the embodied CO2 of 3DCP is, for example, to incorporate alternative and locally available SCM as partial cement replacements. Those alternative SCM can be wastes or by-products from industries or agriculture, with no added value. Moreover, the partial replacement of natural aggregate can also bring advantages for natural resource preservation. This work has highlighted the enormous potential of 3DCP to contribute to reducing the dependence on Portland cement and to manage the current colossal wastes and by-products with no added value, shifting to a Circular Economy. Though LCA analysis, mixture design revealed a critical parameter in the environmental impact of 3DCP elements or buildings. Even though cement significantly affects the LCA of 3DCP, it is crucial to achieving adequate fresh properties and rheology. From the literature survey, mixtures formulated with alternative SCM (wastes or by-products) are still restricted to rice husk ash, Municipal Solid Waste ashes and recycled powder from construction and demolition wastes. Natural aggregate replacement research has been focused on recycled fine sand, mine tailing, copper tailing, iron tailing, ornamental stone waste, recycled glass, crumb rubber, rubber powder and granules, recycled PET bottles and steel slag. However, flowability loss and mechanical strength decrease are still critical. Research efforts are needed to find low-carbon cement replacements and mix-design optimization, leading to a more sustainable and circular 3DCP while ensuring the final product performance.

Recent advances in expansive soil stabilization using admixtures: current challenges and opportunities

Expansive soils are problematic for direct engineering applications in their natural state because of the shrink-swell phenomenon. Numerous stabilizers and methods have been used to stabilize expansive soils as an effort to make them more practical for construction purposes. Searching for suitable soil stabilizers to overcome difficulties caused by the expansive soils is the key issue, not only in terms of achieving the required soil geotechnical characteristics but also in terms of environmental and economic concerns. The purpose of this article was to assess the current trends, challenges, and opportunities of various admixtures utilized for expansive soil improvement, as well as their economic and environmental consequences. A critical review of various admixtures commonly used as soil stabilizers, including marble waste powder, fly ash, eggshell powders, stone waste, and lime powder is conducted. Furthermore, a the review was also focused to analyze the offered stabilizers in terms of soil geotechnical properties and sustainability in the field application.

Alkali-activation potential of stone wastes

The industrial processing of dimensional stones generates a significant amount of waste. According to the data released in 2020 by the nations with active dimensional stone industries, it is estimated that out of 316 million tons of dimensional stones extracted each year, 161.5 million tons end up as mining or quarry waste. These are dumped in open locations creating noxious conditions for mine workers, residents of nearby communities, and the environment. In the current work, an effort has been made to manufacture alkali-activated materials (AAM) using sandstone waste (SW) and marble stone waste (MW) obtained from Rajasthan (India). The primary precursor is SW, whereas MW is partially substituted as an admixture. The elemental composition of stone wastes was determined using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). Stone waste-based geopolymer composite was prepared using alkaline activating solutions sodium hydroxide (NH, NaOH) and sodium silicate (NS, Na2SiO3) and tested for mechanical and physical properties. Characterization and microstructural analysis of geopolymer composite was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) fitted with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The findings suggest that the developed geopolymer composite can be employed as a construction material that will improve the re-utilization of stone wastes, offering a workable solution to the challenges associated with their disposal.

Utilization of stone waste in the development of sustainable mortar: A state of the art review

Utilization of stone waste in the development of sustainable mortar: A state of the art review

Limbah Batu Lahar Gunung Agung Sebagai Bahan Campuran Beton Dalam Upaya Kelestarian Lingkungan

There is a lot of excavation of materials for concrete mixtures in nature so that their existence is dwindling. Efforts are needed to find substitute materials but still maintain the quality of the concrete obtained. The purpose of this study is to determine the percentage of waste lava stone as a substitute for coarse aggregate in order to obtain compressive strength according to the plan and to determine the effect of environmental sustainability after waste stone is used as a concrete mixture. This study was conducted at the Laboratory of the Faculty of Engineering Unmas Denpasar by making a cylindrical specimen with a diameter of 15 cm and a height of 30 cm. Replacement of lava rock waste was made in 5 categories P0, P1, P2, P3, P4 with 8 specimens in each category, where the compressive strength test was carried out at the age of 28 days, with category P0 as a control without adding lava rock waste. The results showed that there was an increase in the compressive strength of concrete in categories P1 and P2, P3 and a decrease in the compressive strength of concrete in category P4, but the decrease that occurred design compressive strength.

Determination of the trace elements, radionuclides and REEs in the Brazilian stone waste and evaluation of sustainable use

Determination of the trace elements, radionuclides and REEs in the Brazilian stone waste and evaluation of sustainable use

SLIDING WEAR BEHAVIOR OF MARBLE DUST PRE-MIXED WITH NiCr COATINGS ON MILD STEEL SUBSTRATES AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURE

In this research, microsized marble dust is spray-coated on mild steel substrates through a well-designed high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying route. For this, a standard spray set up Hipojet 2700 is used. Marble dust is an ornamental stone waste generated in huge quantities during the depletion and processing of ornamental stones to make them usable. Commercially available spray-grade NiCr powder is added with a proportion of 10% by weight in the marble dust prior to deposition to increase its flowability and adherence. The coating on the mild steel substrates is deposited with a spray distance of 200[Formula: see text]mm and a fuel (LPG) feed rate of 55–60[Formula: see text]g/min. Dry-sliding wear trials under controlled conditions on the deposited coatings are conducted as per ASTM G 99-05 using a tribometer capable of operating at a wide temperature range. A parametric analysis of the test results using MINITAB 18 software shows that the control factors such as sliding velocity, specimen temperature, sliding distance and normal load, in the declining sequence, are significant in affecting the specific wear rate (SWR) of the coatings. Based on this, further experimentations are carried out separately for a wider range of the sliding velocity and specimen temperature keeping all other factors constant to study their individual effects on the wear rate more precisely. The morphologies of the worn surfaces are studied to ascertain the possible mechanisms taking place during the wear process leading to coating mass loss.

Experimental Study on Geopolymer Concrete with Partial Replacement of Bethamcherla Waste Stone Powder

<p>The process of making portland cement uses up a lot of resources and has a harmful environment effect since it produces a lot of greenhouse emissions. The by-product of the stone cutting and polishing industries is Bethamcharla waste Stone Powder (BWSP). Each industry produces an average of one tonne of waste each year, which is then simply deposited on the plains of Bethamcharla. In order to convince civil engineers to employ this new industrial waste material in Geopolymer Concrete (GPC), this research will examine the effects of substituting BWSP for Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBFS). Experimental investigations were conducted toward issues relating to strength. In the amounts of 20, 40 & 60 % by weight of GGBFS, the BWSP was employed as a substitute. Initial total mixes are prepared during the experimental inquiry with varying molarities of 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 as well as changes to the mix proportions. According to the trials, the 16 molarity and 1:1.32:3.1 (GGBFS: FA: CA) mix with alkaline solution delivered preferable outcomes, allowing for the fullest possible use of BWSP in the mix. The current study provides information on the behaviour of BWSP in Geopolymer Concrete. As determined by the study, the minimum strength of concrete (M25) cannot be affected while using 60% BWSP with 16 molarity for construction.</p>