Stone Waste Research Articles

Mechanical and chemical effects of incorporating stone powder residue in mortars

The construction industry is actively integrating technological innovations to optimize processes and mitigate solid waste in response to global challenges due to population growth and globalization. In this sense, this work addresses the imperative of sustainable development and waste decrease in construction. The research delves into using solid waste, such as ceramic block waste, granites, and marbles, in concrete and mortar production, highlighting challenges related to porosity and reduced mechanical strength. Additionally, the study investigates the incorporation of fibers to enhance the tensile strength of mortars. The main goal is the analysis of stone waste incorporation in mortar production, replacing 10% of sand, cement, and lime by considering particle size, water absorption, and chemical properties of stone powder. Experimental procedures involved cement of type 2, fine sand, and hydrated lime, with sieving systems applied for sand particle size testing. Compressive strength tests of a set of mortar compositions, including reference and modified proportions, were performed. chemical analysis through X-ray fluorescence (XRF) revealed composition aspects of stone powder and its impact on cementitious composites. Finally, it is advanced insights into compressive strength, particularly when the sand is replaced by stone powder, leading to the potential of stone powder to enhance sustainability in construction practices.

Study on the Properties of Waste Stone Powder-clay Slurry based on the Influence of Filter Press

A grouting material pressure effect simulation device (FSD) was used to study the performance of grout considering grouting pressure, slurry rheology, clay ash, slurry concentration and particle size composition of waste stone powder (FSD influencing factors). After the effect of filter pressing, the alkaline environment of the slurry became stronger, the number of active particles increased, and the CaCO3 and clay crystals were fully agglomerate, and the degree of crystallization increased. The cation exchange capacity increased, and the formation of calcium-silicon-aluminum matrix phase and aluminosilicate aggregates increased. The surface water between the matrix particles supports the crystal layer, and the plastic viscosity and yield stress are reduced. The free calcium oxide decreased, and the consolidation shrinkage rate after slurry hardening was less than 1%. The water-cement ratio is reduced, and the total time for slurry to be poured into the fracture to consolidate and form a mold and intermittent is shortened. The use of waste stone powder and clay in the coal mine grouting industry can not only reduce project costs, but also reduce soil erosion and soil pollution.

The Impact of Natural Stone Waste Pollution on The Distribution and Abundance of Phytoplankton in Cirebon District

The natural stone industry in Cirebon Regency produces large amounts of liquid waste which is directly discharged into rivers. The sludge resulting from the natural stone washing process contains high levels of suspended material, causing water pollution and disrupting the life of aquatic organisms including phytoplankton. Phytoplankton have an important ecological role as primary producers and food sources for other organisms, where their distribution and abundance are strongly influenced by various environmental factors. This research aims to determine the impact of natural stone waste pollution on the abundance and structure of phytoplankton communities in several water locations in the Jamblang watershed. A total of three observation stations were selected using a purposive sampling method at several points in the Jamblang Watershed, Cirebon Regency. The research results showed that phytoplankton were found at all observation stations with the identified types consisting of four classes, namely Bacillariophyceae (16 genera), Chlorophyceae (4 genera), Cyanophyceae (4 genera) and Euglenophyceae (2 genera). Bacillariophyceae is the most diverse class, while Oscillatoria sp. from the Cyanophyceae class was found to be the most abundant at all stations. The abundance of phytoplankton ranged between 716,587 - 1,332,122 cell/m3, where the highest abundance was found at station 2. The ecological index showed that the diversity and uniformity of phytoplankton at all stations was in the medium category. Species dominance at station 2 and station 3 is low, while at station 1 tends to have greater dominance than at other stations. Overall, from the results of calculations of abundance and community structure, several phytoplankton species show resistance to water conditions polluted by natural stone waste and other anthropogenic waste, especially from the Bacillariophyceae and Cyanophyceae classes which can be used as indicators of polluted waters.

Olive stone as a filler for recycled high-density polyethylene: A promising valorization of solid wastes from olive oil industry

The valorization of solid residues generated from olive oil production is a challenging issue for olive oil-producing countries such as Greece, Italy, Spain, etc. Olive stone waste is a type of lignocellulosic biomass with potential use as a natural additive in polymeric composites. In the present study, olive stone waste was compounded with recycled high-density polyethylene (rHDPE) via melt mixing in 5 %, 10 %, and 20 % wt. Additionally, the effect of Joncryl (JC) and polyethylene-grafted maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA) as compatibilizers on the properties of the green composites was also investigated. It is worth mentioning that JC was employed for the first time as a compatibilizer for polyolefin composites with olive stone. The materials underwent structural, thermal, and mechanical characterization using multiple complementary techniques. Scanning electron microscopy showed good dispersion of the filler for all composites, while in the compatibilized samples a markedly better adhesion was observed. Tensile tests revealed an increase in the elastic modulus for the composite with 10 % wt. olive stone. Furthermore, all materials demonstrated a strong antioxidant activity, rendering them interesting for active packaging applications. Overall, the solid residue from olive processing can enhance the properties of rHDPE, paving the way to promote circular economy.

Lava Stone Waste Extract as a Substitute for Cement in the Mixture Concrete to Maintain Environmental Sustainability

Lava Stone Waste Extract as a Substitute for Cement in the Mixture Concrete to Maintain Environmental Sustainability

Resource utilization of stone waste and loess to prepare grouting materials

Loess, a terrestrial clastic sediment, is formed essentially by the accumulation of wind-blown dust, while stone waste (SW) is an industrial waste produced during stone machining. Utilising loess and SW to prepare environmentally-friendly supplementary cementitious materials can not only address environmental issues caused by solid waste landfills but also meet the demand of reinforcement of coal-seam floor aquifer for grouting materials. In this paper, the effects of the loess/SW mass ratio and calcination temperature on the transformation of calcined products are investigated and their pozzolanic activities are evaluated. The workability, environmental impact and cost of grouting materials based on cement and calcined products are also assessed. Experimental results reveal that higher temperatures favour the formation of free lime and periclase, which tend to be involved in solid-state reactions. Higher temperature and loess/SW mass ratio strengthens the diffraction peaks of dodecalcium hepta-aluminate (C12A7), dicalcium ferrite (C2F) and dicalcium silicate (C2S). The clay minerals in loess become completely dehydroxylated before 825 °C, generating amorphous SiO2 and Al2O3. Covalent Si–O bonds are interrupted and that disordered silicate networks are generated in the calcined products, which is confirmed by the increased strength of the Si29 resonance region at −60 ppm to −80 ppm. Although co-calcined loess and SW contain the most four-fold aluminium at 950 °C, recrystallisation depresses the pozzolanic activity. Hence, the loess/SW sample designated LS2-825 exhibits the better hydration activity. Additionally, grouting materials composed of cement and LS2-825 exhibit good setting times, fluidity, strength and a low carbon footprint in practical engineering applications, and they also provide the additional benefit of being cost effective.

Assessing alkali activation of waste stone wool from greenhouses combined with direct foaming or granulation to obtain recycled plant substrate.

Stone wool is commonly used as a plant substrate in soilless cultivation and discarded after one growing season. Stone wool waste is difficult to recycle, and thus it is typically landfilled. Alkali-activation of stone wool (i.e., milling and mixing with an alkaline solution) has been shown to be a feasible way to upcycle this waste fraction into, for example, construction products. In this study, the aim was to develop recycled plant substrate from stone wool waste from greenhouses via alkali activation. Waste stone wool from greenhouses was characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and mixed with sodium silicate solution either directly or after ball milling. The alkali-activation process was combined with the addition of H 2O 2, pre-made foam, or granulation to obtain suitable porous material for the plant substrate application. Preliminary greenhouse cultivation experiments of pea ( Pisum sativum) were conducted with alkali-activated stone wool mixed with peat (a weight ratio of 1:1) and fertility analysis of the mixture were conducted. The results indicated that the most feasible production method was to use ball-milled stone wool and to combine alkali activation with granulation. The obtained granules could reach 2.7 MPa as compressive strength while the other methods resulted in very fragile material. The preliminary greenhouse cultivation experiments revealed that there were significant levels of nutrients (Ca, P, K, and S) and alkalinity leached from the granules which hindered the growth of pea. The high P and S amounts were also confirmed by the XRF results of stone wool. It can be concluded that the developed granules did not function well as a plant substrate for pea but could enable the re-utilization of the nutrients contained in the greenhouse stone wool waste. Moreover, their application to acidic sulfate soils could be feasible as it would utilize the alkalinity of granules.

Modeling of the biosorption of Fe(III) ions by olive‐stone activated carbon

This study deals with the optimization of Fe(III) ion removal using activated carbon from olive stone waste using advanced machine learning models. The main objective is to evaluate and compare the performance of machine learning models, specifically multilayer perceptron artificial neural network (MLP‐ANN), general regression artificial neural network (GR‐ANN), radial basis function artificial neural network (RBF‐ANN), and particle swarm optimization artificial neural network (PSO‐ANN) in predicting Fe(III) removal efficiency. Experimental data on adsorption parameters were used to train and test the models. Techniques such as tuning hidden layer neurons, optimizing propagation values, and using a Taguchi approach PSO algorithm were applied to improve the models. For the MLP‐ANN model, the optimal configuration contains 13 neurons in the hidden layer. Concerning the parameters involved in the PSO‐ANN model, the coefficient C2 and the particle have the main effect on the reduction of the error. Their contributions are respectively 49% and 19%. The PSO‐ANN model showed superior performance with the highest regression coefficient (0.9997) and remarkable prediction accuracy, surpassing other models such as MLP‐ANN and GR‐ANN. This research suggests that innovative optimization techniques, particularly using PSO algorithms, significantly enhance the predictive capabilities of machine learning models in complex adsorption processes, contributing to more accurate Fe(III) removal models.

Lipid extraction of high‐moisture sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) stones by supercritical carbon dioxide

AbstractBACKGROUNDSour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) stones are the major byproduct of the cherry industry and the efficient management of this biowaste can lead to achieving the food processing sustainability aimed at by the modern food industry. Despite its significant content of lipids, the valorization of cherry stone waste as feedstock for lipid extraction appears to be limited due to the high moisture content. This study explores the primary factors that affect the yield of lipid extraction using Soxhlet, Randall and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) extraction methods, with a particular emphasis on yield optimization for green extraction technologies (scCO2).RESULTSThe investigation revealed an increased lipid extraction yield for scCO2 from 7.4 for dry crushed stones to 20.6 g per 100 g dry weight when the cherry kernels are separated. The high initial moisture content affected all three extraction methods, but mostly impacted the scCO2 extraction, resulting in the co‐extraction of an aqueous phase. Lipid and aqueous yield could be manipulated by time, temperature and pressure. However, no observable influence on the composition of fatty acid methyl esters was detected.CONCLUSIONNumerous approaches are shown to enhance the lipid yield from cherry stone waste, depending on the desired outcome. When dealing with wet samples, Randall extraction proves to be the most effective method. On the other hand, scCO2 extraction presents distinct advantages, such as the extraction of food‐grade lipids and the co‐extraction of a unique aqueous phase, which comes at the expense of a reduced lipid yield. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

A sustainable and highly efficient fossil-free carbon from olive stones for emerging contaminants removal from different water matrices

The olive stone is a large waste product of the olive oil extraction industry. The present study investigates developing activated carbon from olive stone waste (OSAC) to remove pharmaceuticals from water. Different temperatures and olive stone: KOH ratios were studied. The OSAC produced at 750 °C and 1:3 ratio was found to have the highest porosity and surface area and was tested in the adsorption process. Diclofenac and ciprofloxacin were selected as model contaminants. The adsorption process was optimized with regards to OSAC dosage, pH, temperature, and initial concentration of adsorbate. The OSAC was found to be effective for a wide pH range (2–11) with an optimum dosage of 1 g/L at 25 °C. The pharmaceuticals were almost completely removed in 75 min. The adsorption was endothermic and followed first-order kinetics with physical mechanisms such as electrostatic possibly being the main driver. The optimum conditions were applied to test the removal of diclofenac and ciprofloxacin in synthetic water, lake water (Lake Balaton, Hungary) and secondary wastewater for seven cycles. There was little difference between the removal of the tested water matrices highlighting the potency of OSAC as an adsorbent for pharmaceutical removal in industrial applications. The removal dropped from >99% for the first cycle to 20–30% for the seventh cycle.

Experimental Studies on Paver Block Concrete using Granite and Kota Stone Waste with Environmental effects on Strength

The need to address the worldwide demand for the preservation of limited resources has prompted the exploration of alternate materials. The application of waste materials in the concrete sector is experiencing a growing trend due to its potential to mitigate costs and minimize environmental repercussions. This study aims to assess the appropriateness of utilizing waste materials from granite and Kota stone for the production of interlocking concrete paver blocks (ICPB). The current study examines the potential use of waste materials from granite and Kota stone as substitutes for natural aggregates in the production of concrete interlocking paving blocks. The focus is on applications that cater to pedestrians and non-traffic scenarios. Concrete blocks of M30-grade were cast for this study. The replacement percentages were ranged from 0% to 100% for Kota stone as coarse aggregates and from 0% to 40% for granite waste as fine aggregates and total of 543 samples were cast using the replacement level. The mix proportion ratio used was 1:1.57:2.76 (cement: sand: aggregates) while continuing a constant water-cement ratio of 0.45. Weathered Kota stone waste (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%) was also used as anauxiliary for coarse aggregates in M30-grade concrete. The tests conducted covered the physical characterization of the constituent materials, determination of compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, abrasion resistance, and water absorption tendency for both hardened concrete blocks and I-shaped interlocking pavers. The result indicates that while using stone waste (granite and Kota stone), the required compressive strength was achieved up to a replacement level of 100% Kota stone and 5% granite waste. Flexural strength and splitting tensile strength were also satisfactory at all replacement ratios, along with normal water absorption and minimum abrasion. Paver blocks were also cast from waste stones at various replacement levels. In this study, concrete blocks were also cast using weathered Kota stone waste, which also provided sufficient strength at some level of replacement. The findings suggest that waste stone may be a viable option for manufacturing interlocking pavers, contributing to the development of an environmentally conscious and sustainable pavement infrastructure.

Microconcretos autoadensáveis contendo resíduo de rocha ornamental e resíduo de poliestireno expandido: influência das relações filler/cimento e agregados leves/convencionais

Abstract Eco-efficient self-compacting micro concretes with partial replacement of Portland cement by ornamental stone waste (OSW) and replacement of conventional aggregates by expanded polystyrene waste were addressed in this study. A base mixture was obtained using a particle packing method, and replacement fractions followed a second-order composite experimental design. The mixtures’ rheological, physical, mechanical and eco-efficiency parameters were evaluated and discussed. As expected, the incorporation of residues reduced the mechanical strength, and mixtures with high incorporation of lightweight aggregates tended to segregate. However, OSW has been shown to increase workability and decrease viscosity, contributing to control segregation due to the reduced amount of water required without impairing the fluidity of the mix. At the same time, the lightweight aggregate decreased both the density of the mixtures and the viscosity. The interaction of the residue with the lightweight aggregate proved promising in obtaining more eco-efficient lightweight microconcretes.

Analysis of the Resistance of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) with the Use of Granite Stone Waste to Alkali-Silica Reaction

Aggregates occupy ±70% of the concrete volume and their quality must meet specifications. Concrete surfaces submerged in water for a long time cause concrete failure due to the reaction between aggregate and cement to form silica gel. The wear value of granite is less than gravel, so this study used granite as a substitute for coarse aggregate. This study was conducted to assess the resistance of SCC concrete with 0%, 25%, and 30% granite stone variations to alkali-silica reaction attack. The experimental method was applied to the study with ACI method mix design as well as 25 MPa plan fc'. Concrete cylinder samples 150 mm x 300 mm aged 28 days were used in the compressive strength test, alkali-silica reaction expansion test used mortar block samples 285 mm x 25 mm x 25 mm in 80±2˚C NaOH solution bath for 14 days. The optimum compressive strength of 32.17 MPa and the lowest percentage change in length of 0.04% was obtained by sample BG.25-SCC, indicating that granite stone is not reactive to silica alkali reaction because the percentage change in length <0.10%. This study concludes that granite stone can improve the resistance of concrete to silica alkali reaction.

INFLUÊNCIA DO PROCEDIMENTO DE AJUSTE GRANULOMÉTRICO DE AMOSTRAS DE CERÂMICA VERMELHA AGREGADA COM RESÍDUOS DE ROCHAS ORNAMENTAIS PARA CLASSIFICAÇÃO CONFORME CRITÉRIOS DA ABNT

INFLUENCE OF THE PROCEDURE FOR GRANULOMETRIC SAMPLE ADJUSTMENT OF RED CERAMIC AGGREGATED WITH DIMENSION STONE WASTES FOR CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE ABNT CRITERIA’S. In order to clarify questions about the granulometric preparation of samples for the classification of solid wastes according to the Brazilian technical standard (NBR 10004/04), solubilization tests were carried out on red ceramic specimens made with conventional clay aggregated with ornamental rock residues. Samples were prepared by fragmentation and milling to verify the effects on metals releasing to the extractor medium. The specimens were made with 80% clay, 20% residue and 10% (m/m) moisture and sintered at 1000 °C. The data show that ceramics made with conventional clay, when discarded, will produce non inert wastes, as well as the ceramics made with dimension stone wastes added to the conventional raw material, according to the granulometry of its particles. After all, the metals concentration in the solubilization test are influenced by the sample granulometry. This paper shows that the method of granulometric adjustment should be detailed in the technical standard for solubilization tests (NBR 10006/04), in order to ensure the reliability of the method for classification of solid wastes.

Corrigendum to: Analysis of the Resistance of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) with the Use of Granite Stone Waste to Alkali-Silica Reaction

Corrigendum to: Analysis of the Resistance of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) with the Use of Granite Stone Waste to Alkali-Silica Reaction

Investigating ornamental stone waste as a green supplementary cementitious material in Portland cement mortars

Investigating ornamental stone waste as a green supplementary cementitious material in Portland cement mortars

High speed removal of toxic acid red dye using photocatalytic-hybrid composite material

About 40,000 synthetic dyes and pigments are utilized in different industries worldwide. This results in generation of huge volumes of effluents that are difficult to handle as dye removal is not an easy process and contaminates the environment severely. The present study first time reports the use of Cu impregnated TiO2 nano material combined with calcinized white stone waste to form a hybrid composite (W-Cu/TiO2) to remove acid red dye. The effect of various process parameters including pH, dose, initial concentration, and time was optimized during the present study. Various adsorption isotherms including Langmuir, Freundlich, DR, Harkin Jura, Temkin adsorption models and pseudo first order and pseudo second order kinetic models were fitted to results. The results indicated that neutral pH, low dosage, high concentration, and more contact time, enhanced the adsorption capacity of W-Cu/TiO2 nanocomposite. W-Cu/TiO2 removed acid red dye using a combination of adsorption and photocatalysis. This resulted in a high-speed removal of most of acid red dye from water within 15 min only. W-Cu/TiO2 SEM micrographs show that it has a regular nano-granular structure as compared to other materials.

Evaluation of an improved indirect solar dryer for Curcuma Amada without and with stone chips as thermal energy storage: An investigation on kinetics, energy, exergy, quality and economic aspects

The drying kinetics, energy, exergy, quality, and economic studies of a solar dryer with and without energy storage have been conducted. The original configuration of a solar air collector (SAC) has been modified by adding waste stone chips beneath the absorber plate. Data related to mass loss, solar radiation, and temperatures were gathered during the experiments in both the configurations. Curcuma Amada samples had initial moisture of 87.4 % and achieved an equilibrium moisture level of 4.4 % within 8 h in the dryer equipped with waste beverage canned absorber plate and storage (SDCWS) and for dryer without storage (SDCWOS) it took 26 h. Out of the eleven drying models tested, the Midilli and Kucuk model exhibited the most favorable fit for Curcuma Amada in both the experiments. The average efficiencies for the collector and dryer were 67.26 % and 21.88 %, respectively, in SDCWOS. In contrast, the efficiencies for the collector and dryer were 87.95 % and 29.63 %, respectively, in the SDCWS. Exergy parameters such as in, out, loss, efficiency, improvement potential, waste exergy ratio, and sustainability index were estimated for both the configurations. Quality analysis was further carried out for both SDCWOS and SDCWS in terms of total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content and color. The estimated energy payback periods were 1.7 years for SDCWOS and 0.47 year for SDCWS, considering a 20-year lifespan. In all assessed aspects, the SDCWS configuration showed more favorable outcomes. The results of this study have the potential to positively impact the sustainable advancement of agricultural drying techniques within rural areas.

Eco-Efficient Artificial Stones Produced Using Quartzite Quarry Waste and Vegetable Resin

The ornamental stone industry plays a crucial role in the world economy, and thus the production process of ornamental stones generates a large volume of waste that is normally destined for landfills. Given the growing market import of artificial stones, there is a need for more sustainable practices to reduce waste and improve the use of natural resources. Thus, the present study aims to develop artificial stones with waste from the ornamental stone extraction process from the quarry, and vegetable polyurethane resin derived from castor oil, in order to analyze its viability in the production of artificial stone slabs. The wastes used in this work were three quartzites, fragmented and mixed with three grain sizes, called coarse, medium, and fine. These wastes were characterized using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and thermal analysis (TGA/DTG/DSC). Artificial stone slabs were produced using 15 wt.% vegetable polyurethane resin derived from castor oil and 85 wt.% ornamental stone wastes (quartzite). These slabs underwent apparent density, water absorption, porosity, 3-point flexural strength, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), petrography, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests. According to the results obtained, it was possible to prove the technical viability of manufacturing artificial stones with ornamental stone wastes and with the use of vegetable polyurethane resin derived from castor oil. The use of these raw materials not only resulted in the manufacture of a new material but also in an environmentally conscious and sustainable approach, following precepts such as the circular economy. The creation of these eco-efficient products is a significant contribution to the search for solutions that value environmental preservation and the optimization of natural resources.

Formulating Stone Wastes and Unsaturated Polyester Resin for Building Material Using an Extreme Vertices Mixture Design

Formulating Stone Wastes and Unsaturated Polyester Resin for Building Material Using an Extreme Vertices Mixture Design