Stone Bridge Research Articles

Rescue of a stone bridge with respect to current condition and standards

A three span stone masonry bridge dating back to the middle of the 19th century, still in the roadway network, is assessed to prevent its demolition. Its industrial heritage value and ecological concerns were the principal reasons for the assessment. The carbon footprint of the stone arch replacement would be approximately 200 t CO2 emission owing to 430 m3 reinforced concrete in the new structure. Besides the cultural monument, considerable energy, CO2 emissions and natural resources can be saved in accordance with the sustainable development goals. Standards, guides and commercial software do not provide an adequate support for the assessment of masonry arch bridges, therefore an innovative two phase application of a commercial linear sttructural analysis code and an original in-house code was developed for the purpose. Thousands of stone ach bridges still in service worlwide give the case study more general importance.

A Study of Sunaryo’s Wot Batu through Art Criticism

The Indonesian modern art scene in the 1940s, which related to many ideologies, also influenced the art of Indonesian artist Sunaryo (1943). One of his recent works, Wot Batu, is a work of land art consisting of sequential installations made with stones lying in a landscape in Bandung. Wot Batu means ‘stone bridge’ in old Javanese. This study aimed to discover Sunaryo’s artistic qualities in Wot Batu in order to trace Sunaryo’s perspective of spirituality and his background as a modern Indonesian artist. This research used Feldmann’s art criticism approach. The interpretation and judgment process in this work was obtained by connecting a formal analysis of the artwork to Sunaryo’s background as an artist. The research findings confirm that Sunaryo presents his own perspective on spirituality in this work through the use of stones as the main material and other natural elements. He made use of various aspects, such as combining and assembling stones, multisensory stimulation of the visitor, the site and the movement of the visitor inside it, support his concept. This study revealed that Sunaryo’s perspective on spirituality not merely concerns the relationship between humans and a greater power, but also humans as a part of nature, balance, the perpetuity of the universe, and the experience of nothingness and serenity.

Development and Features of Ancient and Modern Bridges in China

China has a long history and rich culture, and built and developed bridges very early compared with other countries in the world. With the rise and fall of China, Chinese bridges have also shown a certain rise and fall. By analyzing and studying the technology and development of Chinese bridges from ancient times to the present, and with the comparative analysis of some world bridges, this paper obtains some brilliant design concepts and valuable technologies to find out the future development path of Chinese bridge engineers. Most ancient bridges in China are divided into wooden and stone bridges according to materials, with various structures. Many designs and skills, such as the design and selection of arches through catenary, can still be used today. Modern bridges are divided into the beam, arch, suspension, and cable-stayed, according to mechanical and structural characteristics. Beam and arch bridges are suitable for small and medium-sized bridges, cable-stayed bridges for medium-sized bridges, and suspension bridges for large ones.

Numerical simulations of experimental material testing in stone masonry arch railway bridges

This paper reports on a numerical study focused on the characterization of the masonry and infill material behaviour of stone arch railway bridges. The study is based on experimental data from testing campaigns carried out in materials of two granite stone bridges. The campaigns comprise lab tests on stone masonry samples (blocks and joints) collected from the bridge structure, as well as in-situ flat-jack testing and Ménard pressuremeter tests on masonry and infill components, respectively. A strategy was developed resorting to Finite Element (FE) methodologies involving local scale numerical simulation of the joint lab tests (shear tests) and both in-situ tests (Flat-jack and Ménard pressuremeter tests), aiming at the calibration and validation of the material parameters to be used in global scale numerical simulations of the bridges’ structural behaviour. The joint shear behaviour is simulated using a FE discrete formulation based on contact elements whereas the Flat-jack and Ménard pressuremeter testing is simulated using FE continuous homogeneous nonlinear materials based on a Drucker-Prager (D-P) model. The calibration of the D-P model input parameters is performed through a sensitivity analysis followed by an optimization strategy based on a genetic algorithm. The methodology showed the potential to calibrate the material constitutive parameters to be adopted in FE numerical models of this type of bridge.

Replacement Pooley Bridge in Cumbria: the UK’s first stainless-steel road bridge

Completed in 2021, the new Pooley Bridge in Cumbria is the UK’s first stainless-steel road bridge. It replaced an iconic 1764 stone bridge that was destroyed in a storm. The enforced 18 km detour meant a replacement was quickly needed, but the World Heritage location demanded a high-quality design too. The solution was an elegant and innovative stainless-steel structure that has become a tourist attraction in its own right. This paper describes the design, offsite manufacture and construction of the multi-award-winning crossing.

Low-pressure NEMS sensor design with slotted squared diaphragm structure

This research mainly focused on the design, analyze and simulate the diaphragm based MEMS pressure sensor using squared and slotted squared structure to measure the performance parameters. Four piezoresistor are placed in the weight stone bridge configuration. When pressure is applied to the diaphragm, stress is induced due to the resistance change of the piezoresistors. This piezoresistive pressure sensor with two different structures is designed to evaluate the stress and deformation. It is found that slotted squared structure obtain improved stress and deformation as compared to the squared structure by 2.2% and 1.8% vice versa. Silicon piezo-resistor is replaced with piezoresistors of CNT material and deformation is improved by 1.7%.

Three Stone Bridges from Lamos Valley

Kilikia Bölgesi Anadolu’nun güneyinde konumlanmaktadır. Bölge, antik dönemde topografik yapısına bağlı olarak Kilikia Pedias (=Ovalık Kilikia) ve Kilikia Trakheia (=Dağlık Kilikia) şeklinde iki ayrı bölümde değerlendirilmektedir. Kilikia Trakheia’daki Lamos Nehri (=Limonlu) üzerinde ikisi çok kemerli ve biri tek kemerli olmak üzere toplam üç adet taşköprü tespit edilmiştir. Bu yapılardan çok kemerli Yeniyurt ve Eşek Köprüsü’nün erken inşası Roma Dönemi ile ilişkilendirilmektedir. Buna karşın, tek kemerli Sömek Köprüsü geç dönemlerde belirginleşen bazı özellikler sergilemektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, burada Lamos Vadisi Köprüleri olarak isimlendirilen üç taş köprüyü incelemek ve tarihlemesi için yeni tespitler ortaya koymaktır. Bunun yanında geç dönem özellikleri gösteren Sömek Köprüsü’ne yönelik yapılan tespitler ile Roma Dönemi ve geç dönem örnekleri arasındaki farklılıkların anlaşılması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaçlar doğrultusunda yapılan değerlendirmelerde mimari özellikler, analoji, arkeolojik veriler ve bölgenin tarihsel süreci dikkate alınmıştır. Bu tespitlere bağlı olarak, Yeniyurt ve Eşek Köprüsü için MS 2. yüzyıl önerilmiştir. Buna karşın, Sömek Köprüsü Osmanlı Dönemi ile ilişkilendirilmiştir.

Chronological Problems of the Adana Taşköprü

One of the most important settlements of Cilicia, which is an important connection point between East and West, is Adana. The international road route, which reaches Tarsus and then Adana via Gülek, turns east from here. Located on this route, Taşköprü (= Stone Bridge) provides a connection over the Sarus river. Although the arches of the bridge, which consists of twenty-one spans together with the discharging arches, vary in form, the architectural style generally exhibits Roman features. The bridge, which is known to have been repaired many times after the first construction, contains arches from different periods as well as early period remains. Although it is generally accepted that its construction was carried out in the Roman Period, it is controversial when exactly it should be dated to and which Imperial period. Some researchers associate the bridge with the historical context and date it to the Hadrianic Period. On the other hand, a group of researchers think that the bridge was built in the IVth century A.D., based on the name of the Architect Auxentios mentioned in the inscription. The aim of the study is to make a new proposal about when Taşköprü was built. Considering the importance of the road it connects and the political process, it turns out that both dates suggested for the structure are too late. In addition, the discharging arches on the bridge piers allow for a more accurate dating of the structure. In short, considering the architectural features and the political process, it becomes possible to determine the construction date of the bridge and to make a new proposal.

Structural assessment of the historic Ten Arches Bridge in Jordan

ABSTRACT The Ten Arches Bridge is a historical stone bridge that is located in Amman, Jordan. The bridge has a valuable cultural heritage as it was built in 1908 to serve the Hejaz Railway Line. This study presents a structural assessment of the bridge including a field inspection, experimental investigation, and numerical structural analysis. The study also investigates the efficacy of utilizing in-situ Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) such as Rebound Hammer (RH) and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) tests in the assessment of stone arch bridges. Detailed experimental and numerical investigations were performed to identify the structural integrity of the bridge by evaluating the acting stresses and displacements under static and dynamic loads. Minor deteriorations were found in the bridge’s body due to human and environmental factors. However, the geometrical properties of the bridge have not been significantly changed. The obtained results of the numerical analysis concluded that the bridge can sustain the current imposed dead and traffic loads, but not serve seismic actions. Compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of stone units obtained by RH and UPV tests are in agreement with the laboratory tests. Accordingly, NDT techniques can provide and verify basic mechanical properties that are needed for numerical analyses.

Arch Stone Bridges: Procedures for Evaluation of Structural Integrity

ABSTRACT In the Balkan Peninsula, the single-arched stone masonry bridge has served for centuries as an essential part of transportation infrastructure. Being exposed to the natural elements and to aging, several of these structures are in a state of disrepair that is accelerated by neglect. Nevertheless, these are important samples of the built heritage encapsulating historical materials, methods of construction and ancient craftsmanship. Still standing for over half a millennium, such bridges testify the wisdom by which the masons chose the location and form of the arch to span over torrents minimizing the wear from water scouring and floods. Preservation of the bridges that are still standing is a priority. With increasing number of bridge collapses reported in the past years under extreme flood, an immediate need emerges for methods of evaluation of the structural vulnerability and measures to enhance their resilience. Using as a case study a bridge built in fifteenth century in Greece, this paper unfolds the essential attributes of a comprehensive assessment framework that combines non-destructive evaluation techniques to reveal information about technologies and details, with a numerical investigation of the resilience of the structure to floods and seismic hazards in order to identify risks of bridge integrity.

Case Study of the Evidence of PM1& PM2.5 Contribution on PM10 from Podul De Piatra– Iasi City

Abstract The importance of air quality monitoring has been strongly demonstrated in numerous scientific studies. This study, carried out in an intense circular intersection, brings additional arguments that the monitoring of the fine particles like PM1 and PM2.5 that influence in more than 80% the concentration of PM10 particles must be measured at several points. Few were the cases [approx. 20%] in which the increase of PM10 concentrations is given by particles with diameters from 2.5 to 10 μm, most likely caused by the re-suspension of dust particles. Grimm Aerosol Technik Germany and SC INOESY SRL conducted a campaign for monitoring the air quality [PM1, PM2.5, PM10] in Iasi, Stone Bridge area, from 8 to 22 February 2018. The monitoring point was located close (150 m) to the APMIS-01 station of the National Environmental Protection Agency.

Formative Characteristics of the Soudang (素宇堂) Historic House <italic>Byeoldang</italic> Garden in Uiseong

Background and objective This study aimed to estimate the creation period and creators of Soudang historic house Byeoldang (Annexe) Garden (素宇堂古宅 別堂庭園, Unification as ‘SB Garden’ from now on) located in Uiseong-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do through a literature research and field survey, and establish the construction style and value of the garden through research and analysis of its spatial and visual characteristics and garden design. The findings are as follows. Methods The research method was a combination of literature study, field survey, and comparative review. The architectural history of SB Garden were analyzed through a literature survey, and the spatial configuration of Soudanggotaek and the visual and planting design characteristics of SB Garden were derived through field survey. Also the form and style of SB Garden were identified through comparative studies between Japanese garden style cases, and Japanese gardens created in Korea during the late Joseon and Japanese colonial period. Results It is estimated that SB Garden was built between 1890 and 1920, during the late Joseon Dynasty and the early days of Japanese colonial rule, by Lee Jang-seop (1854–1907) and Lee Hong (1887–1972). Comprehensively considering the form of its small hills, the shape of the pond and the introduction of yarimizu, the presentation of oddly-shaped stones and stone structures (stone settings), the introduction of stone bridges and stone lanterns, the strolling route and stepping stones, and the tree species introduced and their planting methods, the hills of SB Garden are different in form and technique from seokgasan created in Korean traditional gardens. Through the hills, the intention of making a garden is detected, with the motif of “garden of cranes and turtles.” Conclusion The foundation from which SB Garden can be considered a Korean traditional garden is very weak, and this garden is evaluated as a modern garden completed by introducing a Japanese garden style in modern times. Specifically, SB Garden is considered to be a stroll-style garden that enables users to appreciate it by connecting the three gardens with stepping stones and stone bridges, including the garden of cranes and turtles (a sort of pond garden), the tea garden centered on the Byeoldang (Annexe), and the stone garden.

A smart sensor using MEMS technology for artificial environmental monitoring

In this paper micro cantilever’s different layers has been coated with suitable sensing materials using COMSOL multiphysics software. It acts like a pressure sensor due to applied pressure or total force to investigate the different facts about the mechanical properties. Reason for calling this device a smart sensor because it is very sensitive compared to electronic sensors and it can be interfaced easily with other systems under different environments for diverse findings and analysis. At first, a micro cantilever has been modelled with different layers (using suitable materials) and its different modes have been tested. Here test was done using silicon and silicon dioxide material in two different modes as static and dynamic. Variation of displacement, stress, strain and some other mechanical properties has been checked. Next, a pressure sensor was modelled and efforts were made to understand the various methods of assessing pressure sensors. In the third stage, electrical properties have been calculated using a weight stone bridge by adjusting the resistance and output sources to identify the facts. Electrical analysis was done to recognize the response of voltage due to any changes in resistance important to establish the ideal placement for the piezoresistive material and illustrate the pressure value. Improvement in capacitance by varying sensing materials, in this micro cantilever, helped for the testing of various sensing materials. Again pressure levels have been calculated in diverse mediums like liquid and gas (air) using different sensing materials as gold or ZnO respectively. Optimization was done by changing the materials, change in shapes as well as it was analyzed by changing the dimensions of the pressure sensor with the help of a micro-cantilever structure based concept. This work is much valuable for environmental monitoring and related applications.

Inspection and Assessment of Masonry Arch Bridges: Ivanjica Case Study

The importance of masonry arch bridges as a traffic network element calls for a thorough analysis focused on both structural stability and loading capacity of these historical structures, considering the usage of these bridges in contemporary traffic conditions. This paper focuses on the analysis of longitudinal cracks in a single span masonry arch bridge to evaluate its influence on structural behaviour of the system. As longitudinal cracks do not necessarily present an inevitable collapse mechanism, analysis of the causes is crucial for evaluating the serviceability and functionality of the bridge investigated. The methodology is based on the following: literature review, observation of the stone bridge in Ivanjica, geological testing of the site, geophysical testing of the bridge, laboratory testing of mechanical characteristics of stone used for the bridge construction and biological analysis of the samples of implemented materials on the bridge. Finite element analysis of the bridge was conducted to define the causes of the longitudinal cracks. The 3D simulation model was based on the data collected through observation and experimental analysis. This paper provides extensive research on a single span masonry bridge, examining how different deterioration mechanisms, in conjunction, can lead to the appearance of cracks in masonry arch bridges and provide remedial measures accordingly.

From Maritsa to Mostar

Rumor has it that that the Turks crossed the Marmara Sea on rafts. The Ottoman Empire, which set out from Gallipoli and became a state first and then an empire; reached the Balkan and Europe through bridges. Every bridge built over the huge rivers Ottomans crossed slowly became a signature of that region or city. Spectacular stone bridges, which are both art and aesthetic monuments and meet the transportation needs of the army, were built on the rivers from the capital to the last point Empire reached. Many bridges, especially the Mostar Bridge, Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge, Stone Bridge in Skopje, Bridge over Maritsa in Edirne, Bridges over the Tunca and the Uzunköprü (Long Bridge), which were built on the great Balkan rivers, symbols of abundance and plenitude, have been the subject of poems, shehrengiz and historical poems of classical poets, and also prose works and travel books. through various dreams and imaginations, these bridges are from time to time places where lovers go out for an evening stroll and meet, and sometimes through similes and metaphors compared to lover’s body, rainbow, Milky way, or the Sirat Bridge. These bridges are so ostentatious and appear as a great kemend that connects two mountains. The stone bridges built on the Balkan rivers from Edirne to Mostar that have poems written about them will be determined and interpreted in our article.

Determination of Stress and Deformation Zones of Historical Mus Murat Bridge

This study was carried out to determine the strength of long span stone bridges and stress areas of a historical bridge by using finite element method during earthquakes, floods, and vehicle traffic. The possible earthquake impact of the region and the behavior of the bridge under the effect of the 2011 Van earthquake were investigated. The stresses that will be caused by hydrostatic and vehicle loading applied to the bridge are dwelled on. This study aimed to shed light on future restoration work. As a result of the vehicle, hydrostatic load and dead load analysis, the biggest deformation occurred in the arch K9, which has the largest arch span. According to the results of the earthquake analysis, maximum deformation occurred in the K10 arch, which is one of the arches with the largest arch span of the bridge. In addition, inearthquakes affected in the X and Z direction, it was observed that the arches and piers in the middle of the bridge, that is, these relatively higher structural elements were subjected to more stress. It has been determined that the A11 pier of the bridge is the structural element exposed to the most pressure.

Determination of energy parameters of seismic events of the Transcarpathian trough taking into account the quality factor of the Earth’s crust

Transcarpathia is characterized by significant differences in the structure and geodynamics of the lithosphere in comparison with other seismically active regions of Ukraine, which causes a number of features of the seismotectonic process of this region. The spatial distribution of the seismicity of the Transcarpathian Depression is closely related to the fault-block structure of the foundation. Important characteristics of the seismic process in Transcarpathia are the energy parameters of local earthquakes — magnitude, intensity, energy class. It is these values that form the basis of seismic zoning. The methods used to determine the energy parameters of local earthquakes do not fully take into account the effects of hypocenter depths and regional features of seismic wave propagation paths. Thus, the issue of determining the quantitative indicators of the quality factor of the Earth’s crust of the studied region and the development of approaches to determining the calibration function for estimating local magnitudes is relevant. The article presents the results of the study, which are aimed at determining the calibration function for calculating the energy characteristics of earthquakes in the Transcarpathian Depression, taking into account the parameters of attenuation of the Earth’s crust. Using digital records of seismic signals from the Transcarpathian Depression, obtained on the elements of the Ukrainian seismic group, as well as seismic stations «Stone Bridge», «Pidluby», «Zelenytsia» and «Lyubar» were determined quantitative indicators of the quality of the Earth’s crust and developed approaches to determination of the calibration function for estimation of local magnitude and its check on real signals.

Visible Past: Urban Space in Flemish Book of Hours of Isabella the Catholic

In this article, images of urban space in the Flemish illuminated books of hours of the 15th century are discussed. The main source is the miniatures of lavishly illuminated Flemish Book of Hours of Isabella the Catholic (The Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio, the United States). With two special tables author highlights, typologizes, and analyzes the major markers of medieval and renaissance urban space (such as stone bridges, city walls, cathedrals, multi-story houses, etc.) as well as the social structure of miniatures, representing urbanscapes in Flemish Book of Hours of Isabella the Catholic.

When history meets fantastic: By night under the stone bridge from Leo Perutz

Leo Perutz’ Roman Nachts unter der steinernen Brücke ist in einem Zwischenbereich von Geschichte und Fantastik angesiedelt. Es ist somit nicht leicht, diesen Roman klar in eine Literaturgattung einzugliedern und diese Eigenschaft bereitete Perutz bei seiner Erstveröffentlichung auch einige Probleme: So konnte er diesen Roman nicht in seinem bevorzugten Verlag in Wien veröffentlichen, sondern er erschien in einem, der bald darauf finanzielle Probleme hatte, weswegen der Roman nur langsam bekannt wurde. Da Perutz den Roman nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg fertigstellte, sah sein Verlag das Thema als zu jüdisch an, da man davon ausging, dass die Gesellschaft nach den Schrecken des Krieges nicht an diesen Themen interessiert war. Perutz verteidigte sich und sah seinen Roman als einen rein historischen an. Beide Ansichten haben Rechtsgültigkeit, und sowohl das Jüdische wie die Geschichte sind Hauptbestandteile des Romans. Die Frage stellt sich allerdings, wie diese Themen verarbeitet worden sind und inwiefern sie sich gegenseitig bedingen

Fundamental Study on Relation between Filling Material Size and Seismic Resistance of Stone Bridges

Fundamental Study on Relation between Filling Material Size and Seismic Resistance of Stone Bridges